单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} Some drug makers pay key leaders in a field of medicine, such as chairs of departments in medical schools, tens of thousands of dollars if they are saying the right things about their product. They manipulate medical education sessions, lectures, articles in medical journals, research studies, even personal conversations between physicians to get their product message across. Now a huge collection of drug company internal documents--revealed as part of a lawsuit—offers a wealth of detail. In 1996, Dr. David Franklin, an employee of the drug company Parke-Davis, filed the lawsuit under federal whistleblower statutes alleging that the company was illegally promoting a drug called Neurontin for so called "off-label' uses. Under federal law, once the FDA approves a drug, a doctor can prescribe it for anything. But the law specifically prohibits the drug company from promoting the drug for any unapproved uses. In 2004, the company, by then a division of Pfizer admitted guilt and agreed to pay $ 430 million in criminal and civil liability related to promoting the drug for off-label use. Spokespeople for Pfizer say that any wrong doing occurred before Pfizer acquired the company. But Pfizer fought hard to keep all the papers related to the suit under seal. A judge denied the request and they are now part of the Drug Industry Document Archive at the University of California, San Francisco. What is most interesting is not the illegal actions they reveal, but the details of activities that are perfectly legal. And according to people familiar with the industry, the methods detailed in these company memos are routine. One tactic identifies certain doctors as "thought leaders, "—those whose opinions influence the prescribing pattern of other doctors. Those whose views converge with the company goals are then showered with rewards, research and educational grants. In the Parke-Davis case 14 such big shots got between $10,250 and $158,250 between 1993 and 1997. "Medical education drives this market," wrote the author of one Parke-Davis business plan in the files. Many state licensing boards require physicians to attend sessions in what is called continuing medical education (CME) to keep current in their field. At one time, medical schools ran most CME courses. Now, an industry of medical education and communications committees (MECCs) run most of the courses. These companies with innocent sounding names like Medical Education Systems set up courses, sometimes in conjunction with medical meetings, at other times often in fancy restaurants and resorts. The drug companies foot the bill, with the program usually noting it was financed by an." unrestricted educational grant" from the company. Using MECCs, Parke-Davis set up conference calls so that doctors could talk to one another about the drugs. The moderators of the calls, often thought leaders or their younger assistants, received $250 to $500 a call. Drug company reps were on the line, instructed to stay in a "listen only" mode, but monitoring to be sure the pitch met their expectations. Clearly, 'many of the physicians in these schemes are not innocent bystanders. Whether it is ghost writing, making telephone calls to colleagues or leading a CME session, many of the doctors got paid well. Others received a free meal or transportation to a resort to listen to an "educational session." Physicians often claim they are not influenced by payments from the pharmaceutical industry. But with the methods so thoroughly detailed in these papers, drug companies clearly believe they are getting their money's worth.

单选题If a child starts to speak later than others, he will______ in future.

单选题According to the text, the reason for cosmetic surgery is

单选题It can be inferred from the last paragraph of the text that

单选题Few beyond California's technology crowd recognise the name Larry Sonsini; none within its circle could fail to. For four decades he has been lawyer, adviser and friend to many prominent companies and investors. Some consider him the most powerful person in Silicon Valley. Companies beg for his law firm to represent them. The 65-year-old chairman of Wilson Sonsini Goodrich and more recently, as outside counsel to Hewlett-Packard (HP), for initially defending the board's dubious investigative practices. WSG&R boasts 600 lawyers and represents around half of Silicon Valley's public companies, including Apple, Sun Microsystems and Google. Last year it ranked first in private-equity and venture-capital deals, with nearly twice as many as its closest rival. Over the past five years WSG&R has worked on over 1,000 mergers and acquisitions, collectively worth over $ 260 billion. The recent troubles cast a shadow over WSG&R's reputation. Although Mr. Sonsini is not accused of wrongdoing himself, many of his firm's clients are on the ropes. Former executives at Brocade Communications suffered criminal charges in July. Mr. Sonsini served on Brocade's board until last year and his firm was its outside counsel. He also was on the boards of Pixar, Echelon, Lattice Semiconductor, LSI Logic and Novell--all firms at which the issuing of stock options is being called into question. WSG&R dismisses the idea that Mr. Sonsini faced a conflict of interest by acting as both director and legal adviser to so many firms and says he did not advise HP in its investigation of board members. Mr. Sonsini initially said it was "well done and within legal limits". It now seems it was neither.

单选题{{B}}Text 2{{/B}} During its formative years, the inner solar system was a rough-and-tumble place. There were a couple of hundred large objects flying around. Moon-size or bigger, and for millions of years they collided with one another. Out of these impacts grew the terrestrial planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth with its Moon, and Mars—and the asteroids. Scientists have thought of these collisions as mergers: a smaller object (the impactor) hits a larger one (the target) and sticks to it. But new computer modeling by Erik Asphaug and Craig B. Agnor of the University of California, Santa Cruz, shows that things weren't that simple. "Most of the time, the impactor and the target go off on their merry ways," Dr. Asphaug said. About half the collisions are these hit-and-nm affairs. Now the two researchers and a colleague, Quentin Williams. have done simulations to study the effects of these collisions on the impactors. They are not pretty. "The impactors suffer all kinds of fates," Dr. Asphaug said. They undergo tremendous shearing and gravitational forces that can cause them to fracture into smaller pieces or melt, causing chemical changes in the material and loss of water or other volatile compounds. Or the crust and cover can be stripped off. leaving just an embryonic iron core. The researchers, whose findings are published in Nature, discovered that two objects did not even have to collide to create an effect on the smaller one. from the gravitational forces of a near-collision. During the simulations. Dr. Asphaug said, "We'd look and say, 'Gosh, we just got rid of the whole atmosphere of that planetoid: it didn't even hit and it sucked the whole atmosphere off.'" The researchers suggest that the remains of these beaten-up, fractured and melted objects can be found in the asteroid belt. Dr. Asphaug said that could explain the prevalence of "iron relics" in the belt. Some of these planetoid remnants also eventually hit Earth: that would help explain why certain meteorites lack water and other volatile elements. The hit-and-run collision model also provides an explanation for Vesta. a large asteroid with an intact crust and cover. How did Vesta keep its cover while so many other objects were losing theirs? Dr. Asphang said it could be that Vesta was always the target, never the impactor, and was thus less affected. "It just had to avoid being the hitter," he said, "until bigger objects left the system."

单选题WFP' s plans for underdeveloped countries emphasize the need to ______.

单选题From the beginning of the text, we can conclude that

单选题An appropriate title for the passage could be _______.

单选题The word "convergence (in Para. 3) means__________.

单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, and D on ANSWER SHEET 1. It has been justly said that while" we speak with our vocal organs we {{U}}(1) {{/U}} with our whole bodies." All of us communicate with one another {{U}}(2) {{/U}}, as well as with words. Sometimes we know what we're doing, as with the use of gestures such as the thumbs-up sign to indicate that, we {{U}}(3) {{/U}}. But most of the time we're not aware that we're doing it. We gesture with eyebrows or a hand, meet someone else's eyes and {{U}}(4) {{/U}}. These actions we {{U}}(5) {{/U}} are random and incidental. But researchers {{U}}(6) {{/U}} that there is a system of them almost as consistent and comprehensible as language, and they conclude that there is a whole {{U}}(7) {{/U}} of body language, {{U}}(8) {{/U}} the way we move, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we {{U}}(9) {{/U}}, the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand {{U}}(10) {{/U}} each other. The body language serves a variety of purposes. Firstly it can replace verbal communication, {{U}}(11) {{/U}} with the use of gesture. Secondly it can modify verbal communication, loudness and {{U}}(12) {{/U}} of voice is an example here. Thirdly it regulates social interaction: turn taking is largely governed by non-verbal {{U}}(13) {{/U}}. Finally it conveys our emotions and attitudes. This is {{U}}(14) {{/U}} important for successful cross-culture communication. Every culture has its own" body language", and children absorb its nuances {{U}}(15) {{/U}} with spoken language. The way an Englishmen crosses his legs is {{U}}(16) {{/U}} like the way a mate American does it. When we communicate with people from other, cultures, the body language sometimes help make the communication easy and {{U}}(17) {{/U}}, such as shaking hand is such a {{U}}(18) {{/U}} gesture that people all over the world know that it is a signal for greeting. But sometimes--the body language can cause certain misunderstanding {{U}}(19) {{/U}} people of different cultures often have different forms behavior for sending the same message or have different {{U}}(20) {{/U}} towards the same body signals.

单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) So what is depression? Depression is often more about anger turned{{U}} (1) {{/U}}than it is about sadness. But it's usually{{U}} (2) {{/U}}as sadness. Depression can{{U}} (3) {{/U}}at all ages, from childhood to old age, and it's the United States' No. 1{{U}} (4) {{/U}}problem. When someone is depressed, her behavior{{U}} (5) {{/U}}change and she loses interest in activities she{{U}} (6) {{/U}}enjoyed (like sports, music, friendships). The sadness usually lasts every day for most of the day and for two weeks or more. What{{U}} (7) {{/U}}depression? A{{U}} (8) {{/U}}event can certainly bring{{U}} (9) {{/U}}depression, but some will say it happens{{U}} (10) {{/U}}a specific cause. So how do you know if you're just having a bad day{{U}} (11) {{/U}}are really depressed? Depression affects your{{U}} (12) {{/U}}, moods, behavior and even your physical health. These changes often go{{U}} (13) {{/U}}or are labeled{{U}} (14) {{/U}}simply a bad case of the blues. Someone who's truly{{U}} (15) {{/U}}depression will have{{U}} (16) {{/U}}periods of crying spells, feelings of{{U}} (17) {{/U}}(like not being able to change your situation) and{{U}} (18) {{/U}}(like you' ll feel this way forever), irritation or agitation. A depressed person often{{U}} (19) {{/U}}from others. Depression seldom goes away by itself, and the greatest{{U}} (20) {{/U}}of depression is suicide. The risk of suicide increases if the depression isn't treated.

单选题According to the author, the most active advocates of telecities are