填空题HERE'S A TALE OF TWO COMPANIES. Both are foreign owned, both are embroiled in scandals are foreign owned, both are embroiled in scandals involving allegations of sexual harassment. Company A is confronted with the problem and punishes top execs. Company B stonewalls and mounts an aggressive campaign to discredit its accusers and portray itself as a victim of corporate slander. (41) For business schools looking for a few good case studies in damage control, last week was about as good as it gets. One was Swedish pharmaceuticals company Astra USA, a maker of asthma medications and the popular anesthetic Xylocaine. Facing similar charges, Mitsubishi Motor manufacturing of America opted for in your-face denial. Who did it right? It's too soon to know for sure. Astra's strategy may seem smarter. Financially speaking, at least, one can see why Mitsubishi is reluctant to issue a public mea culpa. Fessing up could expose it to as much as $ 200 million in damages. Such controversies are no rarity these days. The Equal Employment Opportunity commission alone received more than 15, 000 complaints of sexual harassment last year, more than twice as many as in 1991. Its suit against Mitsubishi, filed last month, may turn out to be by far the biggest ever—and could eventually involve as many as two thirds of the company's 900 female workers. (42) Mitsubishi's response was clear from the beginning. When the EEOC announced its case against the Illinois automaker, the company dispatched busloads of workers to picket the agency's Chicago offices. Attorneys for Mitsubishi will no doubt probe the private lives of the women lodging complaints, and may even accuse them of "Japanbashing." Mitsubishi's brass in Tokyo seemed a bit taken aback by the ferocity of the counteroffensive, to the point of suggesting that maybe the case could be quietly settled. (43)Could such tactics be effective? If aggressive PR makes people doubt the allegations against the company, or encourages federal investigators to settle on more favorable terms, then the strategy will have succeeded. But there are risks, especially for consumer companies like Mitsubishi. (44) That's no small threat, considering that Mitsubishi is struggling to turn a profit in this country. (45)Astra's strategy seems savier. Its openness and prompt response might help it evade punitive damages, should any of the complaints go to a jury. In fact, that may be a chief reason the company acted even before it completed its own investigation. That said, Astra is in the soup to begin with because it had no adequate mechanisms for reporting incidents, and because it failed to deal with its problems before they became public. Women have complained of harassment at the company for more than a decade. Business Week reports incidents ranging from gropings at company retreats to suggestions that female sales reps could advance their careers by putting out sexually for their bosses—including the head of the company, Lars Bildman. (His lawyer denies the allegations, as do the other executives.) So far, Astra itself has offered no evidence suggesting any of the three are guilty. Both companies now promise to do better. Astra is overhauling its corporate personnel policies and plans to train managers on how to handle issues of sexual discrimination. So is Mitsubishi. Says the automaker's general counsel Gary Shultz: "We are going to become the model in handing sexual-harassment and-discrimination cases." That remains to be seen. If these sorts of scandals force companies to set up rules that actually work, that may be the best case study of all.[A] That's precisely what the company did in response to a prior sexual-harassment suit filed by 29 women in 1994.[B] "A great deal of attention should be paid to these affairs." Says Mitsubishis's spokesman.[C] But "we're taking these allegations very seriously," says Astra spokesman Benjamin Kincannon.[D] Outraged by the automaker's seeming disregard of its problems, perennial presidential hopeful Jesse Jackson and the National Organization for Women called on car buyers to boycott the company.[E] When business Week published tales of wide-ranging abuse at Astra's American subsidiary, outside Boston, the company quickly faced up to the problem and suspended its U. S. chief executive, along with two top lieutenants.[F] Prof. Martin Stoller, a crisis-management expert at Northwestern University, thinks so. "The aim of crisis management is to stop the attackers," he says.

填空题[A]SowhatdotheAmericansthinkoftheforeignvisitorswhoarriveforthetorridheat,justwhenlocalsfromtheUnitedStatestendtoavoidDeathValley?SaysparkrangerBrendaHenson,"TheforeignerswanttoexperiencetheheatinDeathValley.Theythinkthisisneat.Ithinkit'scrazy.[B]Theplacethatthetourists—mainlyfromEurope—aredrawntoisanactuallyseriesofsaltflats225kmlongand6kmto26kmwide.Thesearingheatofthesunisreflectedupfromthisdryandwaterlessterrain,andtheonlynoisethatbreaksthesilenceinthisvastvalleyisthecrunchofvisitors'shoesonthefinesaltcrystalsleftbyevaporation.Birdsandanimalsarelargelyabsent,andonlythehardiestplantshaveanychanceofexistenceinthisunforgivinglandscape.[C]Accordingtoparkrangers,anaverageof1.3millionvisitorsentertheparkeachyear.FromJunethroughAugust,90percentofthemareforeigners,theretoexperiencetheblisteringheatthatgivesDeathValleyitsname.ArtHorton,meteorologistfromtheNationalWeatherService,saystheaveragehighinJulyis46.2℃andthelow30℃.ForAugust,theaveragehighis45.2℃andthelow29.4℃.[D]Allaround,mountainstowerabovethesaltflats.Acrosstheflats,visitorscanseeTelescopePeak,thehighestpointintheparkatmorethan3,350m.Normallysnowcoveredinwinter,themountainrangeisbareinsummer,butattheedgesofthevalleyofferssomeshadefromtheblisteringsun.[E]EvenDeathValley'shotnewsweathercanhaveextremesabovethat.ThehottestdayseverrecordedwereonJune30,1994,andJuly14,1972whentemperatureshit53.3℃.Andinwinter,DeathValleycontinuestoliveuptoitsname,producingcoldnessattheotherendofthescalethatcanbelife-threateningtoanyonecaughtexposedinit.ThecoldestdayrecordedinDeathValleywasonJanuary30,1988whenitwas18℃;belowzero.[F]OnetouristfromParissumsuptheattractionverysimply:"Wecomeherebecausewecantellallourfriendsandfamilythatwe'vebeentothehottestplaceintheworld,"hesays.[G]DeathValleyisthelowest,hottest,driestareainNorthAmerica.TheclimateinthisCaliforniaNationalParkhaslessthan5cmofrainfallayearandtemperaturesupto53℃insummer.That'senoughtokeepsensibleAmericansawayduringthehottestmonthsfromJunetoAugust.Butit'sthenthatthesizzlingtemperaturesandstiflingheatdrawtheirmostavidfans,theforeigntourists.Fromallovertheglobe,theydescendtothevalleyfloorinrentalcars,carryingmapsandwaterbottles,andvigorouslyfanningthemselveswithnewspaperstokeepcool.Order:

填空题A. But Hodge is hardly the only one worried about London"s Olympicnomics. In May, Moody"s issued a report suggesting that London"s Olympics boom may come to an end not long after the event"s closing ceremonies. "Overall, we think that the Olympics are unlikely to provide a substantial boost to the UK economy," a Moody"s official said in a statement. B. Hosting the Olympics is generally seen as a giant boon for the host city and cities lobby hard to get themselves picked. But if you look at the historical record, the actual economic impact of the Olympics on their host cities and countries has been decidedly mixed. And there are good reasons to think that whatever economic benefits London gets from hosting the Olympics will be short-lived at best. So what exactly is there to won"y about? Well, hosting the Olympics is an extremely costly business: Existing infrastructure needs to be upgraded, new sports facilities need to be built; security needs to be tight. And it almost invariably ends up costing much, much more than expected. C. The 2008 Olympics in Beijing is the current king of cost overruns: It was supposed to cost a mere $1.6 billion—but the Chinese ended up shelling out a staggering $ 40 billion for what turned into a lavish propaganda extravaganza, according to economist Brad Humphreys at the University of Alberta, an expert on the economics of sports. The 2004 Olympics in Athens was also expected to cost $1.6 billion, and ended up costing ten times of that, contributing to Greece"s current debt crisis. Meanwhile, many of the sports facilities built for the Athens Games are underused and already falling apart. D. Back in 2009, as London began preparing in earnest for the Games, Britain"s Olympics Minister boasted that the event would "provide economic gold at a time of economic need." With costs rising and hopes shrinking, it"s looking like the best London can hope for is a Bronze. E. London isn"t expected to go quite so far over budget, but its Olympics are turning out to be a lot pricier than the frugal $ 5 billion affair the government originally promised. And the Brits are already feeling more than a little defensive about the cost overruns. When Public Accounts Committee chair Margaret Hodge reported in March that the event was likely to end up costing closer to $17 billion, she found herself pilloried in the press. F. This is true. Even London"s hotels—which you would expect to profit massively from a flood of tourists with money—aren"t doing as well as expected. After raising their rates in anticipation of a flood of visitors, London"s hotels are having trouble filling their rooms, with roughly a third of their rooms as yet unbooked during the Games. Indeed, with some potential tourists deliberately staying away from London in order to avoid the Olympics-sized hassles that invariably accompany the Games, the U.K"s World Travel & Tourism Council expects that total tourist spending in the U. K. this year will only be a tiny bit higher than last year. G. With the start of the London Summer Olympics drawing ever nearer, some Londoners are wondering if the whole thing is worth the hassle—or the cost. They"ve got good reasons to worry. Order: G→ 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5 →D

填空题A. "I just don't know how to motivate them to do a better job. We're in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we'll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It's hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn't-it's boring, routine paperwork, and there isn't much you can do about it. B. "Finally, I can't say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it's not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the. arrests and interventions that get noticed. C. "I've got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat. They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies. D. "Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that's not fair-too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn't necessarily mean you'll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff. E. "The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor. F. "So I just don't know what to do. I've been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work." G. A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation-how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41--45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA--Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[A]Butsoonthesettlerswantedbiggerfarmsandmorelandforthemselvesandtheirfamilies.MoreandmoreimmigrantswerecomingfromEuropeandallthesepeopleneededland.SotheEuropeansstartedtotakethelandfromtheIndians.TheIndianshadtomovebackintothecenterofthecontinentbecausethesettlersweretakingalltheirland.[B]By1857theIndianshadlostthefight:theywerelivinginspecialplacescalled"reservations".ButevenheretheWhiteMantooklandfromthem--perhapshewantedthewood,orperhapsthelandhadimportantmineralsinit,orheevenwantedtomakenationalparksthere.SoevenontheirreservationstheIndianswerenotsafefromtheWhiteMan.Between1500and1900theIndianpopulationoftheareathatisnowtheUnitedStatesdeclinedfromcloseto1,000,000to300,000.andforthoseremained,theagonywasgreat.Manywereforcedtotakelandinnewandstrangeplaces.Theywereintroducedtonewtools,implementsandtechniques.Theywereforcedtoabandontheiroldwayoflife.[C]In1960s,Indiansmovedingreatnumberstothenation'scities.ManyIndiansmovedintopovertyrows.Itwashardforthemtofindjobs.Itwashard--almostimpossible--tocompetewiththeWhiteManinthewhiteman'sworld.ManyIndiansreturnedtothereservations.Butifthereservationshadbeenbrokenuptherewasnoplacetogo.ThegapbetweenIndianAmericanandwhiteAmericanwasgrowingwider.[D]ThenativeAmericans,thepeoplewecallthe"Indians",hadbeeninAmericaformanythousandsofyearsbeforeChristopherColumbusarrivedin1492.ColumbusthoughthehadarrivedinIndia,sohecalledthenativePeople"Indians".TheIndianswerekindtotheearlysettlers.Theywerenotafraidofthemandtheywantedtohelpthem.Theyshowedthesettlersthenewworldaroundthem;theytaughtthemaboutthelocalcropslikesweetpotatoes,cornandpeanuts;theyintroducedtheEuropeanstochocolateandtotheturkey;andtheEuropeansdidbusinesswiththeIndians.[E]TheIndianscouldn'tunderstandthis.TheyhadaverydifferentideaoflandfromtheEuropeans.FortheIndians,theland,theearth,wastheirmother,everythingcamefromtheirmother,theland,andeverythingwentbacktoit.Thelandwasforeveryoneanditwasimpossibleforonemantoownit.HowcouldtheWhiteMandividetheearthintoparts?Howcouldheputfencesroundit,buyitandsellit?Naturally,whentheWhiteManstartedtakingalltheIndians'land,theIndiansstartedtofightback.Theywantedtokeeptheirland,theywanttostoptheWhiteMantakingitallforhimself.ButtheWhiteManwasstrongerandclever.SlowlyhepushedtheIndiansintothosepartsofthecontinentthathedidn'twant--thepartswhereitwastoocoldortoodryortoomountainoustolivecomfortably.[F]MeanwhiletheIndianshavebeenworkinghardintheirowninterests.Theyarebuildingnewcommunities,establishingnewindustries,anderectingnewschools.Theyaredevelopingmotelsandotherrecreationalschemesonthereservations.ThereisagrowingPan-IndianGovernment.Indianshavebecomeactiveinwritingandpublishing.Sometribeshavebenefitedthroughsettlementoftheirlandorotherclaimsagainstthegovernment.Theyareusingthefundsfortheirowndevelopment.PerhapsanewdayhasalreadydawnedfortheAmericanIndians.[G]Manyoftheirtribeswereresettledonreservationsinthewest.ThelandbelongedtotheUnitedStatesGovernmentbutwasreservedtax-freefortheIndians.Thefederalgovernmentprovidedthetribeswithrations,tools,andequipment.Boardinganddayschoolsweresetup.Inmanycasesresponsibleagentsweresenttoadministerthereservations.ButthechangefromafreelifetotherestrictedlifeofreservationsbroughttheIndiansneardespair.Theydidnotchangeeasily.

填空题{{B}}Directions: {{/B}} In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. The volcano in the cornfield grew until it was bigger than the cornfield! (41)______ People called the volcano the Little Monster because it grew so fast. Scientists came from all over the world to study it and watch it grow. It is not often that people get a chance to watch a volcano from the very beginning. Most of the volcanoes have been here for a very long time. Some have been here so long that now they are cold. They are called dead volcanoes. They have stopped throwing out fire and melted rock and smoke. It is safe to walk on them. Farms are plowed on the quiet slopes, and people have built houses there. Some volcanoes have stopped throwing out hot rock, but they still smoke a little now and then. They are "sleeping" volcanoes. Sometime they may "wake up". (42)______. Today volcanoes are not so dangerous for people as they were a long time ago. Now we know more about why volcanoes do what they do, and we can usually tell when they are going to do it. (43)______. People used to think dragons under the earth caused volcanoes. They said the smoke that puffed above the ground was the dragon's breath. They said the earthquakes were caused by the dragon's moving around down in the earth. Now we know that this is not true. Another thing we know about volcanoes is that they don't happen just anywhere. (44)______. Scientists know where these places are, and maps have been made to let everybody know. There are different kinds of volcanoes. Some explode so violently that the rock goes high into the air and falls miles away. A volcano may shoot out ashes so high that they float all the way around the world. They have made the sunsets green and the snow purple. (45)______. One very tall volcano stays fiery red at the top all the time. It is lucky that the volcano is near the ocean. Sailors can use it for a lighthouse. [A] Other volcanoes are more gentle. The hot lava rises in their cones and overflows, rolling slowly down the mountainside, where it becomes cool and hard. [B] Black smoke puffed out. Hot ashes fell like black snowflakes. Hot rock and fire and lava shot out. [C] Smoke puffed up, and rock started popping up out of a crack that opened in the ground. [D] A volcano named Vesuvius slept for a thousand years. But it woke up and threw out so much hot melted rock that it buried the buildings of two cities. [E] Before a sleeping volcano wakes up, it usually makes a noise like faraway thunder, and the ground shakes in small earthquakes. People are warned and have time to get away safely. [F] A volcano starts from a hole in the ground from which hot rock and smoke and steam come out. Far, far under the ground it is so hot that rock melts. This hot melted rock, or lava, is some-times pushed out of the earth through a hole or a crack in the ground. The steam inside the earth pushes the rock out. [G] There are certain places under the earth where the rock is broken in a way that lets the steam and hot rock escape to the outside more easily.

填空题Do mobile phones cause explosions at petrol stations? That question has just been exhaustively answered by Adam Burgess, a researcher at the University of Kent, in England. Oddly, however, Dr Burgess is not a physicist, but a sociologist. For the concern rests not on scientific evidence of any danger, but is instead the result of sociological factors: it is an urban myth, supported and propagated by official sources, but no less a myth for that. Dr Burgess presented his findings this week at the annual conference of the British Sociological Association. Mobile phones started to become widespread in the late 1980s, when the oil industry was in the middle of a concerted safety drive, Dr Burgess notes. This was, in large part. a response to the Piper Alpha disaster in 1988, when 167 people died in an explosion on an oil platform off the Scottish coast. (41)__________So nobody questioned the precautionary ban on the use of mobile phones at petrol stations. The worry was that an electrical spark might ignite explosive fumes. (42)__________But it was too late. The myth had taken hold. One problem, says Dr Burgess, is that the number of petrol-station fires increased in the late 1990s, just as mobile phones were proliferating. Richard Coates, BP's fire-safety adviser, investigated many of the 243 such fires that occurred around the world between 1993 and 2004. He concluded that most were indeed caused by sparks igniting petrol vapour, but the sparks themselves were the result of static electricity, not electrical equipment. Most drivers will have experienced a mild electric shock when climbing out of their vehicles. It is caused by friction between driver and seat, with the result that both end up electrically charged. When the driver touches the metal frame of the vehicle, the result is sometimes a spark. ( 43 )__________ (44)__________One e-mail contained fictitious examples of such explosions said to have happened in Indonesia and Australia. Another, supposedly sent out by Shell, found its way on to an internal website at Exxon, says Dr Burgess, where it was treated as authoritative by employees. Such memos generally explain static fires quite accurately, but mistakenly attribute them to mobile phones. Official denials, says Dr Burgess, simply inflame the suspicions of conspiracy theorists. (45)__________Warning signs abound in Britain, America, Canada and Australia. The city of Sao Paulo, in Brazil, introduced a ban last year. And, earlier this month, a member of Connecticut's senate proposed making the use of mobile phones in petrol stations in that state punishable by a $ 250 fine.[A] The safety drive did not apply merely to offshore operations: employees at some British oil-company offices are now required to use handrails while walking up and down stairs, for example.[B] As a result, the company had to pay a huge amount of compensation to the families of the victims and law suits concerning those fires seemed to be endless.[C] A further complication was the rise of the internet, where hoax memos, many claiming to originate from oil companies, warned of the danger of using mobile phones in petrol stations.[D] This is particularly noticeable in Britain. The country that led the way in banning mobile phones at petrol stations is also the country that has taken the strongest line on the safety of mobile-phone use by children.[E] Despite the lack of evidence that mobile phones can cause explosions, bans remain in place around the world, though the rules vary widely.[F] By tile late 1990s, however, phone makers—having conducted their own research— realized that there was no danger of phones causing explosions since they could not generate the required sparks.[G] This seems to have become more common as plastic car interiors, synthetic garments and rubber-soled shoes have proliferated.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. [A] Yet thieves still reap a rich harvest. Inadequate protection of U. S. patents, trademarks and copyrights costs the U. S. economy $ 80 billion in sales lost to pirates and 250,000 jobs every year, according to Gary Hoffman, an intellectual property attorney at Dickstein, Shapiro he makes unauthorized copies of Kevin Costner's latest film, sells fake Cartier watches and steals the formula for Merck's newest pharmaceutical. That's where the money is. [F] One reason is that any countries offer only feeble protection to intellectual property. Realizing that such laxness will exclude them from much world trade as well as hobble native industries, nations everywhere are revising laws covering patents, copyrights and trade names. Malaysia, Egypt, China, turkey, Brazil and even the Soviet Union have all recently announced plans either to enact new laws or beef up existing safeguards. In an effort to win U. S. congressional support for a proposed free-trade pact, Mexico last month revealed plans to double the life of trademark licenses to 10 years and extend patent protection for the first time to such products as pharmaceuticals and food. [G] Companies are cracking down on pirates who steal designs, movies and computer programs. The battle is getting hotter--and more important. When Johnson & Johnson introduced a new fiber-glass casting tape for broken bones several years ago, executives at Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing flew into a rage. The tape, which sets fractures faster than plaster, was remarkably similar in design and function to a casting tape developed by 3M scientists. The St. Paul-based company quickly sued, charging J & J with violating four of its patents. Last month a federal court backed 3M and ordered J & J to pay $116 million in damages and interest-- the fourth largest patent-infringement judgment in history. Order:

填空题Smoking means inhalation and exhalation of the fumes of burning tobacco. Leaves of the tobacco plant are smoked in various ways. After a drying and curing process, they may be rolled into cigars or shredded for insertion into smoking pipes. Cigarettes, the most popular method of smoking, consist of finely shredded tobacco rolled in lightweight paper. About 50 million people in the United States currently smoke an estimated total of 570 billion cigarettes each year. But, is smoking a good habit? 1. Increased risk of cancer Some experts noticed that lung cancer, which was rare before the 20th century, had increased dramatically since about 1930, The American Cancer Society and other organizations initiated studies comparing deaths among smokers and nonsmokers over a period of several years. 2. More deaths from other diseases Smokers also run greater risk of dying from diseases apart from cancers. 3. Cigar and pipe smoke, as dangerous Cigar and pipe smoke contains the same toxic and carcinogenic compounds found in cigarette smoke. 4. The effect of environmental tobacco smoke Recent research has focused on the effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), that is, the effect of tobacco smoke on nonsmokers who must share the same environment with a smoker. 5. Addiction at an early age The smoking habit and addiction to nicotine usually begins at an early age. This has led to particular concern over smoking in teenagers and young adults. There is no need to kill innocent human beings. Restricting tobacco use may be the only answer to a healthy world. Tobacco is harmful not only to us, but to the people in surrounding areas. Tobacco use has been passed on from generation to generation. It is now time to put a ban on smoking. With the help of thousands of people, smoking can be controlled. Now it is the time to start a tobacco battle. Smoking needs to become extinct worldwide. A. A report by the National Cancer Institute concluded that the mortality rates from cancer of the mouth, throat, larynx, pharynx, and esophagus are approximately equal in users of cigarettes, cigars, and pipes. Rates of coronary heart disease, lung cancer, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis are elevated for cigar and pipe smokers and are correlated to the amount of smoking and the degree of inhalation. B. In the United States, more than 70 percent of adults began smoking before the age of 18. From the early to mid-1990s the proportion of teenage smokers in the United States rose from one-quarter to one third, despite increasing warnings about the health hazards of smoking and widespread bans on smoking in public places. In 2001 surveys of students in grades 9 through 12 found that more than 38 percent of male students and nearly 30 percent of female students smoke. Although black teenagers have the lowest smoking rates of any racial group, cigarette smoking among black teens increased 80 percent in the late 1990s. C. It is estimated that cigarettes are responsible for about 431,000 deaths in the United States each year. Lung cancer accounts for about 30 percent of all cancer deaths in the United States, and smoking accounts for nearly 90 percent of lung cancer deaths. The risks of dying from lung cancer are 23 times higher for male smokers and 13 times higher for female smokers than nonsmokers. Additionally, smokers are at increased risk for cancer of the larynx, oral cavity, esophagus, bladder, kidney, and pancreas. D. Research has shown that mothers who smoke give birth more frequently to premature or underweight babies, probably because of a decrease in blood flow to the placenta. E. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that exposure to the environment that contains all the toxic agents exhaled by a smoker, causes 3,000 cancer deaths and an estimated 40,000 deaths from heart disease per year in nonsmokers. Secondhand smoke can aggravate asthma, pneumonia, bronchitis, and impaired blood circulation. F. Smoking causes a fivefold increase in the risk of dying from chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and a twofold increase in deaths from diseases of the heart and coronary arteries. Smoking also increases the risk of stroke by 50 percent—40 percent among men and 60 percent among women.

填空题Whatever else historians say about the Copenhagen talks on climate change, they may be remembered as a time when the world concluded that it must protect forests, and pay for them. In the Kyoto Protocol of 1997, forests were a big absentee: that was partly because the nations like Brazil were unwilling, at any price, to accept limits on their freedom to fell. All that is history. 1 Over the past two years, skillful campaigning by pro-forest groups has successfully disseminated the idea that trees cannot be ignored in any serious deliberation on the planet"s future. Most people at the summit accepted the case that is endlessly made by friends of the forest: cutting down trees contributes up to 20% of global greenhouse emissions, and avoiding this loss would be a quick, cheap way of limiting heat-trapping gases. 2 On December 16th six rich nations gave advocates of that view a boost when they pledged $ 3.5 billion as a down payment on a much larger effort to "slow, halt and eventually reverse" deforestation in poor countries. The benefactors—Australia, France, Japan, Norway, Britain and the United States—endorsed tree protection in terms that went beyond the immediate need to stem emissions. 3 Impressive as it was, the rich nations offer did not settle the questions that need resolving in any global forest deal. 4 The most ambitious proposals called for a 50% reduction in deforestation by 2020 and a complete halt by 2030. But forested nations were unwilling to accept those ideas until they saw what the rich world was offering. The other question was how so much money will be ladled out, how it will be raised and who would receive it: national governments, regional authorities or local people, including the indigenous. Any plan that did not give local people cause to keep their trees standing would surely fail. Tony La Vina, the chief negotiator on the UN initiative known as "Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)" was optimistic, as of December 16th, that the issues left to settle were "manageable." The question of how much money to raise from government transfers, and how much from carbon trading, is not merely of concern to radical greens. Some Europeans fear that throwing forests into the carbon market will depress the price; but for America"s Congress, a healthy market in offsets may be the only thing that makes payment to protect forests palatable. Supporters of REDD say it offers performance-related finance for saving forests on a far larger scale than ever before. It aims to ensure rigorous verification. 5 These may come from inflated national baselines for deforestation, or allowances that permit some sorts of tree-felling to be ignored. Sceptics also claim that REDD ignores some causes of deforestation, like the demand for soy, beef, palm oil, and timber which tempts people to act illegally. A. The proposal"s critics insist that a superficially good deal could prove terrible because of loopholes in carbon accounting. B. As the UN talks went into their second week, trees looked like being one of the few matters on which governments could more or less see eye to eye. C. One was whether or not to include timetables and targets. D. Keeping trees standing would protect biodiversity and help development of the right sort, they said. E. In the longer term, Copenhagen"s decisions may do a lot more to make the forests lucrative in themselves. F. The fact that REDD has been broadened to include rewards for countries that have conserved their forests (as opposed to repentant sinners) is an encouraging sign. But that does not mean the problems are negligible. G. Unless forests are better protected, so their argument goes, dangerous levels of climate change look virtually inevitable.