单选题TheaverageAmericandrinksagallonofsodaaweek,whichdeliversroughly1,000caloriesandnonutrition.TheaverageAmericanisalsooverweightorobese.Couldchangingoneofthosethingshelpchangetheother?Agrowingnumberofofficialsthinkso,whichaccountsforaspateofproposednewtaxesonsodaasawaytodiscourageconsumptionwhileatthesametimeraisingmoneytofundotherobesity-fightinginitiatives.Some20statesandcities,fromNewMexicotoBaltimore,contemplatedsodataxesthisspring.Thereactionagainstthemhasbeenswiftandfierce.InMarch,scoresofsoda-companyemployeessportingPepsi,Cokeand7-UpgearswarmedtheKansasstatesenatetofightaproposalthatwouldhaveaddedapennyintaxforeachteaspoonofsugarinanonjuicedrink.Thatwouldhaveincreasedthepriceofa12-oz.sodabyabout10andgeneratedsome$90millioninrevenueayear."Ithoughtthisisawisechoice,"saysstatesenatorJohnVratil,who,likecounterpartsacrossthecountry,hasbeenstrugglingtoaddressbotharecession-inducedbudgetgapandrisingpublic-healthcostsstemmingfromobesity.Instead,hegotanearfulabouthowasodataxwouldkilljobs,burdenthepoorandconstituteanunwelcomegovernmentintrusionintotheAmericandiet.GovernmentinvolvementinwhatAmericanseatisnothingnew.Butwhytaxsodaandnot,say,icecream,pizzaorOreos—or,forthatmatter,thevideogamesthatdiscouragekidsfromgoingoutsidetorunaround?Washingtoncity-councilmemberMaryChehsaysit'sbecausesodaiswherescientistshaveobservedtheclearestlinktoexcesspounds.WhenChehsetouttofundherHealthySchoolsAct,whichwouldraisefoodandphysical-educationstandardsatschoolsinD.C.whereabout40%ofkidsareoverweightorobese—shedidn'tknowshe'dwindupgoingaftersoda.Butthedataoverwhelmedher:TheamountofsodathetypicalAmericandrinkshasgrownbyroughly500%overthepast60years,andofthe250to300caloriesadayAmericanshave,onaverage,addedtotheirdietssincethelate1970s,nearlyhalfhavecomefromsugareddrinks."Idon'twanttoprescribetaxesforallsortsofdietarychoices,"saysCheh,"butifweweregoingtoonlytargetonethingtomakeamaterialdifference,sodawouldbeit."Thetougherquestioniswhetherincreasingthepriceofsodawould,infact,reducethenumberofcaloriespeopleconsume.Someresearchindicatestheanswerisyes.Otherresearchleavesroomfordoubt.Thoughstudiesdoshowthata10%increaseinthepriceofsodaleadspeopletopurchaseabout10%lessofit,thatdoesn'tnecessarilymeanfolksaren'tmakingupforthosecalorieselsewhere.Howdopeoplefeelaboutsodataxes?InApril,theQuinnipiacUniversityPollingInstituteaskedresidentsofNewYorkStateiftheysupportedoropposeda"fattax"onnondietsugaredsoda.Thirty-onepercentwereinfavor,and66%wereopposed.Yetwhenaskediftheywouldsupportsuchataxifthemoneyraisedwereusedtofundhealthcare,peoplechangedtheiropinionsdramatically,with48%infavorandjust49%opposed.

单选题Honda is mentioned in the second paragraph to suggest that

单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, and D on ANSWER SHEET 1. Analysts have their go at humor, and I have read some of this interpretative literature,{{U}} (1) {{/U}}without being greatly instructed. Humor can be{{U}} (2) {{/U}},{{U}} (3) {{/U}}a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are{{U}} (4) {{/U}}to any but the pure scientific mind. One of the things{{U}} (5) {{/U}}said about humorists is that they are really very sad 'people clowns with a breaking heart. There is some truth in it, but it is badly{{U}} (6) {{/U}}. It would be more{{U}} (7) {{/U}}, I think, to say that there is a deep vein of melancholy running through everyone's life and that the humorist, perhaps more{{U}} (8) {{/U}}of it than some others, compensates for it actively and{{U}} (9) {{/U}}Humorists fatten on troubles. They have always made trouble{{U}} (10) {{/U}}They struggle along with a good will and endure pain{{U}} (11) {{/U}}, knowing how well it will{{U}} (12) {{/U}}them in the sweet by and by. You find them wrestling with foreign languages, fighting folding ironing hoards and' swollen drainpipes, suffering the terrible{{U}} (13) {{/U}}of tight boots. They pour out their sorrows profitably, in a{{U}} (14) {{/U}}of what is not quite fiction nor quite fact either. Beneath the sparking surface of these dilemmas flows the strong{{U}} (15) {{/U}}of human woe. Practically everyone is a manic depressive of sorts, with his up moments and his down moments, and you certainly don't have to be a humorist to {{U}}(16) {{/U}}the sadness of situation and mood. But there is often a rather fine line between laughing and crying, and if a humorous piece of writing brings a person to the point{{U}} (17) {{/U}}his emotional responses are untrustworthy and seem likely to break over into the opposite realm, it is{{U}} (18) {{/U}}humor, like poetry, has an extra content, it plays{{U}} (19) {{/U}}to the big hot fire which is Truth, and sometimes the reader feels the{{U}} (20) {{/U}}.

单选题The Republican Party has lost its mind. To win elections, a party needs votes, obviously, and constituencies. First, however, it needs ideas. In 1994--95, the Republican Party had after long struggle advanced a coherent, compelling set of political ideas expressed in a specific legislative agenda. The political story of 1996 is that this same party, within the space of six weeks, then became totally, shockingly intellectually deranged. Then, astonishingly, on the very moment of their philosophical victory, just as the Republicans prepared to carry these ideas into battle in November, came cannon fire from the rear. Pat Buchanan first came out to declare a general insurrection. The enemy, according to Buchanan, is not the welfare state. It is that conservative icon, capitalism, with its ruthless captains of industry, greedy financiers and political elites (Republicans included, of course). All three groups collaborate to let foreigners--immigrants, traders, parasitic foreign-aid loafers--destroy the good life of the ordinary American worker. Buchananism would support and wield a big and mighty government apparatus to protect the little guy from buffeting, a government that builds trade walls and immigrant-repelling fences, that imposes punitive taxes on imports, and that polices the hiring and firing practices of business with the arrogance of the most zealous forcer. Republicans have focused too much on the mere tactical dangers posed by this assault. Yes, it gives ammunition to the Democrats. Yes, it puts the eventual nominee through a bruising campaign and delivers him tarnished and drained into the ring against Bill Clinton. But the real danger is philosophical, not tactical. It is axioms, not just policies, that are under fire. The Republican idea of smaller government is being ground to dust--by Republicans. In the middle of an election year, when they should be honing their themes against Democratic liberalism, Buehanan's rise is forcing a pointless rearguard battle against a philosophical corpse, the obsolete paleoconservatism--a mix of nativism, protectionism and isolationism--of the 1930s. As the candidates' debate in Arizona last week showed, the entire primary campaign will be fought on Buchanan's grounds, fending off his Smoot-Hawley-Franco populism. And then what? After the convention, what does the nominee do? Try to resurrect the anti-welfare state themes of the historically successful '94 congressional campaign? Political parties can survive bruising primary battles. They cannot survive ideological meltdown. Dole and Buchanan say they are fighting for the heart and soul of the Republican Party. Heart and soul, however, will get you nowhere when you've lost your way--and your mind.

单选题The world has spent on preparations for war more than $112 billion a year, roughly $ 450 per head for every man, woman, and child in the world. Let us consider for a moment what could be done with this sum of money if it were spent on peace and not on war. Some of it, at any rate, in the more prosperous countries, could be spent on the reduction of taxation. The rest should be spent in ways that will, at the same time, be of benefit to mankind and a solution to the economic problem of conversion from war industry to the expansion of peace industries. As to this expansion, let us begin with the most elementary of all needs, namely food. At present, the majority of mankind suffers from undernourishment, and in view of the population explosion, this situation is likely to grow worse in the coming decades. A very small part of what is now being spent upon armaments would rectify our predicament. Not only could the American surplus of grain, which was for many years uselessly destroyed, be spent in relief of famine, but, by irrigation, large regions now desert could be made fertile, and, by improvement in transport, distribution from regions of excess to regions of scarcity could be facilitated. Housing, even in the richest countries, is often disastrously inadequate. This could be remedied by a tiny fraction of what is being spent on missiles. Education everywhere, but especially in the newly liberated countries of Africa and Asia, demands an expenditure many times as great as that which it receives at present. But it is not only greater expenditure that is needed in education. If the terror of war were removed, science could be devoted to improving human welfare, instead of to the invention of increasingly expensive methods of mutual slaughter, and schools would no longer think it a part of their duty to promote hatred of possible enemies by means of ignorance tempered by lies. By the help of modern techniques, the world could enter upon a period of happiness and prosperity far surpassing anything known in previous history. All this is possible. It requires only a different outlook on international affairs and a different state of mind toward those nations which are now regarded as enemies. This is possible. I repeat, but it cannot be done all at once. To reverse the trend of affairs in the most powerful nation of the world is no light task and will require a difficult process of reeducation.

单选题"I'm a total geek all around," says Angela Byron, a 27-year-old computer programmer who has just graduated from Nova Scotia Community College. And yet, like many other students, she "never had the confidence" to approach any of the various open-source software communities on the internet--distributed teams of volunteers who collaborate to build software that is then made freely available. But thanks to Google, the world's most popular search engine and one of the biggest proponents of open-source software, Ms Byron spent the summer contributing code to Drupal, an open-source project that automates the management of websites. "It's awesome," she says. Ms Byron is one of 419 students (out of 8,744 who applied) who were accepted for Google's "summer of code". While it sounds like a hyper-nerdy summer camp, the students neither went to Google's campus in Mountain View, California, nor to wherever their mentors at the 41 participating open-source projects happened to be located. Instead, Google acted as a matchmaker and sponsor. Each of the participating open-source projects received $500 for every student it took on; and each student received $4,500 ($500 right away, and $4,000 on completion of their work). Oh, and a T-shirt. All of this is the idea of Chris DiBona, Google's open-source boss, who was brainstorming with Larry Page and Sergey Brin, Google's founders, last year. They realised that a lot of programming talent goes to waste every summer because students take summer jobs flipping burgers to make money, and let their coding skills degrade. "We want to make it better for students in the summer," says Mr. DiBona, adding that it also helps the open- source community and thus, indirectly, Google, which uses lots of open-source software behind the scenes. Plus, says Mr. DiBona, "it does become an opportunity for recruiting." Elliot Cohen, a student at Berkeley, spent his summer writing a "Bayesian network toolbox" for Python, an open-source programming language. "I'm a pretty big fan of Google," he says. He has an interview scheduled with Microsoft, but "Google is the only big company that I would work at," he says. And if that doesn't work out, he now knows people in the open-source community, "and it's a lot less intimidating./

单选题It may not have generated much interest outside energy and investment circles, but a recent comment by Tidewater, Inc. president Dean Taylor sent earthquakes through the New Orleans business community. In June, Taylor told the Houston Chronicle that the international marine services company—the world's largest operator of ships serving the offshore oil industry—was seriously considering moving its headquarters, along with scores of administrative jobs, from the Crescent City to Houston. "We have a lot of sympathy for the city," Taylor said. "But our shareholders don't pay us to have sympathy. They pay us to have results for them." It was the last thing the hurricane-scarred city needed to hear. Tidewater was founded here a little more than 50 years ago, and kept its main office in New Orleans throughout the oil bust of the 1980s and the following decades of industry consolidation, when dozens of energy firms all but abandoned New Orleans for greener pastures on the Texas coast. In the nearly two years since Hurricane Katrina ravaged the city, the pace of exodus has accelerated. complicating New Orleans' halting recovery; according to the local business weekly CityBusiness, the metropolitan area has lost 12 of the 23 publicly traded companies headquartered here, taking white-collar jobs, corporate community support and sorely needed taxpayers with them—and threatening to leave the city even more dependent on a tourismbased economy than it was before the storm. Making matters worse, some observers say, is the city leadership's apparent indifference 10 the bloodletting. Just weeks after Hurricane Katrina in August 2005, Mayor Ray Nagin, then in the very early stages of a heated reelection bid, dismissed warnings that many companies, like displaced residents, might opt to relocate. Nagin said he hoped they would stay. "But if they don't," he said with typical glibness, "I'll send them a postcard. "The comment might have been written off as one of Nagin's many verbal missteps. But in the months that followed, the warnings turned out in many cases to be true, even as the city's rebuilding effort languished, infrastructure repairs limped along, the state reimbursement program for damaged homes faltered and the New Orleans' infamous crime rate made a sickening comeback. New Orleans "wasn't considered a great city for doing business before the storm. People were always dribbling out," says Peter Ricchiuti, a professor of economics at Tulane University. While many of the companies that made it through the storm could stand to benefit from the city' s recovery, he says, Katrina may have hastened the loss of high-paying energy jobs. "We're losing the white-collar jobs and keeping the blue-collar jobs," he says. "We' re becoming much more of a blue-collar oil industry." One of the latest examples is Chevron Corp., which is building new offices in the northern suburbs, 40 miles north of the city across Lake Pontchartrain, and plans to transfer 550 employees from New Orleans to Covington by the end of the year. That would take well-paid people out of downtown New Orleans, a move that will impact the central business district's economy. "We made the decision in May, 2006, when our employees were making important housing decisions," says Qi Wilson, a Chevron spokesperson. The company, like many employees, decided the north shore offered better security should another hurricane strike, along with fewer of the post-Katrina headaches that still plague the city. The move "will make it easier to retain the talent we have, and to attract new talent," Wilson says.

单选题Machines and foreign competition will replace millions of American jobs. But work will be plentiful for people trained in the occupations of the future. The Labor Department predicts a net increase of 25 million new jobs in the United States in 1995 with service-industry jobs growing three times as rapidly as factory jobs. "Work will shift its emphasis from the fatigue and monotony of the production line and the typing pool to the more interesting challenge of the electronic service center, the design studio, the research laboratory, the education institute and the training school," predicts Canadian economist Calvert. Jobs in high-tech fields will multiply fastest, but from a low base. In terms of actual numbers, more mundane occupations will experience the biggest surge: custodians, cashiers, secretaries, waiters and clerks. Yet much of the drudge work will be taken on by robots. The number of robots performing blue-collar tasks will increase from 3,000 in 1981 to 40,000 in 1990, says John E. Taylor of the Human Resources Research Organization in Alexandria, Va. Robots might also be found on war zones, in space- even in the office, perhaps making coffee, opening mail and delivering messages. One unsolved problem, what to do with workers displaced by high technology and foreign competition. Around the world "the likelihood of growing permanent unemployment is becoming more accepted as a reality among social planners," notes David Macarov, associate professor of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Meantime at the percentage of time people spend on the job is likely to continue to fall. Robert Theobald, author of Avoiding in 1984, fears that joblessness will lead to increasing depression, bitterness and unrest. "The dramatic consequences of such a shift on the Western psyche, which has made the job the way we value human beings, are almost incalculable," he comments. Because of the constantly changing demand for job skills, Ron Kutschner, associate commissioner of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, offers this advice for today' s high school students: "Be prepared with a broad education, like the kind pre-college students get--basic math. science and English. Prepare yourself to handle each new technology, as it comes down the road. Then get technology training for your first job. That is the best stepping stone to the second and third jobs./

单选题The phrase "eat into" (Line 4, Paragraph 4) most probably means

单选题Advertising men dress people up in white coat because ______.

单选题A cramped public-school test kitchen might seem an unlikely outpost for a food revolution. But Collazo, executive chef for the New York City public schools, and scores of others across the country -- celebrity chefs and lunch ladies, district superintendents and politicians -- say they're determined to improve what kids eat in school. Nearly everyone agrees something must be done. Most school cafeterias are staffed by poorly trained, badly equipped workers who churn out 4.8 billion hot lunches a year. Often the meals, produced for about $1 each, consist of breaded meat patties, French fries and overcooked vegetables. So the kids buy muffins, cookies and ice cream instead -- or they feast on fast food from McDonald's, Pizza Hut and Taco Bell, which is available in more than half the schools in the nation. Vending machines packed with sodas and candy line the hall ways. "We're killing our kids" with the food we serve, says Texas Education Commissioner Susan Combs. As rates of childhood obesity and diabetes skyrocket, public-health officials say schools need to change the way kids eat. It won't be easy. Some kids and their parents don't know better. Home cooking is becoming a forgotten art. And fast-food companies now spend $ 3 billion a year on television ads aimed at children. Along with reading and writing, schools need to teach kids What to eat to stay healthy, says culinary innovator Alice Waters, who is introducing gardening and fresh produce to 16 schools in California. It's a golden opportunity, she says, "to affect the way children eat for the rest of their lives." Last year star English chef Jamie Oliver took over a school cafeteria in a working-class suburb of London. A documentary about his work shamed the British government into spending $ 500 million to revamp the nation's school-food program. Oliver says it's the United States' turn now. "If you can put a man on the moon," he says, "you can give kids the food they need to make them lighter, fitter and live longer." Changing school food will take money. Many schools administrators are hooked on the easy cash- up to $ 75,000 annually -- that soda and candy vending machines can bring in. Three years ago Gary Hirshberg of Concord, N. H., was appalled when his 13-year-old son described his daytime meal -- pizza, chocolate milk and a package of Skittles. "I wasn't aware Skittles was a food group," says Hirshberg, CEO of Stonyfield Farm, a yogurt company. So he devised a vending machine that stocks healthy snacks: yogurt smoothies, fruit leathers and whole-wheat pretzels. So far 41 schools in California, Illinois and Washington are using his machines -- and a thousand more have requested them. Hirshberg says, "schools have to make good food a priority." Some states are trying. California, New York and Texas have passed new laws that limit junk food sold on school grounds. Districts in California, New Mexico and Washington have begun buying produce from local farms. The soda and candy in the vending machines have been replaced by juice and beef jerky. "It's not perfect," says Jannison. But it's a cause worth fighting for, Even if she has to battle one chip at a time.

单选题{{B}}Part A{{/B}}{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Reading the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. {{B}}Text 1{{/B}} When it comes to suing doctors, Philadelphia is hardly the city of brotherly love. A combination of sprightly lawyers and sympathetic juries has made Philadelphia a hotspot for medical-malpractice lawsuits. Since 1995, Pennsylvania state courts have awarded an average of ＄ 2m in such cases, according to Jury Verdict Research, a survey firm. Some medical specialists have seen their malpractice insurance premiums nearly double over the past year. Obstetricians are now paying up to ＄104,000 a year to protect themselves. The insurance industry is largely to blame. Carol Golin, the Monitor's editor, argues that in the 1990s insurers tried to grab market share by offering artificially low rates (betting that any losses would be covered by gains on their investments). The stock-market correction, coupled with the large legal awards, has eroded the insurers' reserves. Three in Pennsylvania alone have gone bust. A few doctors--particularly older ones--will quit. The rest are adapting. Some are abandoning litigation-prone procedures, such as delivering babies. Others are moving parts of their practice to neighboring states where insurance rates are lower. Some from Pennsylvania have opened offices in New Jersey. New doctors may also be deterred from setting up shop in litigation havens, however prestigious. Despite a Republican president, tort reform has got nowhere at the federal level. Indeed doctors could get clobbered indirectly by a Patients' Bill of Rights, which would further expose managed care companies to lawsuits. This prospect has fuelled interest among doctors in Pennsylvania's new medical malpractice reform bill, which was signed into law on March 20th. It will, among other things, give doctors ＄ 40m of state funds to offset their insurance premiums, spread the payment of awards out over time and prohibit individuals from double2 dipping--that is, suing a doctor for damages that have already been paid by their health insurer. But will it really help? Randall Bovbjerg, a health policy expert at the Urban Institute, argues that the only proper way to slow down the litigation machine would be to limit the compensation for pain and suffering, so-called "non-monetary damages". Needless to say, a fixed cap on such awards is resisted by most trial lawyers. But Mr Bovbjerg reckons a more nuanced approach, with a sliding scale of payments based on well-defined measures of injury, is a better way forward. In the meantime, doctors and insurers are bracing themselves for a couple more rough years before the insurance cycle turns. Nobody disputes that hospital staff make mistakes: a 1999 Institute of Medicine report claimed that errors kill at least 44,000 patients a year. But there is little evidence that malpractice lawsuits on their own will solve the problem.

单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. When lab rats sleep, their brains revisit the maze they navigated during the day, according to a new study {{U}}(1) {{/U}} yesterday, offering some of the strongest evidence {{U}}(2) {{/U}} that animals do indeed dream. Experiments with sleeping rats found that cells in the animals' brains fire in a distinctive pattern {{U}}(3) {{/U}} the pattern that occurs when they are {{U}}(4) {{/U}} and trying to learn their way around a maze. Based on the results, the researchers concluded the rats were dreaming about the maze, {{U}}(5) {{/U}} reviewing what they had learned while awake to {{U}}(6) {{/U}} the memories. Researchers have long known that animals go {{U}}(7) {{/U}} the same types of sleep phases that people do, including rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, which is when people dream. But {{U}}(8) {{/U}} the occasional twitching, growling or barking that any dog owner has {{U}}(9) {{/U}} in his or her sleeping pet, there's been {{U}}(10) {{/U}} direct evidence that animals {{U}}(11) {{/U}}. If animals dream, it suggests they might have more {{U}}(12) {{/U}} mental functions than had been {{U}}(13) {{/U}}. "We have as humans felt that this {{U}}(14) {{/U}} of memory—our ability to recall sequences of experiences—was something that was {{U}}(15) {{/U}} human," Wilson said. "The fact that we see this in rodents {{U}}(16) {{/U}} suggest they can evaluate their experience in a significant way. Animals may be {{U}}(17) {{/U}} about more than we had previously considered." The findings also provide new support for a leading theory for {{U}}(18) {{/U}} humans sleep—to solidify new learning. "People are now really nailing down the fact that the brain during sleep is {{U}}(19) {{/U}} its activity at least for the time immediately before sleep and almost undoubtedly using that review to {{U}}(20) {{/U}} or integrate those memories into more usable forms," said an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School.

单选题The text informs us that______.