单选题A major reason most experts today support concepts such as a youth services bureau is that. traditional correctional practices fail to rehabilitate many delinquent youth. It has been estimated that as many as 70 percent of all youth who have been institutionalized are involved in new offenses following their release. Contemporary correctional institutions are usually isolated—geographically and socially--from the communities in which most of their inmates live. In addition, rehabilitative programs in the typical training school and reformatory focus on the individual delinquent rather than the environmental conditions which foster delinquency. Finally, many institutions do not play an advocacy role on behalf of those committed to their care. They fail to do anything constructive about the hack-home conditions-family, school, work--faced by the youthful inmates. As a result, too often institutionalization serves as a barrier to the successful return of former inmates to their communities. Perhaps the most serious consequence of sending youth to large, centralized institutions, however, is that too frequently they serve as a training ground for criminal careers. The classic example of the adult offender who leaves prison more knowledgeable in the ways of crime than when he entered is no less true of the juvenile committed to a correctional facility. The failures of traditional correctional institutions, then, point to the need for the development of a full range of strategies and treatment techniques as alternatives to incarceration. Most experts today favor the use of small, decentralized correctional programs located in, or close to, communities where the young offender lives. Half-way houses, ail-day probation programs, vocational training and job placement services, remedial education activities, and street working programs are among the community-based alternatives available for working with delinquent and potentially delinquent youth. Over and above all the human factors cited, the case for community-based programs is further strengthened when cost is considered. The most recent' figures show that more $258 million is being spent annually on public institutions for delinquent youth. The average annual operating expenditure for each incarcerated youth is estimated at a little over five thousand dollars, significantly more than the cost of sending a boy or girl to the best private college for the same period of time. The continuing increase in juvenile delinquency rates only serves to heighten the drastic under-financing, the lack of adequately trained staff, and the severe shortage of manpower that characterize virtually every juvenile correction system.

单选题Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. Being fat is bad for you. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}that, almost everyone agrees. It is just possible, {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}, that almost everyone is wrong. In fact, getting fat may be a mechanism that {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}the body. The health problems {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}with fatness may not be caused by it but be another {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}, another symptom, of overeating. That is the {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}of Roger Unger and Philip Scherer. Dr. Unger and Dr. Scherer have been reviewing the science of what has come to be known as metabolic syndrome. This is a cluster of symptoms such as high blood {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}, insulin resistance and fatness that seem to increase the {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}of heart disease and strokes, diabetes and liver disease. "Syndrome" is the medical term for a(n) {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}of symptoms whose common cause is not {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}understood. The symptom of metabolic syndrome that appears first is usually {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}, so this is generally {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}as the underlying cause. Dr. Unger and Dr. Scherer, {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}turn this logic on its head. They point out that there is usually a period of many years between a person becoming {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}and his developing the other {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}. If the growth of adipose tissue (the body cells in which fat is stored) were {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}harmful, that would not be the {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}. This is one of the lines of evidence that has led them to the conclusion that, {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}its role in storing energy as a hedge against future famine, getting fat is a protective mechanism {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}metabolic syndrome. Their thesis is that lipids (the group of molecules that includes fats), which are needed in small amounts to make cell membranes, are toxic in larger quantities. {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}them into adipose tissue is one of the body's ways of dealing with that toxicity.

单选题Reading and writing have long been thought of as complementary skills: to read is to recognize and interpret language that has been written; to write is to plan and produce language (1) it can be read. It is therefore widely (2) that being able to read implies being able to writer, at least, being able to spell. Often, children are taught to read but (3) no formal tuition in spelling; it is felt that spelling will be" (4) up". The attitude has its (5) in the methods of 200 years ago, when teachers carefully taught spelling, and assumed that reading would (6) automatically. Recent research into spelling errors and "slips of the pen" has begun to show that matters are (7) so simple. There is no necessary link between reading and writing: good readers do not always (8) good writers. Nor is there any necessary link between reading and spelling: there are many people who have no (9) in reading, but who have a major persistent (10) in spelling—some researchers have estimated that this may be as (11) as 2% of the population. With children, too, there is (12) that knowledge of reading does not automatically (16) to spelling. If there (14) a close relationship, children should be able to read and spell the (15) words: but this is not so. It is (16) to find children who can read (17) better than they can spell. More surprisingly, the (18) happens with some children in the early stages of reading. One study (19) . children the same list of words to read and spell: several (20) spelled more words correctly than they were able to read correctly.

单选题{{B}}Part A{{/B}}{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on Answer Sheet 1.{{B}}Text 1{{/B}} Until recently, the main villains of the piece had seemed to be the teachers' unions, who have opposed any sort of reform or accountability. Now they face competition from an unexpectedly destructive force: the court. Fifty years ago, it was the judges who forced the schools to desegregate through Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Now the courts have moved from broad principles to micromanagement, telling schools how much money to spend and where - right down to the correct computer or textbook. Twenty four states are currently Stuck in various court cases to do with financing school systems, and another 21 have only recently settled various suits. Most will start again soon. Only five states have avoided litigation entirely. Nothing exemplifies the power of the courts better than an 11-year-old case that is due to be settled (sort of) in New York City, the home of America's biggest school system with 1. lm students and a budget nearing $13 billion. At the end of this month, three elderly members of the New York bar serving as judicial referees are due to rule in a case brought By the Campaign for Fiscal Equity, a leftish advocacy group, against the state of New York: they will decide how much more must Be spent to provide every New York City pupil with a "sound basic" education. Rare is the politician willing to argue that more money for schools is a bad thing. But are the courts doing any good? Two suspicions arise. First, judges are making a lazy assumption that more money means better schools. As the international results show, the link between "inputs" and "outputs" is vague--something well documented by, among others, the late Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan of New York. Second, the courts are muddling an already muddled system. Over time, they have generally made it harder to get rid of disruptive pupils and bad teachers. The current case could be even worse. The courts have already said that, in order to determine the necessary spending, they may consider everything from class size to the availability of computers, textbooks and even pencils. This degree of intervention is all the more scandalous because the courts have weirdly decided to ignore another set of "inputs"--the archaic work practices of school teachers and janitors. David Schoenbrod and Ross Sandier of New York Law School reckon the demands of the court will simply undermine reform and transform an expensive failure into a more expensive one. And of course, the litigation never ends. Kentucky, for example, is still in court 16 years after the first decision. A lawsuit first filed against New Jersey for its funding of schools in 1981 was "decided" four years later--but it has returned to the court nine times since, including early this year, with each decision pushing the court deeper into the management of the state's schools. Bad iudges are even harder to boot out of school than bad pupils.

单选题What' s the reaction of people to the program?

单选题The word "meritocratic" (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to

单选题The first paragraph implies that

单选题Every spring migrating salmon return to British Columbia's rivers to spawn. And every spring new reports detail fresh disasters that befall them. This year is no different; The fisheries committee of Canada's House of Commons and a former chief justice of British Columbia, Bryan Williams, have just. examined separately why 1.3 m sockeye salmon mysteriously "disappeared" from the famed Fraser river fishery in 2004. Their conclusions point to a politically explosive conflict between the survival of salmon and the rights of First Nations, as Canadians call Indians. In 2004, only about 524, 000 salmon are thought to have returned to the spawning grounds, barely more than a quarter the number who made it four years earlier. High water temperatures may have killed many. The House of Commons also lambasted the federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) for poor scientific data, and for failing to enforce catch levels. Four similar reports since 1992 have called for the department's reform. In vain: its senior officials are "in denial" about its failings, said the committee. Mr Williams' report added a more shocking twist. He concluded that illegal fishing on the Fraser river is "rampant and out of control", with "no-go" zones where fisheries officers are' told not to confront Indian poachers for fear of violence. The judge complained that the DFO withheld a report by one of its investigators which detailed extensive poaching and sale of salmon by members of the Cheam First Nation, some of whom were armed. Some First Nations claim an unrestricted right to fish and sell their catch. Canada's constitution acknowledges the aboriginal right to fish for food and for social and ceremonial needs, but not a general commercial right. On the Fraser, however, the DFO has granted Indians a special commercial fishery. To some. Indians, even that is not enough. Both reports called for more funds for the DFO, to improve data collection and enforcement. They also recommended returning to a single legal regime for commercial fishing applying to all Canadians. On April 14th, Geoff Regan, the federal fisheries minister, responded to two previous reports from a year ago. One, from a First Nations group, suggested giving natives a rising share of the catch. The other proposed a new quota system for fishing licences, and the conclusion of long-standing talks on treaties, including fishing rights, with First Nations. Mr Regan said his department would spend this year consulting "stakeholders" (natives, commercial and sport fishermen). It will also launch pilot projects aimed at improving conservation, enforcement and First Nations' access to fisheries.

单选题France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that "incite excessive thinness" by promoting extreme dieting. Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That"s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death—as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth. The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men ) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques. The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep—and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison. The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement. In contrast to France"s actions, Denmark"s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: "We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people." The charter"s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance. Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.

单选题{{B}}Text 2{{/B}} Large, multinational corporations may be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines. But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the economy's vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and factories. Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than 100 workers, now employ nearly 60 percent of the work force and are expected to generate half of all new jobs between now and the year 2000. Some 1.2 million small firms have opened their doors over the past six years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an additional 200,000 entrepreneurs striking off on their own. Too many of these pioneers, however, will blaze ahead unprepared. Idealists will overestimate the clamor for their products or fail to factor in the competition. Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally, the capital that success requires. Midcareer executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may savor the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also, at least for a while, be bookkeeper and receptionist, too. According to Small Business Administration data,24 of every 100 businesses starting out today are likely to have disappeared in two years, and 27 more will have shut their doors four years from now. By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start-ups will have folded. A new study of 3,000 small businesses, sponsored by American Express and the National Federation of Independent Business, suggests slightly better odds: Three years after start-up, 77 percent of the companies surveyed were still alive. Most credited their success in large part to having picked a business they already were comfortable in. Eighty percent had worked with the same product or service in their last jobs. Thinking through an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical. But many entrepreneurs forget that a firm's health in its infancy may be little indication of how well it will age. You must tenderly monitor its pulse. In their zeal to expand, small-business owners often ignore early warning signs of a stagnant market or of decaying profitability. They hopefully pour more and more money into the enterprise, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that mean the market for their ingenious service or product has evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish offices. Only when the financial well runs dry do they see the seriousness of the illness, and by then the patient is usually too far gone to save. Frequent checks of your firm' s vital signs will also guide you to a sensible rate of growth. To snatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer new markets, add products or perhaps franchise your hot idea.

单选题Come July 29th, Windows 10—Microsoft"s successor to its ho-hum Windows 8/8.1 operating system (OS)—will be roiled out to original-equipment manufacturers and certain privileged users. Giving Windows 10 away to qualified users—instead of charging the usual upgrade fee—will be a powerful incentive encouraging Windows users to embrace the latest version within the coming year. For Microsoft, Windows 10 comes not before time. While nowhere near the unmitigated disaster of Vista, Windows 8 has been a big disappointment for the company. Microsoft managed to alienate whole swathes of customers with Windows 8. The problem was not the underlying operating system, but the radically different interface users were forced to endure. This was built around a start-screen showing programs running in the background, which could be accessed by poking a finger at the appropriate "live-tile" on a touch-sensitive screen. Microsoft made two blunders when designing this interface. First, it ignored the many lessons distilled from decades of users" experience with Windows. The firm"s assumption was that touching objects on a screen was a more intuitive way of interacting with a computer than using a mouse and a keyboard. But it ignored the numerous tricks and shortcuts users had acquired over the years—and grown accustomed to expect-while mousing around a computer screen and clicking on icons to make things happen. The other mistake the company made was to imagine all platforms capable of running Windows 8. This sought to encourage sales by making it easier for people to move from one Windows appliance to another. All customers, whether for phone apps, video games or computer software, could then be serviced through the same Microsoft online store. To make this grand plan a reality, a touch-centric approach was deemed essential. Thus, the die was cast. Touch works fine with smart phones and tablets, which are grasped in one hand and poked with the other—mostly while the device is held flat. With the larger, vertical displays of laptops and desktop PCs, however, the touch-centric approach of Windows 8 proved a frustrating, arm-aching anathema. A chastened Microsoft has gone out of its way to show it has learned its lesson. One way it has done so is to skip what was to be the next iteration of the OS, and leapfrog directly from Windows 8.1 to Windows 10—as if to signal a break with the recent past and to herald a fresh start. As a final note, there will be no Windows 11 nor 12. Instead, critical updates, security patches and software additions will be made available to Windows 10 users, rather than being accumulated for some future "service pack" or whole new release. Hopefully, as venerable and useful a workhorse as long-lived Windows XP.

单选题The restorationists and dominationists differ with respect to all of the following EXCEPT______.

单选题Home ownership would be far more inviting if