Directions: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words. 校园暴力已经存在了很多年，引起了很多关注。怎样才能遏制校园暴力?请提出你的建议。

BPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D./B

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

As early as the 19th century, shoppers have viewed Thanksgiving Day as the traditional start to the holiday shopping season, an occasion marked by celebrations and sales. Department stores in particular locked onto this marketing notion, hosting parades to launch the start of the first wave of Christmas advertisements, chief among them, the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, running in New York City since 1924. The holiday shopping craze became so important to retailers that during the Great Depression, they appealed to President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1939 to move Thanksgiving Day up in order to stretch out the holiday shopping season. Roosevelt obliged, moving Thanksgiving Day one week earlier, but didn't announce the change until October. As a result, Americans had two Thanksgivings Day that year—Roosevelt's, jokingly dubbed "Franksgiving," and the original. Because the switchover was handled so poorly, few observed it, and the change resulted in little economic boost.

Climate change is the greatest challenge facing humanity: drastic reduction of carbon emissions is vital if we are to avoid a catastrophe that devastates large parts of the world. Governments and businesses have been slow to act and individuals now need to take the lead. The Earth can absorb no more than 3 tons of carbon dioxide emissions each year for every person on the planet if we are to keep temperature and rainfall change within tolerable limits. Yet from cars and holiday flights to household appliances and the food on our plates, Western consumer lifestyles leave each of us responsible for over 12 tones of carbon dioxide a year—four times what the Earth can handle. Individual action is essential if we want to avoid climate chaos. How to Live a Low-Carbon Life shows how easy it is to take responsibility, providing the first comprehensive, one-stop reference guide to calculating your CO 2 emissions and reducing them to a sustainable 3 tons a year.

Suppose you have just come back from New York and found a book in your luggage that you forgot to return to Mark, your landlord there. Write him a letter to 1) make an apology, and 2) suggest a solution. You should write about 100 words. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address.

[A]Does high divorce rate mean refusal to marry? [B]Certain marriages are more likely to break [C]The root of high divorce rate in America [D]Children's rights are well protected [E]The problems divorce has brought about [F]Sex equality is apparent in American divorces [G]Divorce have been recognized by the public During the traditional wedding ceremony, the bridal couples promise each other lifelong devotion. Yet, about one out of four American marriages ends in divorce. Since 1940, the divorce rate has more than doubled, and experts predict that, of all marriages that occurred in the 1970s, about 50% will end in divorce. The U.S.A. has one of the highest divorce rates in the world, perhaps even the highest. 【R1】______ What goes wrong? The fact that divorce is so common in the United States does not mean that Americans consider marriage a casual, unimportant relationship. Just the opposite is true. Americans expect a great deal from marriage. They seek physical, emotional, and intellectual compatibility. They want to be deeply loved and understood. It is because Americans expect so much from marriage that so many get divorced. They prefer no marriage at all to a marriage without love and understanding. 【R2】______ Which marriages are most likely to end in divorce? Marriages between people with low incomes or limited education and marriages between teenagers are at greatest risk. The number of divorces between couples with children under the age of 18 is declining, and almost 45% of divorcing couples are childless. 【R3】______ When a couple gets divorced, the court may require the man to pay his former wife a monthly sum of money called alimony. The amount of alimony depends on the husband's income, the wife' s needs, and the length of the marriage. If the woman is working and earns a good salary, she may receive no alimony at all. Occasionally, the court decides that a woman should pay her husband alimony. About 10% of American women outearn their husbands. If the woman has totally supported her husband during the marriage, the court may decide that she must continue to support him after the divorce. This is a rather new concept in the United States. 【R4】______ If a divorcing couple has children, the court must determine which parent the children will live with and who will provide for their support. In most cases, the children live with the mother, and the father pays child support and has visitation rights. However, it is not uncommon for a father to get full custody or joint custody of his children when this arrangement seems to be in the children's best interest. 【R5】______ The high risk of divorce doesn't seem to make Americans afraid to try marriage—again and again. By middle age, about 95% of Americans have been married at least once. About 80% of those who get divorced eventually remarry. Only in Japan is the married proportion of the population as high as it is in the U.S.A. In fact, remarriage and the creation of new families is so common in the United States that one American joke tells of a wife calling to her second husband, "Quick, John! Come here and help me! Your children and my children are beating up our children!" Despite the dominance of the married lifestyle, the number of people choosing alternative lifestyles is increasing, and their behavior is increasingly accepted by the general population. The number of unmarried couples living together rose from about 500 ,000 in 1970 to about 2. 6 million in 1988. Many older people are horrified by the growing trend of unmarried couples living together. However, it is not just an American trend. It's even more common in Europe than in the U.S.A.

How did we get brains big enough to create machines with artificial intelligence? Some suggest that it was to help keep track of all the people, and their roles, within our growing social groups. Large, well-integrated and co-ordinated groups improved our chances of survival because they made the division of labour possible. The alternative explanation is that our brain power is due to needing brains that facilitated problem-solving and invention. Whatever the cause, our evolved problem-solving abilities have thrown a spanner in the works . Google's artificial intelligence machine AlphaGo upends the evolved social contract. Now we can only hope that the machine will help us understand how to preserve the value of individuals who have no contribution to make. Until recently, for instance, Lee Sedol's unique selling point lay in his ability to beat all-comers at the ancient Asian game of Go. Now a team of human beings equipped with AlphaGo, an AI tool, have beaten him. After the first defeat, Sedol pronounced himself "in shock". After the second defeat he was "quite speechless". After the third he confessed he felt "powerless". This quiet revolution has already started. You know about Google's self-driving car. Artificial intelligence is already better than most doctors at interpreting medical scans. It is organising school timetables and finding the optimal delivery schedule for supermarket supplies: getting Easter eggs into the hands of slavering infants involves AI. You're not even going to notice the takeover. Next time you're in a supermarket, give the self-service checkout a hard stare. It's essentially a static robot. And this robot has human assistants. Those people who turn up when you attempt to buy alcohol are summoned by the machine. The human assistant is still necessary, but only because the manufacturers and programmers made a decision to limit the robot's capabilities. They didn't have to: if we decided we wanted fully autonomous robot checkouts, we could equip them to read iris scans or fingerprints, or simply use face recognition. And that would require us to sign up and hand over our biometric data. Given a little time to get used to the idea, most of us probably would do, and more jobs will go. That tells us something about why we should start coming to terms with the implications of AlphaGo's success. It's not clear our big, clever brains can solve the problem. Maybe those who profit from making human roles redundant could pay a "human capital gains" tax: we could charge the innovators for replacing a job and divert the money into social programmes. But how to make Google pay to implement its AI? We may have found the problem AlphaGo can't solve.

You have bought a camera from a department store last weekend but several problems arise as you use it. Write to the customer service department to complain about this and give your suggestions about how to fix the problem. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

It took decades to prove that cigarette smoking causes cancer, heart disease, and early death. It took【C1】______years to establish that secondhand smoke also kills. Now scientists are worried about another cigarette-related phenomenon: thirdhand smoke. It's real, and it's found everywhere. Without knowing it, indoor smokers have left a toxic【C2】______that continues years after their last cigarette was extinguished. Researchers now know that thirdhand smoke combines with some substances to create new compounds. Thirdhand smoke【C3】______and settles with dust,【C4】______down to carpeting and furniture【C5】______, and makes its way deep into the material in paneling and wall. It【C6】______in the hair, skin, clothing, and fingernails of smokers—【C7】______a mother who doesn't smoke【C8】______her kids, smokes outside, then comes inside and holds the baby is exposing that child to thirdhand smoke. The new compounds are【C9】______to clean up, have a long life of their own, and many may cause cancer. And the contamination becomes more toxic【C10】______time. No one knows, in this relatively new field of research, how long the compounds created by smoke and environmental pollutants last. "In homes where we know no smoker has lived for 20 years, we've still found【C11】______of these compounds in dust, in wallboard," says a scientist. But scientists do know that babies and children are most【C12】______to the toxic effects of thirdhand smoke. They【C13】______on rugs, fall asleep on carpets, and teethe on furniture, all of which could be【C14】______with thirdhand smoke. Researchers aren't just worried about the risk of cancer. Thirdhand smoke could be【C15】______other health problems. Those who move into houses or apartments【C16】______owned by smokers might be exposed as well. And thirdhand smoke is difficult to【C17】______. It's virtually impossible to remove this stuff【C18】______you remove the flooring and wall. Experts say much more work needs to be done on the【C19】______of the problem, the health risks, and effective ways to clean up the compounds. They advise parents not to expose their children to thirdhand smoke, not to【C20】______hotel rooms or cars used by smokers.

Who's poor in America? That's a question hard to answer. Hard because there's no conclusive definition of poverty. Low income matters, though how low is unclear. Poverty is also a state of mind that fosters self-defeating behavior—bad work habits, family breakdowns, and addictions. Finally, poverty results from bad luck: accidents, job losses, disability. Despite poverty's messiness, we've measured progress against it by a single statistic; the federal poverty line. By this measure, we haven't made much progress. But the apparent lack of progress is misleading for two reasons. First, it ignores immigration. Many immigrants are poor and low-skilled. They add to the poor. From 1989 to 2007, about three quarters of the increase in the poverty population occurred among Hispanics(西班牙裔美国人) —mostly immigrants and their children. Second, the poor's material well-being has improved. The official poverty measure obscures this by counting only pre-tax cash income and ignoring other sources of support, including food stamps and housing subsidies. Although many poor live from hand to mouth, they've participated in rising living standards. In 2005, 91% had microwaves, 79% air-conditioning, and 48% cell phones. The existing poverty line could be improved by adding some income sources and subtracting some expenses. Unfortunately, the administration's proposal for a "supplemental poverty measure" in 2011 goes beyond that. The new poverty number would compound public confusion. It also raises questions about whether the statistic is tailored to favor a political agenda. The "supplemental measure" ties the poverty threshold to what the poorest third of Americans spend on food, housing, clothing, and utilities. The actual threshold will probably be higher than today's poverty line. Many Americans would find this curious; people get richer, but "poverty" stays stuck. What produces this outcome is a different view of poverty. The present concept is an absolute one; the poverty threshold reflects the amount estimated to meet basic needs. By contrast, the new measure embraces a relative notion of poverty; people are automatically poor if they're a given distance from the top, even if their incomes are increasing. The new indicator is a "propaganda device" to promote income redistribution by showing that poverty is stubborn or increasing. The Census Bureau has estimated statistics similar to the administration's proposal. In 2008, the traditional poverty rate was 13.2% ; estimates of the new statistic range up to 17%. The new poverty statistic exceeds the old, and the gap grows larger over time. As senator Daniel Moynihan said, the administration is defining poverty up. It's reasonable to debate how much we should aid the poor or reduce economic inequality. But the debate should not be swayed by misleading statistics that few Americans could possibly understand. Government statistics should strive for political neutrality. This one fails.

BPart B/B

Write a letter of about 100 words to your American friend Jam, recommending your Chinese friend Han Ling to teach him Chinese. You should include the details you think necessary. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

The happier you are, the better, right? Not necessarily. Studies show that there is a darker side to feeling good and that the【C1】______of happiness can sometimes make you less happy. Too much cheerfulness can make you deceivable, less successful—and that's only the tip of the iceberg. Happiness does have【C2】______. It can protect us from stroke and from the common cold, makes us more【C3】______to pain and even【C4】______our lives. Yet, June Gruber, a psychologist warns that it's important to experience positive moods in moderation. She compares happiness to food:【C5】______necessary and beneficial, too much food can cause problems;【C6】______, happiness can lead to bad outcomes. "Research indicates that very high levels of positive feelings【C7】______risk-taking behaviors, excess alcohol and drug consumption, overeating, and may lead us to【C8】______threats," she says. How else can excessive joy, or having lots of positive emotions and a relative absence of【C9】______ones, hurt you? First, it may【C10】______your career prospects. Psychologist Edward Diener, known for his happiness research, and his colleagues analyzed a variety of studies, and discovered that those who early in their lives reported the highest life【C11】______years later reported lower income than those who felt slightly less【C12】______when young. What's more, they【C13】______school earlier. Included in the studies was one【C14】______a group of American college freshmen who in 1976 claimed to be very cheerful. Surveyed again when they were in their late 30s, they earned, on average, almost $3,500 a year less than their slightly less cheerful【C15】______. Why? Diener suggests that people who don't experience much sadness or anxiety are【C16】______dissatisfied with their jobs and therefore feel less pressure to get more education or change careers. Psychologists point out that emotions are【C17】______: They make us change behavior to help us【C18】______. Anger prepares us to fight; fear helps us flee. But what about sadness? Studies show that when we are sad, we think in a more systematic manner. Sad people are attentive【C19】______details and externally oriented, while happy people【C20】______make snap judgments that may reflect racial or sex stereotyping.

BPart B/B

If you can"t resist the chance to put on a bet, blame your insula—a region of your brain. Scientists think that when this brain area is overactive, the heart rules our head and we can"t help but【C1】______our losses. The Cambridge University researchers said: "Future treatments for gambling addiction could seek to reduce this overactivity, either by drugs or psychological techniques." The researchers made the【C2】______after asking people with various brain injuries and healthy people play slot machine and roulette (a gambling game). A near miss on the slot machines made the players,【C3】______those with the damaged insulas, extra-keen to try their luck again.【C4】______, all of the players, apart from those with faulty insulas, made a【C5】______mistake when playing roulette. Dr Luke Clark from the University of Cambridge, who led the research, explained that during gambling games, people often【C6】______their chances of winning【C7】______a number of errors of thinking called【C8】______distortions. For example, "near-misses" seem to encourage further play,【C9】______they are no different from any other loss. In a【C10】______sequence like tossing a coin, a【C11】______of one event (heads) makes people think the other【C12】______(tails) is due next; this is known as the "gambler"s fallacy". There is increasing【C13】______that problem gamblers are particularly prone to these erroneous beliefs. By studying these people, the researchers found that all of them—【C14】______the exception of the patients with insula damage—reported a【C15】______motivation to play following near-misses in the slot machine game, and also fell【C16】______to the gambler"s fallacy in the roulette game. The finding, which is published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, suggests that the insula, which is【C17】______in gut feelings and decision-making, is key to the psychology of gambling. "Based on these results, we【C18】______that the insula could be overactive in problem gamblers, making them more【C19】______to these errors of thinking," said Dr Clarke. "Future treatments for gambling addiction could seek to reduce this overactivity, either by drugs or by psychological techniques like mindfulness【C20】______."

BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B

Getting a proper amount of rest is absolutely essential for building your energy resources. If you frequently work far into the night or have a poor sleep, it stands to reason that you may start to feel a little run down. Though everybody is different, most people need at least seven to eight hours of sleep per night in order to function at their best. If you have been lacking energy, try going to bed earlier at night. If you can wake up feeling well-rested, it will be an indication that you are starting to get an appropriate amount of sleep at night. If you sleep more than eight hours every night but still don't feel energetic, you may actually be getting too much sleep. Once in a while, you are bound to have nights where you don't get an adequate amount of sleep. When your schedule permits you can also consider taking a short sleep during the day, for sometimes taking a nap is the perfect way to recharge your batteries.

It is a commonplace among moralists that you cannot get happiness by pursuing it. This is only true if you pursue it【C1】______. Gamblers at Monte Carlo are pursuing money, and most of them lose it instead, but there are other ways of pursuing money, which often【C2】______. So it is with happiness. If you pursue it【C3】______drink, you are forgetting the hangover. Epicurus pursued it by living a life surrounded by friends and eating only dry bread,【C4】______by a little cheese on feast days. His【C5】______proved successful in his case, but he was not healthy, and most people would need something more【C6】______. For most people, the pursuit of happiness, 【C7】______supplemented in various ways, is too abstract and theoretical to be adequate【C8】______a personal rule of life. But I think that whatever personal rule of life you may choose it should not, except in rare and heroic cases, be incompatible with happiness. There are a great many people who have all the【C9】______conditions of happiness, i.e. health and a sufficient income, and who,【C10】______, are profoundly unhappy. In such cases it would seem as if the【C11】______must lie with a wrong theory as to how to live. In one sense, we may say that any theory as to how to live is wrong. We imagine ourselves more different from the animals than we are. Animals live on【C12】______, and are happy as long as external conditions are【C13】______. If you have a cat it will enjoy life if it has food and warmth and opportunities for a(n)【C14】______night on the tiles. Your needs are more complex than those of your cat, but they still have their basis in【C15】______. In civilized societies, especially in English-speaking societies, this is too【C16】______to be forgotten. People propose to themselves some one paramount objective, and【C17】______all impulses that do not minister to it. A businessman may be so【C18】______to grow rich that to this end he【C19】______health and private affections. When at last he has become rich, no【C20】______remains to him except pushing other people to imitate his noble example.

In a sweeping overall inspection of its $21 billion Medicaid program, the Florida Legislature approved a bill to shift nearly three million Medicaid recipients into managed-care programs【C1】______saving money and improving services. "Medicaid has grown faster than any other part of our budget," said State Senator Joe Negron, who took the【C2】______on the bill. "It is【C3】______out funding for education, economic development and other parts of the budget that are equally【C4】______." If signed into law as expected, the bill will make Florida,【C5】______one of the largest number of Medicaid patients and a high rate of those who are not insured, one of the biggest states to jump【C6】______entirely from a traditional Medicaid payment system into managed care. The bill, a【C7】______between the House and the Senate versions, would allow the state to decide how much to spend on Medicaid each year,【C8】______in the profits of managed-care companies if they exceed 5 percent and punish networks that【C9】______contracts. To help ensure【C10】______care for patients, the bill would【C11】______require plans to include specialists and provide higher refund rates to doctors. Patients would be charged $10 monthly premiums and $100【C12】______they showed up at the emergency room with a non-emergency. The state and managed -care companies would control which services to provide to Medicaid patients. In so doing, the legislation would【C13】______the existing fee-for-service system, in which the state pays providers for each service, a practice that has led to widespread care【C14】______. Refund rates have dropped so low that many doctors【C15】______not to treat Medicaid patients. The Legislature"s bill seeks to【C16】______those issues with the requirement that plans include specialists and the higher repayment rates to doctors. Another good news for doctors and hospitals is a【C17】______that limits the amount they would have to pay out in【C18】______caused by not proper practice, for pain and suffering to $300,000 for each Medicaid claimant. Senator Negron said the upper limit was【C19】______because doctors who treat Medicaid patients are basically providing a public service and should be【C20】______to do so.