EversincetakingonNetflixIncatitsowngame,oldHollywoodhasstruggledtoturnaprofitinstreaming,withthelikesofDisneyt,PealockandParamountlosingbillionsofdollarseachyear,sparkingconcernsthattheserviceswillneverbeasprofitableascableoncewas.Buttheageofstreaminghasbeenaboonforsomeunintendedwinners:piratesthatusesoftwaretoripafilmortelevisionshowinsecondsfromlegitimateonlinevideoplatformsandhostthetitlesontheirown,illegitimateservices,whichrakeinabout$2billionannuallyfromadsandsubscriptions.Withnovideoproductioncosts,illegalstreamingsiteshaveachievedprofitmarginsapproaching90%,accordingtotheMotionPictureAssociation(MPA),atradegrouprepresentingHollywoodstudiosthatsworking.tocrackdownonthethousandsofillegalplatformsthathavecroppedupinrecentyears.InitiallytheriseoflegitimateonlinebusinessessuchasNetflixactuallyhelpedcurbdigitalpiracy,whichhadlargelybeenbasedonfileuploads.Butnowpiracyinvolvingillegalstreamingservicesaswellasfile-sharingcoststheUSeconomyabout$30billioninlostrevenueayearsandsome250,000jobsestimatestheUSChamberofCommercesGlobalInnovationPolicyCenter.Theglobalimpactisabout$71billionannually.“Thepeoplewhoarestealingourmoviesandourtelevisionshowsandoperatingpiracysitesarenotmomandpopoperations,saysCharlieRivkin,chiefexecutiveofficeroftheMPA.Thisisorganizedcrime.RivkinjoinedtheMPAin2017aftertheorganizationfailedfiveyearsearliertobuildconsensusbetweenHollywoodandSiliconValleytowinpassageoflegislationinCongressaimedatstoppingonlinepiracy.In2017theassociationformedtheAllianceforCreativityandEntertainment(ACE).anenforcementtaskforceofabout100detectivescirclingtheglobetohelplocalauthoritiesarreststreamingpirates.ACEsaysitshelpedshrinkthenumberofillegalstreamingservicesinNorthAmericato126,frommorethan1,400in2018,aidedinpartbytheMPAssupportfora2020federallawthatmadelarge-scalestreamingofcopyrightmaterialaseriouscrime.ConsultingfirmParksAssociatespredictsthatlegitimateUSstreamingservicescumulativelossfrompiracysince2022willreach$113billioninthenexttwoyears.Whilethereissomeoptimismthatemerging,countermeasuresandbestpracticesmayseepiracybegintoplateauby2027,thereisnoconsensusamongstakeholdersastowhenitmaybegintodecline,saysanalystSteveHawley.

Located in the southern Peloponnesian peninsula, Pavlopetri (the modern name of the site) emerged as a Neolithic settlement around 3500 B.C. and became an important trading center for Mycenaean Greece (1650-1180 B.C.). This area of the Aegean Sea is 1 to earthquakes and tsunamis, which caused the city to 2 sink. The buildings closest to the coast were battered by sea storms and tsunamis, and the slow sea level rise in the Mediterranean 3 the city more than 3,000 years ago.For millennia, the citys 4 lay unseen below some 13 feet of water. They were covered by a thick layer of sand 5 the island of Laconia. In recent decades, shifting 6 and climate change have eroded a natural barrier that 7 Pavlopetri. In 1967 a scientific survey of the Peloponnesian coast was 8 data to analyze changes in sea levels 9 British oceanographer Nicholas Flemming first spotted the submerged 10 . A year later, he returned with a few students to 11 the location and map the site. The team identified some 15 buildings, courtyards, a network of streets, and two chamber tombs. 12 the exciting initial finds, the site would lie 13 for decades before archaeologists would return.In 2009 archaeologists Chrysanthi Gallou and Jon Henderson 14 the excavation of Pavlopetri in cooperation with the Greek Ministry of Culture. Since the 1960s, underwater archaeology 15 and tools had made huge advances. The team 16 robotics, sonar mapping, and state-of-the-art graphics to survey the site. From 2009 to 2013 they were able to bring the underwater town to 17 . Covering about two and a half acres, Pavlopetri’s three main roads 18 some 50 rectangular buildings, all of which had open courtyards. Excavations revealed a large number of Minoan-style loom weights, 19 Pavlopetri was a thriving trade center with a 20 textile industry.

Part BDirections:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following chart In your essay,you should1)describe the chart briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)

Part ADirections:Read the following email from an intemational student and write a reply.Dear Li Ming,Im got a class assignment to make an oral report on an ancient scientist,but I am not sure howto prepare for it.Can you give me some advice?Thank you for help.Yours,PaulYou should write about 100 words on theANSWER SHEET.Do notsign your own name at the end.Use“Li Ming”instead.Do notwrite the address.(10 points)

[A]Peterslikestophotographbutterfliesinalandscape,celebratingthebeautyoftheirsurroundingsaswellastheinsectsthemselves.HispicturesofaGlanvillefritillaryrisingfromthesea-pinksbesidethechalkcliffsofComptonBayontheIsleofWightareparticularlyglorious.Thesetale-offshotsareevenmorechallengingbecausetheyrequireawide-anglelens,whichmeanshemustbelessthan2cmfromthebutterfly.Itsincrediblydifficulttogetthatclosetoaskittishsun-warmedinsect.Unlikesomephotographers,whocheatbykeepinginsectsinafridgetoslowthemdown.Petersrefusestotemperwithwildbutterflies.[B]Peterssignatureshotisabutterflytake-off,showingthemultiplewing-beatsofonebutterflyinoneframeasitliftsofffromaflower.Howdoeshecaptureit?Technologyhelps.AtypicaldigitalSLRcamerashoots20framesasecond.Heusesahigh-speedOMSystemwhichshoots120framesasecond.[C]BritainhasrelativelyfewbutterflyspeciescomparedwithmainlandEuropeand80%areindecline,mostlybecauseintensivechemicalfarminghasreducedmanyspeciestotinyfragmentsofhabitatandsmallnaturereserves.Globalheatingisbenefitingsomespeciesbutothersaretooisolatedtofindsuitablenewhabitat,andgardeninghabits-pavingovergardensandusingpesticides-arenthelpingeither.Butterfliesmaynotpollinateasmanyplantsaswildbeesandhoverflies,butbecauseBritishbutterfliesarethebest-studiedgroupofinsectsintheworld.theyareanextremelyusefulindicatorofthewiderdeclinesinflyinginsects.[D]Fiveyearsago,atsummersend,AndrewFusekPeterswasdiagnosedwithbowelcancer.Iwaswaitingforsurgery,feelingreallyill,sittinginmygarden.Itwasamazingweatherandtherewerepaintedladybutterflieseverywhere,hesays.Theywereasymboloffragilelife,ofhopeanddefiance,andsomethingappealedtomysoul.[E]Thatmakesitsoundeasy,andartificial,butPetersinsistsitisstillamassivechallenge.Hetypicallytakesbetween10,000and20,000shotstogetonebutterflytake-offsequenceinfocus.Atsuchhighshutterspeeds,thedepthoffieldistiny,andasbutterfliesdohotflyinastraightlinetheyswiftlyflutteroutoffocus.Aswellasthousandsofattempts,ittakespatienceandfieldcrafttoanticipateabutterflyslikelyflight-line-andcatchit-infocus.[F]soWhatstheappealofalong,sweatydayinpursuitofanelusive,fasting-movingwildanimal?Itjustfeelsbloodybrilliant,saysPeters,IfIvehadafulldayofgoodencounterswithbutterflies,metinterestingbutterflypeopleandIvegotsomegoodshots,thatbecomesavaultinmyspiritualbank.Itsahappyfeeling.[G]Achildrensauthorandpoetwhohadbecomeakeenamateurphotographer,peterswatchedthebutterfliesandidlywonderedifhecouldcapturetheminflight.Itswiftlybecomeanobsessionasherecoveredfromasuccessfuloperationtoremovethecancer.Inrecentsummers,hehastravelledthelengthandbreadthofBritaintophotographall58nativespeciesofbutterfly.Nowthefruitsofthosesummershaveseenpublishedinabeautifulnewbook.[H]Abutterflytakesoffsoquicklyitisstillimpossibletoreactquicklyenoughtocapturethattake-offbutifhehalf-pressestheshutter,thecamerasavesthe70previousframesbeforethemomentheactuallytakesthepicture.Itstimetravel,soIdontmissthemomentoftake-off,hesays.Afterhescapturedthebutterflytakingoff,helayers10to15framestogetherinPhotoshop.G→41.→42.→43.→44.→45.→F

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I was shocked to learn recently that some scientists want to scale back their research in an effort to decrease carbon emissions.The crisis is here, they said,and we need to cut back on our energy-intensive modelling.At the very least,we need to make our energy use far more sustainable.It is unarguable that our laboratories,scientific instruments,rockets and satellites -the tools we scientists need to measure the planets pulse - demand significant amounts of energy both in their construction and operation.And it is equally true that sciences unrelenting appetite for information has caused a mushrooming of energy-intensive data centres around the world.According to the International Energy Agency,these buildings now consume about 1 percent of the worlds electricity.If the world is to meet its net-zero ambitions,we must think hard about how we can deliver sustainable computing and deliver more LUMIS.Every day,scientists,technologists and engineers are discovering new ways to exploit renewable energy sources and develop techniques not just to use power more intelligently but to power our intelligence.A great example of this is Europes largest super computer,LUMI in Finland, which is astonishingly carbon-negative,established in an old paper mill,it is powered by a nearby river and its remote heat warms the people who live in the surrounding town of Kajaani.

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