单选题The Hero in Romance is usually the

单选题Chaucer"s literary career is highlighted by the publication of his work______.

单选题Questions 55-60 are based on the following selection.My mistress" eyes are nothing like the sun;Coral is far more red than her lips" red;If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.I have seen roses damask" d, red and white,But no such roses see I in her cheeks;And in some perfumes is there more delightThan in the breath that from my mistress reeks.I love to hear her speak, yet well I knowThat music hath a far more pleasing sound;I grant I never saw a goddess go;My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground:And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rareAs any she belied with false compare.

单选题Noun phrases, verb phrases and prepositional phrases usually form endocentric constructions.

单选题In____, Captain Ahab is obsessed with the revenge on a whale which sheared off his leg on a previous voyage, and his crazy chasing of it eventually brings death to all on board the whaler except Ishmael, who survives to tell the tale.

单选题The actual production and comprehension of the speech by speakers of a language is called

单选题Since the 15th century, animals have been used as______for people in experiments to assess the effects of therapeutic and other agents that might later be used in humans.

单选题{{B}}Part A{{/B}}{{B}}Text 1{{/B}} While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. "Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men," according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran's Administration Hospital. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males. Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased "opportunities" for stress. "It's not necessarily that women don't cope as well. It's just that they have so much more to cope with," says Dr. Yehuda. "Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men's," she observes," it's just .that they're dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner." Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. "I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are ex- posed to combat stress. Men are exposed lo more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating." Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. "I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better." Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. "It's the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck." Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez 's experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.

单选题There is a general understanding among the members of the Board of Directors that chief attention ______to the undertaking that is expected to bring highest profit.

单选题He told them he had never turned the gods into ridicule , as he knew it was wrong to make fun of anything which others considered sacred.

单选题John Bunyan uses the everyday world of common experience as a metaphor for the spiritual journey of the soul toward God in his____.

单选题Most of us raised to think about history in the traditional way would read an account of a Revolutionary War battle written by an American historian in 1944 and ask, if we asked anything at all, "Is this account accurate?" or "What does this battle tell us about the 'the spirit of the age' in which it was fought?" In contrast, a new historicist would read the same account of that battle and ask, "What does this account tell us about the political agendas and ideological conflicts of the culture that produced and read the account in 1944?" New historical interest in the battle itself would produce such questions as, "At the time in which it was fought, how was this battle represented(in newspapers, magazines, tracts, government documents, stories, speeches, drawings, and photographs)by the American colonies or by Britain(or by European countries), and what do these representations tell us about how the American Revolution shaped and was shaped by the cultures that represented it?" As you can see, the questions asked by traditional historians and by new historicists are quite different, and that's because these two approaches to history are based on very different views of what history is and how we can know it. Traditional historians ask, "What happened?" and "What does the event tell us about history?" In contrast, new historicists ask, "How has the event been interpreted?" and "What do the interpretations tell us about he interpreters?" For most traditional historians, history is a series of events that have a linear, causal relationship: event A caused event B; event B caused event C; and so on. Furthermore, they believe we are perfectly capable, through objective analysis, of uncovering the facts about historical events, and those facts can sometimes reveal the spirit of the age, that is, the world view held by the culture to which those facts refer. Indeed, some of the most popular traditional historical accounts have offered a key concept that would explain the world view of a given historical population, such as the Renaissance notion of the Great Chain of Being the cosmic hierarchy of creation, with God at the top of the ladder, human beings at the middle, and the lowliest creatures at the bottom—which has been used to argue that the guiding spirit of Elizabethan culture was a belief in the importance of order in all domains of human life. You can see this aspect of the traditional approach in history classed that study past events in terms of the spirit of an age, such as the Age Reason or the Age of Enlightenment, and you can see it in literature classes that study literary works in terms of historical periods, such as the Neoclassical, Romantic, or Modernist periods. Finally, traditional historians generally believe that history is progressive, that the human species is improving over the source of time, advancing in its moral, cultural, and technological accomplishments. New historicists, in contrast, don't believe we have clear access to any but he most basic facts of history. We can know, for example, that George Washington was the first American president and that Napoleon was defeated Waterloo. But our understanding of what such facts mean, of how they fit within the complex web of competing ideologies and conflicting social, political, and cultural agendas of the time and place in which they occurred is, for new historicists, strictly a matter of interpretation, not fact. Even when traditional historians believe they are sticking to the facts, the way they contextualize those facts(including which facts are deemed important enough to report and which are left out)determines what story those facts will tell. From this perspective, there is no such thing as a presentation of facts; there is only interpretation. Furthermore, new historicists argue that reliable interpretations are, for a number of reasons, difficult to produce. The first and most important reason for this difficulty, new historicists believe, is the impossibility of objective analysis. Like all human beings, historians live in a particular time and place, and their views of both current and past events are influenced in innumerable conscious and unconscious ways by their own experience within their own culture. Historians may believe they're objective, but their own views of what is right and wrong, what is civilized and uncivilized, what is important and unimportant, an the like, will strongly influence the ways in which they interpret events. For example, the traditional view that history is progressive is based on the belief, held in past by many Anglo-European historians, that the sol-called "primitive" cultures of native peoples are less evolved than, and therefore inferior to, the so-called "civilized" Anglo-European cultures. As a result, ancient cultures with highly developed art forms, ethical codes, and spiritual philosophies, such as the tribal cultures of Native Americans and Africans, were often misrepresented as lawless, superstitious, and savage. Another reason for the difficulty in producing reliable interpretations of history is its complexity. For new historicists, history cannot be understood simply as a linear progression of events. At any given point in history, any given culture may be progressing in some areas and regressing in other. And any two historians may disagree about what constitutes progress and what doesn't, for these terms are matters of definition. That is, history isn't an orderly parade into a continually improving future, as many traditional historians have believed. It's more like an improvised dance consisting of an infinite variety of steps, following any new route at any given moment, and having no particular goal or destination. Individuals and groups may have goals, but human history does not. Similarly, while events certainly have causes, new historicists argue that those causes are usually all multiple, complex, and difficult to analyze. One cannot make simple causal statements with any certainty. In addition, causality is not a one-way street from cause to effect. Any given event whether it be a political election or a children's cartoon show is a product of its culture, but it also affects that culture in return. In other words, all events including everything from the creation of an art work, to televised murder thai, to the persistence of or change in the condition of the poor are shaped by and shape the culture in which they emerge. In a similar manner, our subjectivity, or selfhood, is shaped by and shapes the culture into which we were born. For most new historicists, our individual identity is not merely a product of society. Neither is it merely a product of our own individual will and desire. Instead, individual identity and its cultural milieu inhabit, reflect, and define each other. Their relationship is mutually constitutive(they create each other)and dynamically unstable. Thus, the old argument between determinism and free will can't be settled because it rests on the wrong question: "Is human identity socially determined or are human beings free agents?" For new historicism, this question cannot be answered because it involves a choice between two entities that are not wholly separate. Rather, the proper question is, "What are the processes by which individual identity and social formations—such as political, educational, legal, and religious institutions and ideologies—create, promote, change each other?" For every society constrains individual thought and action within a network of cultural limitations while it simultaneously enables individuals to think and act. Our subjectivity, than, is a lifelong process of negotiating our way, consciously and unconsciously, among the constraints and freedoms offered, at any given moment in time, by the society in which we live. Thus, according to new historicists, poser does not emanate from the top of the political and socioeconomic structure. According to French philosopher Michel Foucault, whose ideas have strongly influenced the development of new historicism, power circulates in all directions, to and from mall social levels, at all time. And the vehicle by which power circulates is a never-ending proliferation of exchange(1)the exchange of material goods through such practices as buying and selling, bartering, gambling, taxation, charity, and various forms of theft;(2)the exchange of people through such institutions as marriage, adoptions, kidnapping, and slavery; and(3)the exchange of ideas through the various discourses a culture produces. A discourse is a social language created by particular cultural conditions at a particular time and place, and it expresses a particular way of understanding human experience. For example, you may be familiar with the discourse of white supremacy, the discourse of ecological awareness, the discourse of Christian fundamentalism, and the'like. Although the word discourse has roughly the same meaning as the word ideology, and the two words are often used interchangeably, the word discourse draws attention to the role of language as the vehicle of ideology. From a new historicist perspective, no discourse, by itself, can adequately explain the complex cultural dynamics of social power. For there is no monolithic(single, unified, universal)spirit of an age, and there is no adequate totalizing explanation of history(an explanation that provides a single key to all aspects of a given culture). There is, instead, a dynamic unstable interplay among discourses: they are always in a state of flux, overlapping and competing with one another(or, to use new historical terminology, negotiating exchanges of power)in any number of ways at any given point in time. Furthermore, no discourse is permanent. Discourses wield power for those in charge, but they also stimulate opposition to that power. This is one reason why new historicists believe that the relationship between individual identity and society is mutually constitutive: on the whole, human beings are never merely victims of an oppressive society, for they can find various ways to oppose authority in their personal and public live. For new historians, even the dictator of a small country doesn't wield absolute power on his own. To maintain dominance, his power must circulate in numerous discourses, for example, in the discourse of religion(which can promote belief in the "divine right" of kings or in God's love of hierarchical society), in the discourse of science(which can support the reigning elite in terms of a theory of Darwinian "survival of the fittest"), in the discourse of fashion(which can promote the popularity of leaders by promoting copycat attire, as we saw when Hehru jackets wee popular and when the fashion world copied the style of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy), in the discourse of the law(which can make it treasonous offense to disagree with a ruler's decisions), and so on. As these examples suggest, what is "right", "natural," and "normal" are matters of definition. Thus, in different cultures at different points in history, homosexuality has been deemed abnormal, normal, criminal, or admirable. The same can be said of incest, cannibalism, and women's desire for political equality. In fact, Michel Foucault ahs suggested that all definitions of "insanity, crime", and sexual "perversion" are social constructs by means of which ruling powers maintain their control. We accept these definitions as "natural" only because they are so ingrained in our culture.Justas definitions of social and anti-social behavior promote the power of certain individuals and groups, so do particular versions of historical events. Certainly, the whitewashing of General Guster's new infamous military campaigns against Native Americans served the desire of the white American power structure of his day to obliterate Native American peoples so that the government could seize their lands. And that same whitewashing continued to serve the white American power structure for many a decade beyond Guster's time, for even those who had knowledge of Guster's misdeeds deemed it unwise to air America's dirty historical laundry, even in front of Americans. Analogously, had the Nazi won World War II, we would all be reading a very different account of the war, and of the genocide of millions of Jews, than the accounts we read in American history books today. Thus, new historicism views historical accounts as narrative, as stories, that are inevitably biased according to the point of view, conscious or unconscious, of those who them .The more unaware historians are of their biases that is, the more "objective" they think they are the more those biases are able to control their narratives. Tell whether the following statements are True or False according to the text. Write True or False only.

单选题The Obama administration and the Federal Reserve launched a two-pronged campaign to crack down on pay practices across the financial system Thursday, marking an unprecedented foray into the private sector by the federal government on a matter that traditionally has been left to veiled board room discussions. President Obama"s pay czar, Kenneth Feinberg, announced drastic cuts in pay for 175 top executives at seven companies that received hundreds of billions of dollars worth of federal bailout money during the financial crisis. At a news conference at the Treasury Department, Feinberg said he hoped the new pay structures—which tie compensation at the firms to their long-term performance and reduces the cash salary some executives receive by 90 percent—would serve as a model for Wall Street and corporate America. Meanwhile, the Federal Reserve issued new guidelines that will restrict pay practices at all banks to prevent them from paying employees in ways that could endanger the firms" long-term financial health. Unlike Feinberg"s plan, the Fed"s guidance would cover all banks, even those that never received a bailout as well as U. S. subsidiaries of foreign companies. "Compensation practices at some banking organizations have led to misaligned incentives and excessive risk-talking, contributing to bank losses and financial instability, "Feb Chairman Ben S. Bernanke said. "The Federal Reserve is working to ensure that compensation packages appropriately tie rewards to long-term performance. " The two moves represent Washington"s most dramatic push to reform executive compensation on Wall Street. The issue has long been controversial, but blew up into a firestorm in March when it was revealed American International Group, the recipient of a $180 billion bailout package, was paying hundreds of millions of dollars in bonuses to a trading division that nearly brought the company and the financial system to its knees. Unlike Feinberg"s plan, however, the guidelines do not cap the amount of compensation that banks can give their employees, nor do they prohibit any particular pay practices. Rather, the effort requires that banks ensure that their pay practices do not encourage executives, traders, or other employees to take irresponsible risks, such as by offering huge bonuses for making bets without regard to the risks that such bets could lose money in the long term. "Incentive compensation practices in the financial industry were one of many factors contributing to the financial crisis, " the proposed guidance said. "Banking organizations too often rewarded employees for increasing the firm"s revenue or short-term profit without adequate recognition of the risks the employees" activities posed to the firm. " The Fed, at his stage, did not propose one-size-fits-all guidelines for compensation, such as requiring that some fixed percentage of bonus pay to senior executives be deferred or come in the form of stock, rather than cash. Rather, the guidelines call for pay packages that balance risks and rewards, that judge performance over longer time horizons and that de-emphasize short-term performance. The pay issue has been particularly thorny for the Obama administration. Feinberg said he had to find a way to protect taxpayer interests and get the money paid back while not stripping the companies" ability to retain talented workers. Feinberg said his review of pay at the firms showed the amount of guaranteed cash paid to the top 25 employees was too high, so he shifted significant amounts to stock that can only be sold in one-third installments beginning in 2011.

单选题The Prague school was a group of Czech and other scholars, whose main interest lays in ______ theory.

单选题The image of an unfortunate resident having to climb 20 flights of stairs because the lift is ______ is now a common one.

单选题TYRONE:[mechanically]Drink hearty, lad.[They drink. Tyrone again listens to sounds upstairs—with dread]She" s moving around a lot. I hope to God she doesn" t come down.EDMUND;[dully]Yes. She"ll be nothing but a ghost haunting the past by this time.[He pauses—then miserably]Back before I was born—TYRONE : Doesn"t she do the same with me? Back before she ever knew me. You" d think the only happy days she" s ever known were in her father" s home, or at the Convent, praying and playing the piano.[Jealous resentment in his bitterness]As I" ve told you before, you must take her memories with a grain of salt. Her wonderful home was ordinary enough. Her father wasn" t the great, general, noble Irish gentleman she makes out. He was a nice enough man, good company and a good talker. I liked him and he liked me. He was prosperous enough, too, in his wholesale grocery business, an able man. But he had his weakness. She condemns my drinking but she forgets his. It" s true he never touched a drop till he was forty, but after that he made up for lost time. He became a steady champagne drinker, the worst kind. That was his grand pose, to drink only champagne. Well, it finished him quick—that and the consumption—[He stops with a guilty glance at his son.]EDMUND; We don"t seem able to avoid unpleasant topics, do we?TYRONE: No.[then with apathetic attempt at heartiness]What do you say to a game or two of Casino, lad?EDMUND: All right.TYRONE:[shuffling the cards clumsily]We can"t lock up and go to bed till Jamie comes on the last trolley—which I hope he won " t—and I don" t want to go upstairs, anyway, till she" s asleep.EDMUND; Neither do I.

单选题Let" s______everything and find out where the trouble is.

单选题The most ______ example of water pollution occurred in 1969, when the Cuyahoga River in Ohio caught fire and helped shock America into adopting the Clean Water Act.

单选题I______you the money. Why didn" I you ask me?

单选题His arrogant manner has kept him from being very popular.