单选题In the view of Net purists, ______.

单选题Gaddafi established the Socialist People"s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in 1977 and adopted a relatively loose state structure similar to anarchy .

单选题Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?

单选题In the westerner's eyes, the postwar Japan was ______.

单选题Automobile experts have shown that halogen headlights ______thick fog more effectively than traditional incandescent headlights and thus help to reduce accidents.

单选题Parents who believe that playing video games is less harmful to their kids" attention spans than watching TV may want to reconsider. Some researchers 1 more than 1,300 children in different grades for a year. They asked both the kids and their parents to estimate how many hours per week the kids spent watching TV and playing video games, and they 2 the children"s attention spans by 3 their schoolteachers. 4 studies have examined the effect of TV or video games on attention problems, but not both. By looking at video-game use 5 TV watching, these scientists were able to show for the first time that the two activities have a similar relationship 6 attention problems. Shawn Green, a psychologist at the University of Minnesota, points out that the study doesn"t distinguish between the type of 7 required to excel at a video game and that required to excel in school. "A child who is capable of playing a video game for hours 8 obviously does not have a 9 problem with paying attention," says Green. " 10 are they able to pay attention to a game but not in school? What expectancies have the games set up that aren"t being delivered in a school 11 ?" Modem TV shows are so exciting and fast paced that they make reading and schoolwork seem 12 by comparison, and the same may be true 13 video games, the study notes. "We weren"t able to break the games down by educational versus non-educational 14 nonviolent versus violent," says Swing, 15 that the impact that different types of games may have on attention is a ripe area for future research.

单选题Most of Thomas Hardy"s novels are set in______, the fictional erode rural region which is really the home place he both loves and hates.

单选题All the following ones written by Henry James are concerned with the "international theme" EXCEPT______.

单选题When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.

单选题The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of the____.

单选题A free press is considered very important to the functioning of parliamentary democracy because______.

单选题I tried very hard to persuade him to join our group but I met with a flat ______.

单选题THE STUDY OF MAN Irving S. Lee 1 The study of man—even, the scientific study—is ancient and respectable. It goes back to Aristotle, to Hippocrates, and beyond them to obscure beginnings. Today, it is one of the chief studies of the learned. Like our other activities, it may be divided into two parts, the successful part and the unsuccessful part. Speaking very generally and with due regard to numerous and important exceptions, it may be said that the successful part of the scientific study of man is related to medicine, the unsuccessful part to philosophy and to the social sciences. These relations are not only historical, they are also to be seen in methods, attitudes, and traditions. 2 The successes of medicine and the medical sciences have not been lightly won; from a multitude of failures, they are the survivals and the fortunate productions of tile best or the most-favored men among an endless succession of skillful physicians though pedantry, incompetency, and charlatanry have often hindered and, in evil times, even arrested the accumulations of medical science for long periods, since Hippocrates, at least, the tradition of skillful practice has never been quite lost the tradition that combines theory and practice. This tradition is, especially in three elements, indispensable. 3 Hippocrates teaches, first, hard, persistent, intelligent, responsible, unremitting labor in the sickroom, not in the library;the all-round adaptation of the doctor to his task, an adaptation that is far from being merely intellectual. This is adaptation chiefly through the establishment of conditioned reflexes. Something like it seems to be a necessary part of the mastery of any material or of effective work in any medium. 4 Hippocrates teaches, secondly, accurate observation of things and events; selection, guided by judgment born of familiarity, of the salient and the recurrent phenomena; and their classification and methodical exploitation. 5 Hippocrates teaches, thirdly, the judicious construction of a theory—not a philosophical theory, nor a grand effort of the imagination, nor a quasi—religious dogma, but a modest pedestrian affair, or perhaps I had better say, a useful walking stick to help on the way. 6 All this may be summed up thus: The physician must have, first, intimate habitual intuitive familiarity with things; secondly, a systematic knowledge of things; and thirdly, an effective way of thinking about things. 7 Experience shows that this is the way to success. It has long been followed in studying sickness, but hardly at all in studying the other experiences of daily life. Let us, therefore, consider more carefully what Hippocrates did and what he did not do. He was in reaction chiefly against three things: firstly, against the ancient, traditional myths and superstitions which still prevailed among the physicians of his day; secondly, against the recent intrusion of philosophy into medical doctrine; thirdly, against the extravagant system of diagnoses of the Cnidian School, a body of contemporary physicians who seem to have suffered from a familiar form of professional pedantry. Here, Hippocrates was opposing the pretentious systematization of knowledge that lacked solid, objective foundation—the concealment of ignorance, probably more or less unconsciously, with a show of knowledge. Note well that such concealment is rarely altogether dishonest and may be practised in thorough good faith. 8 The social sciences today suffer from defects that are not unlike the defects of medicine to which Hippocrates was opposed. Firstly, social and political myths are everywhere current, and if they involve forms of superstition that are less apparent to us than the medical superstitions of long ago, that may well be because we recognize the latter class of superstitions for what they are while still accepting or half accepting the former class. Secondly, there is at least as much philosophy mingled with our current social science as there was at any time in the medical doctrines of the Greeks. Thirdly, a great part of the social science of today consists of elaborate speculation on an insufficient foundation of fact. 9 Hippocrates endeavored to avoid myths and traditional rules, the grand search for philosophical truth, the authority of philosophical beliefs, the concealment of ignorance with a show of systematic knowledge. He was concerned, first of all not to conceal his own ignorance from himself. 10 Experience shows that there are two kinds of human behavior which it is ordinarily convenient and often essential to distinguish. 11 One is the thinking, talking, and writing, by those who are so familiar with relevant concrete experiences that they cannot ordinarily forget the facts, about two kinds of subjects. These are;firstly, concrete observations—observations and experiences which are representable by means of sharply defined or otherwise unambiguous words; and secondly, more general considerations, dearly and logically related to such concrete observations and experiences. 12 The other kind of behavior is thinking, talking, and writing about vague or general ideas or "concepts" which do not clearly relate to concrete observations and experiences and which are not designated by sharply defined words. 13 In the social sciences, special methods and special skills are few. It is hard to think of anything that corresponds to a mathematician"s skill in performing mathematical operations or to a bacteriologist"s skill in cultivating microorganisms or to a clinician"s skill in making physical examinations. 14 Classificatory, descriptive knowledge, which is so conspicuous in the medical sciences and in natural history and which has proved so essential to the development of such sciences, is relatively lacking in the social sciences. Moreover, there is no common accord among social scientists concerning the classes and subclasses of the things they study, and there is even much disagreement about nomenclature. 15 The theories of the social sciences seem to be in a curious state. One body of theory, that of economies is highly developed, has been cast in mathematical form, and has reached a stage that is thought to be in some respects definitive. This theory, like those of the natural sciences, is the result of the concerted efforts of a great number of investigators and has evolved in a manner altogether similar to the evolution of certain theories in the natural sciences. But it is hardly applicable to concrete reality. 16 The reasons why economic theory is so difficult to apply to concrete events are that it is an abstraction from an immensely complex reality and that reasoning from theory to practice is here, nearly always vitiated by "the fallacy of misplaced concreteness. " Such application suggests the analogy of applying Galileo"s law of falling bodies to the motion of a falling leaf in a stiff breeze. Experience teaches that under such circumstances it is altogether unsafe to take more than a single step in deductive reasoning without verifying the conclusions by observation or experiment. Nevertheless, many economists, some cautiously and others less cautiously are in the habit of expressing opinions deduced from theoretical considerations concerning economic practice. There is here a striking contrast with medicine, where it is almost unknown for a theorist inexperienced in practice to prescribe the treatment of a patient. 17 In other fields of social science, theories are generally not held in common by all investigators, but, as in philosophical systems, tend to be sectarian beliefs. This is true even in psychology where the conflicts of physiological psychologists, behaviorists. Gestaltists, and others sometimes almost suggest theological controversy. 18 On the whole, it seems fair to say that the social sciences in general are not cultivated by persons possessing intuitive familiarity; highly developed, systematic, descriptive knowledge; and the kind of theories that are to be found in the natural sciences. 19 There is not a little system-building in the social sciences but, with the striking exception of economic theory, it is of the philosophical type rather than of the scientific type, being chiefly concerned in its structural elements with words rather than with things, or in old fashioned parlance, with noumena, rather than with phenomena. 20 A further difference between most system-building in the social sciences and systems of thought and classification of the natural sciences is to be seen in their evolution. In the natural sciences, both theories and descriptive systems grow by adaptation to the increasing knowledge and experience of the scientists. In the social sciences, systems often issue fully formed from the mind of one man. Then they may be much discussed if they attract attention, but progressive adaptive modification as a result of the concerted efforts of great numbers of men is rare. Such systems are in no proper sense working hypotheses; they are "rationalizations" , or, at best mixtures of working hypotheses and "rationalizations". 21 Thinking in the social sciences suffers, I believe, chiefly from two defects:One is the fallacy of misplaced concreteness; the other, the intrusion of sentiments—of Bacon"s Idols—into the thinking, which may be fairly regarded as an occupational hazard of the social scientists. 22 Sentiments have no place in clear thinking, but the manifestations of sentiments are among the most important things with which the social sciences are concerned. For example, the word "justice" is out of place in pleading before the Supreme Curt of the United States, but the sentiments associated with that word and often expressed by it are probably quite as important as the laws of our country, not to mention the procedure of the Supreme Court. Indeed such sentiments seem to be in many ways and at many times the most important of all social forces. 23 The acquired characters of men may be divided into two classes. One kind involves much use of reason, logic, the intellect; for example, the ordinary studies of school and university. The other kind involves little intellectual activity and arises chiefly from conditioning from rituals and from routines; for example, skills, attitudes, and acquired sentiments. In modified form, men share such acquired characters with dogs and other animals. When not misinterpreted, they have been almost completely neglected by intellectuals and are frequently overlooked by social scientists. Their study seems to present an opportunity for the application of physiology. 24 The conclusions of this comparative study are as follows: Firstly, a combination of intimate, habitual, intuitive familiarity with things; systematic knowledge of things; and an effective way of thinking about things is common among medical scientists, rare among social scientists. Secondly, systems in the medical sciences and systems in the social sciences are commonly different. The former resemble systems in the other natural sciences, the latter resemble philosophical systems. Thirdly, many of the terms employed currently in the social sciences are of a kind that is excluded, except by inadvertence, from the medical sciences. Fourthly, sentiments to not ordinarily intrude in the thinking of medical scientists; they do ordinarily intrude in the thinking of social scientists. Fifthly, the medical sciences have made some progress in the objective study of the manifestations of sentiments; the social sciences, where these things are particularly important, have neglected them. This is probably due to the influence of the intellectual tradition " Sixthly" in the medical sciences, special methods and special skills are many; in the social sciences, few. Finally, in the medical sciences, testing of thought by observation and experiment is continuous. Thus, theories and generalizations of all kinds are constantly being corrected, modified, and adapted to the phenomena; and fallacies of misplaced concreteness, eliminated. In the social sciences, there is little of this adaptation and correction through continuous observation and experiment. 25 These are very general conclusions to which, as I have already said, there are numerous and important exceptions. Perhaps the most important exceptions may be observed in the work of many historians, of purely descriptive writers, and of those theoretical economists who scrupulously abstain from the application of theory to practice.

单选题Which of the following is NOT true about Emily Dickinson?

单选题A variety of problems have greatly ______ the country"s normal educational development.

单选题Police have planned a reconstruction of the crime tomorrow in the hope that this will ______ the memory of the passers-by.

单选题Historically, the primary responsibility for the rearing of young children belonged almost exclusively to the parents, especially the father. It was not until the late nineteenth and early twentieth century that the State was willing to remove a young child from direct supervision of negligent or abusive parents. Even so, in order to reduce welfare costs to the rest of the community, a destitute family in early America, incapable of supporting its own members, was sometimes broken up and the children placed in other households. During the eighteenth and nineteenth century the mother"s role in the upbringing of children was enhanced: Women became the primary providers of care and affection; and as men"s church membership declined, women also became responsible for the catechizing and education of young children, even though they often were less literate than men. While childrearing manuals continued to acknowledge the importance of the father, they also recognized that the mother had become the major figure in the care of the young. Throughout much of Western history, as long as children remained in the home, parents exercised considerable control over them, even to the extent of arranging their marriages and influencing their career choices. Children were expected to be obedient and to contribute to the well-being of the family. And, perhaps more in Western Europe than in America, children were often expected to turn over almost all of their earnings directly to the parents—sometimes even after they had left home. By the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century some of this control had been eroded, and the rights of children as individuals were increasingly recognized and acknowledged. Interestingly, the development of children"s rights has proceeded so rapidly and so far that we may now be in the midst of a backlash, as efforts are being made to re-establish parental responsibility in areas such as the reproductive behavior of minor children. Clearly there have been major changes in the way our society treats children; but it would be very difficult for many of us to agree on the costs and benefits of these trends—whether from the viewpoint of the child, the parents, or society. While many applaud the increasing individualism and freedom of children within the family, others lament the loss of family responsibility and discipline. A historical analysis of parents and children cannot settle such disputes, but it can provide us with a better appreciation of the flexibility and resilience of the family as an institution for raising the young.

单选题There" s growing______among the electorate with the old two-party system.

单选题The system was redesigned so embrace the network and eventually ______ it in a profitable direction.

单选题Richard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a "virtual" or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners. " With virtual reality we"ll be able to put a surgeon in every trench, " said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers. The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U. S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier. Although Satava"s vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device. As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move instruments that are connected to a computer, which passes their movements to robotic-instruments that perform the surgery. The computer provides feedback to the surgeon on force, textures, and sound. These technological wonders may not yet be part of the community hospital setting but increasingly some of the machinery is finding its way into civilian medicine. At Wayne State University Medical School, surgeon Lucia Zamorano takes images of the brain from computerized scans and uses a computer program to produce a 3-D image. She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map the shortest, least invasive surgical path the tumor. Zamorano is also using technology that attaches a probe to surgical instruments so that she can track their positions. While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain, she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a computer graphics image of the patient"s brain taken before surgery. During these procedures—operations that are done through small cuts in the body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuvered—surgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view. And they are commanding robot surgeons to cut away tissue more accurately than human surgeons can. Satava says, "We are in the midst of a fundamental change in the field of medicine.