BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

Canada'spremiers(theleadersofprovincialgovernments),iftheyhaveanybreathleftaftercomplainingaboutOttawaattheirlateJulyannualmeeting,mightspareamomenttodosomething,together,toreducehealthcarecosts.They'reallgroaningaboutsoaringhealthbudgets,thefastest-growingcomponentofwhichispharmaceuticalcosts.AccordingtotheCanadianInstituteforHealthInformation,prescriptiondrugcostshaverisensince1997attwicetherateofoverallhealth-carespending.Partoftheincreasecomesfromdrugsbeingusedtoreplaceotherkindsoftreatments.Partofitarisesfromnewdrugscostingmorethanolderkinds.Partofitishigherprices.Whattodo?BoththeRomanowcommissionandtheKirbycommitteeonhealthcare—tosaynothingofreportsfromotherexperts—recommendedthecreationofanationaldrugagency.Insteadofeachprovincehavingitsownlistofapproveddrugs,bureaucracy,proceduresandlimitedbargainingpower,allwouldpoolresources,workwithOttawa,andcreateanationalinstitution.Whatdoes"national"mean?RoyRomanowandSenatorMichaelKirbyrecommendedafederal-provincialbodymuchliketherecentlycreatedNationalHealthCouncil.But"national"doesn'thavetomeanthat."National"couldmeaninterprovincial—provincescombiningeffortstocreateonebody.Eitherway,onebenefitofa"national"organizationwouldbetonegotiatebetterprices,ifpossible,withdrugmanufacturers.Insteadofhavingoneprovince—oraseriesofhospitalswithinaprovince—negotiateapriceforagivendrugontheprovinciallist,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfofallprovinces.Ofcourse,thepharmaceuticalcompanieswillscream.Theylikedividedbuyers;theycanlobbybetterthatway.Theycanusethethreatofremovingjobsfromoneprovincetoanother.Theycanhopethat,ifoneprovinceincludesadrugonitslist,thepressurewillcauseotherstoincludeitontheirs.Theywouldn'tlikeanationalagency,butself-interestwouldleadthemtodealwithit.AsmallstephasbeentakeninthedirectionofanationalagencywiththecreationoftheCanadianCoordinatingOfficeforHealthTechnologyAssessment,fundedbyOttawaandtheprovinces.Underit,aCommonDrugReviewrecommendstoprovinciallistswhichnewdrugsshouldbeincluded.Predictably,andregrettably,Quebecrefusedtojoin.Afewpremiersaresuspiciousofanyfederal-provincialdeal-making.They(particularlyQuebecandAlberta)justwantOttawatoforkoveradditionalbillionswithfew,ifany,stringsattached.That'sonereasonwhytheideaofanationallisthasn'tgoneanywhere,whiledrugcostskeeprisingfast.So,iftheprovinceswanttorunthehealth-careshow,theyshouldprovetheycanrunit,startingwithaninterprovincialhealthlistthatwouldendduplication,saveadministrativecosts,preventoneprovincefrombeingplayedoffagainstanother,andbargainforbetterdrugprices.

If you"ve got an ear for languages, a skill of coding or a steady hand and don"t faint at the sight of blood then your career looks rewarding and stable—translator, web developer and surgeon have been named as the three best jobs in the UK Job search engine Adzuna analyzed more than 2,000 job【C1】______to identify these three as the most highly rated positions,【C2】______a combination of factors including their high levels of job security, pay and income growth potential. But at the other end of the【C3】______miner, tourist guide and builder"s laborer are the bottom-rated roles because of their high-pressure deadlines, long hours and low salaries. Adzuna used deadlines, competitiveness and physical and【C4】______risk to rate the most pressurized jobs, giving additional weight to levels of【C5】______physical danger. Taking the heaviest toll on the【C6】______are working as a doctor, pilot, journalist and fireman. Flora Lowther, head of research at the job search engine, said: "Listing every【C7】______vacancy in the UK and studying the behavior of millions of monthly job seekers, gives us a unique【C8】______into employee satisfaction levels and perceptions in today"s job market. Job seekers should be taking【C9】______of this research when thinking about their next career move." Not【C10】______in our increasingly wired world, web developer comes out on top as the most【C11】______job after considering factors including promotion potential, income growth and job security. The career also【C12】______from a lack of competition, employer demand, rising wages and excellent working environments【C13】______it to the top of the pile. What"s more, roles in IT and engineering are【C14】______by workers to offer the best prospects. Ms Lowther added: "The tech market now【C15】______better than other sectors such as finance and engineering【C16】______job availability. However,what【C17】______growth is a lack of talent." 【C18】______at the other end of the spectrum, Adzuna"s research found that the growth of technology had a negative impact【C19】______more traditional roles. Jobs like travel agents, postmen, supermarket cashier and factory workers are becoming increasingly【C20】______in today"s employment market"

Conventional traffic engineering assumes that given no increase in vehicles, more roads mean less congestion. So when planners in Seoul tore down a six-lane highway a few years ago and replaced it with a five-mile-long park, many transportation professionals were surprised to learn that the city's traffic flow had actually improved, instead of worsening. It was like an inverse of Braess's paradox. Mathematician Dietrich Braess of Ruhr University Bochum in Germany states that in a network in which all the moving entities rationally seek the most efficient route, adding extra capacity can actually reduce the network's overall efficiency. The Seoul project inverts this dynamic; closing a highway—that is, reducing network capacity—improves the system's effectiveness. Although Braess's paradox was first identified in the 1960s and is rooted in 1920s economic theory, the concept never gained enough attention in the automobile-oriented U.S. But in the 21st century, economic and environmental problems are bringing new scrutiny to the idea that limiting spaces for cars may move more people more efficiently. A key to this counterintuitive approach to traffic design lies in manipulating the inherent self-interest of all drivers. A case in point is "The Price of Anarchy in Transportation Networks," published last September in Physical Review Letters by Michael Gastner, a computer scientist at the Santa Fe Institute, and his colleagues. Using hypothetical and real-world road networks, they explain that drivers seeking the shortest route to a given destination eventually reach what is known as the Nash equilibrium, in which no single driver can do any better by changing his or her strategy unilaterally . The problem is that the Nash equilibrium is less efficient than the equilibrium reached when drivers act unselfishly—that is, when they coordinate their movements to benefit the entire group. The "price of anarchy" is a measure of the inefficiency caused by selfish drivers. Analyzing a commute from Harvard Square to Boston Common, the researchers found that the price can be high—selfish drivers typically waste 30 percent more time than they would under "socially optimal" conditions. The solution hinges on Braess's paradox, Gastner says. "Selfish drivers can be led to a better solution if you remove some of the network links, in part because closing roads makes it more difficult for individual drivers to choose the best (and most selfish) route."

Everyone knows that the first rule of driving is never taking your eyes off the road. Teen drivers【C1】______being careful, but they tend to start multitasking after just a few months behind the wheel, according to research published Tuesday. And【C2】______older drivers can handle eating or talking to passengers, which【C3】______up the new drivers, dialing a cell phone increased the risk of accidents among young and【C4】______drivers alike. This isn't great news, since it's well【C5】______that distracted driving is a leading cause of accidents among all drivers. It makes sense that young drivers will start testing their limits after a few months behind the wheel, according to Bruce Simons-Morton, a behavioral scientist. "You increase the difficulty of a task until you make an【C6】______," Simons-Morton says. "It seems like a very natural thing but still it's very【C7】______, because good driving ability and safety judgment develops【C8】______a very long period of time." Within six months of getting their licenses, young drivers in this study -started texting, eating and【C9】______the radio while driving as much as their more skilled【C10】______But it takes thousands of hours of【C11】______to get good at driving, according to Simons-Morton. That disconnect may help【C12】______the high accident rates among teenage drivers. The researchers compared data from two small studies—one tracked 42【C13】______licensed young drivers and the other looked at 100 drivers with more experience . All the participants had sensors and cameras【C14】______in their cars. The researchers used the sensors to track when drivers got into accidents or close calls. The videos were then used to see what the drivers were doing just before the accidents【C15】______. Because the researchers wanted to focus on the【C16】______of distracted driving, they【C17】______crashes caused by drunk driving and ones that were clearly caused by other drivers. Since the number of people in this study was small, Simons-Morton says the results will have to be【C18】______by other research. A couple of bigger studies already【C19】______the works, might make things clearer. But Simons-Morton says this is the first totally【C20】______look at teen driver distraction.

Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student. Write him an email to(1)tell him about your living habits, and(2)ask for advice about living there.

A young woman goes to university and earns a degree in religious and women"s studies. In the process she piles up some $ 100,000 in student-loan debt. Upon graduation, she cannot find a job in her field and struggles to pay her bills. An example of unwise decision-making perhaps, but is it also proof of a long-debated bubble in American higher education? It is for Glenn Reynolds, the productive blogger, law professor and author of a new book, " The New School". With tuition costs rising much faster than inflation, Americans are taking on record amounts of debt over $ 1 trillion by 2013—to fund their education. Many are finding that their job prospects do not justify the investment. Whereas a university degree once meant automatic entry into the middle class, it now comes with no such guarantee. But is higher education as bad a deal as Mr Reynolds makes it out to be? "Some people are graduating with debts of $ 100,000 or more," he says, "sometimes much more. " Most are not, though. The average graduate holds student-loan debt of $ 29,400, a number not found in this book. College Board, a non-profit organisation, finds that the median earnings of university graduates emerging from four-year courses and without a further degree, such as a master"s, are 65% higher over their lifetimes than those of high-school graduates. Short on numbers, the book contributes little to the bubble debate. But Mr Reynolds puts forward criticism of American universities that will ring true to anyone who has attended one recently. Universities can help people make money in three ways: by teaching them skills, giving them credentials that employers want and providing access to a valuable social network. Some studies have shown that university students fail to learn much of anything. Acquiring skills, of course, can be quite expensive. Prices should not continue going up forever, so new thinking is needed. The web provides one way forward, and although Mr Reynolds is doubtful about the ability of colleges to reinvent themselves, some are catching on. Take the Georgia Institute of Technology, which has joined up with Udacity, an online educator, to offer a master"s degree in computer science for $ 7,000. "It"s a real, accredited degree," says Mr Reynolds, "just like the ones that cost six times as much if earned on campus. "

You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list[A]to[G]for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]Work passively so that the company can make you leave early with a compensation. [B]Determine how you will live during early retirement. [C]Start making as much money as you can. [D]Look for passive income. [E]Figure out how much you need to save in order to retire early. [F]Work out a plan to cut expenses after early retirement. [G]Figure out how much you will realistically spend in retirement. Most people think about retirement in some sense. You may be one of the "average" people looking for retirement at 65, or you may be someone who is aiming to retire early. Early retirement may not be for everyone: it usually means that you have to go to some form of extreme in order to reach it. You may have to work long hours, cut your expenses a good amount, or even both. However, I've never heard a complaint from those who retire early. Also, there are many websites that talk a lot about early retirement that you may want to read if you are serious about having this goal. 【R1】______ You need to really think about how you want to spend your retirement in order to determine how you will reach early retirement. Will you be traveling the world? Will you move to a cheaper foreign country? Will you have children? Will you have grandchildren? How will you pay for anything medical that arises? 【R2】______ For some reason, most think that they will spend less when they are in retirement. However, that is not always the case. You will have more free time and therefore will have more time to possibly spend money. Also, you will have to start paying for your own health insurance if it is currently being covered by your employer. The cost of this may shock you if you are not used to it. 【R3】______ Of course, the big factor of whether or not you can retire early is whether you actually have enough retirement funds. You need to figure out exactly how much you need to retire and how you can stretch that amount for decades to come. For example, if you want to retire in 10 years at the age of 35, you need to figure out exactly how much you need to survive in order to stretch your retirement funds for almost another 50 or 60 years. 【R4】______ One way to reach early retirement is to make as much money as you realistically can. Definitely do not engage in anything illegal, but try to get as many promotions and pay raises as you can. Work hard and know what your next step to reach that next pay level is. This is where certain people aren't interested in early retirement. Do you want a lifelong job that you love? Or do you want a job that will allow you to retire early? Usually it will be hard to have both. There are many fields that you may be interested in to make more money. You can go into engineering, sales, certain financial sector jobs and more. Or you could work a day job and earn extra income on the side as well. 【R5】______ If your goal is early retirement and you no longer want to work, you may want to look into making monthly income through passive sources. This way you are still bringing in money each month, but all that is required from you is occasional maintenance. Ideas for passive income include rental properties, investing in dividend-paying stocks, and more.

In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words. 在考试中作弊，这在大学时有发生，对学生和社会都有害。我们应如何杜绝这一现象?

For a child, happiness has a magical quality. I remember making hide-outs in newly cut hay, playing cops and robbers in the woods,getting a speaking part in the school play. For adults, happiness is complicated. As far as I am concerned, happiness is "the capacity for enjoyment". The more we can enjoy what we have, the happier we are. It' s easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved, the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, even good health. While happiness may be more complex for us, the solution is the same as ever. Happiness isn't about what happens to us; it' s about how we perceive what happens to us. It' s the knack of finding a positive for every negative, and viewing a set-back as a challenge. It' s not wishing for what we don' t have, but enjoying what we do possess.

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

WriteanessaybasedonthechartInyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150words.

BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B

Directions： In this party, you are asked to write an essay according to the information below．You should write more than 150 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2．(15 points) 如今，名人(celebrity)在大学里当客座教授或兼职教授的现象很普遍，对于这种现象，不同的人持有不同的看法，请表明你的观点。

Climate change is the greatest challenge facing humanity: drastic reduction of carbon emissions is vital if we are to avoid a catastrophe that devastates large parts of the world. Governments and businesses have been slow to act and individuals now need to take the lead. The Earth can absorb no more than 3 tons of carbon dioxide emissions each year for every person on the planet if we are to keep temperature and rainfall change within tolerable limits. Yet from cars and holiday flights to household appliances and the food on our plates, Western consumer lifestyles leave each of us responsible for over 12 tones of carbon dioxide a year—four times what the Earth can handle. Individual action is essential if we want to avoid climate chaos. How to Live a Low-Carbon Life shows how easy it is to take responsibility, providing the first comprehensive, one-stop reference guide to calculating your CO 2 emissions and reducing them to a sustainable 3 tons a year.

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

Directions:Writeanessaybasedonthechart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150words.

On September 28th Tim Cook, Apple's chief executive, published an open letter apologising to customers for the shortcomings of the company's maps. Mr. Cook even directed users to alternative map apps, writing that they could be downloaded from Apple's App Store and that Google's and Nokia's maps were available as web apps. Apple's mobile maps used to be supplied by its friend-turned-archrival, Google. But this year Apple decided to put maps of its own into iOS 6, rather than be beholden to its foe . The new maps are built into the iPhone, which went on sale on September 21st. The Internet has been teeming with complaints about a lack of detail and a surfeit of errors. And unlike Google's maps, Apple's lack public-transport information. Maps are becoming important strategic terrain. They are more than an aid to getting from A to B. Apps based on location—to summon a taxi, say—need maps inside them. Digital maps can include countless layers of information, plus advertisements from which money can be made. There are thousands of indoor maps, too, of airports, department stores and so forth. Smart phones also act as sensors, reporting their whereabouts, which can be used to improve maps. According to comScore, a data firm, in August 95% of American iPhone owners and 83% of owners of smart phones with Google's Android operating system used a mobile map. Meanwhile, Apple seems to be relying on three things. The first is speedy improvement. (It is reportedly trying to hire ex-Googlers. ) The second is the embedding of useful content. Its new maps have spoken turn-by-turn driving directions, which Google's version for the iPhone did not, as well as reviews from Yelp, a local-listings company that offers pretty full coverage of eateries and bars in America but much less elsewhere. The third is the loyalty of Apple's fans. More than 5million iPhone 5s were sold in the first three days. Although some analysts had expected more, that still beat the previous version, the 4S, by 1 million. Under the late Steve Jobs Apple paid fanatical attention to detail, so it is remarkable that its maps should have come up so short. But polishing its hardware was one thing; the struggle with maps "has been the first really obvious head-butting of the wall," says Carolina Milanesi of Gartner, another research firm. In a market in which brands can fall fast, that is a rare luxury.

Directions: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words. 如今许多大学生喜欢追求名牌；有一些人甚至为了追求名牌，毫不考虑家庭的经济负担。你如何看待这个问题?