问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on' ANSWER SHEET 2. To avoid the various foolish opinions to which man is liable, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple roles will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error. If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. 46) {{U}}Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted.{{/U}} He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you don't is a fatal mistake, to which we am all liable. Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. 47) {{U}}If, like most of mankind, you have strong convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own prejudice. If an opinion contrary, to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you subconsciously are aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do{{/U}}. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. 48) {{U}}The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence justifies{{/U}}. For those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different opinion. 49) {{U}}This has one advantage, and only one, as compared with actual conversation with opponents; this one advantage is that the method is not, subject to the same limitations of time and space{{/U}}. Mahatma Gandhi considered it unfortunate to have railways and steam- boats and machinery; he would have liked to undo the whole of the industrial revolution. You may never have an opportunity of actually meeting anyone who holds this opinion, because in Western countries most people take the advantage of modern technology for granted. 50) {{U}}But if you want to make sure that you are right in agreeing with the prevailing opinion, you will find it a good plan to test the arguments that occur to you by considering what Gandhi might have said in refutation of them{{/U}}. I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue. Furthermore, I have frequently found myself growing more agreeable through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent.

问答题Directions: Your classmate Zhang He"s father was killed in a bad traffic accident. On behalf of your entire class, you will write a letter to: 1) express your grief and sympathy, 2) say a few words of encouragement, and 3) offer your assistance. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题1) ask for some information about whether you should join some clubs or not 2) show your desire for joining clubs and expect to get some details about membership requirements 3) and hope to receive the reply You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

问答题Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Not many industries are doing well in the recession. But along with discount retailers and pawnbrokers, online-dating sites such as eHarmony, corn and OkCupid. com have seen business look up. There are several theories to explain why. 46． {{U}}It may be that people have more time to devote to their private lives as the economy slows; that uncertain times increase the desire for companionship; or that living alone is expensive, whereas couples can split many of their costs.{{/U}} "People who have been single for years are suddenly focused on finding someone," says Greg Waldorf, the boss of eHarmony, a wholesome marriage-oriented site with more than 20m paying subscribers. 47．{{U}}He favours the companionship-in-hard-times theory: "Going through difficult times with someone special is better than doing it alone. " {{/U}}In a recent survey carried out for his company, 25% of women said stress about the state of the economy made them more inclined to seek a long-term relationship. The company also noticed that the number of visits to its website was higher than average on days when the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell by more than 100 points. At OkCupid, which is aimed at a more casual, youthful crowd, there has been a jump in membership since the financial crisis set in, and an even bigger jump in how often members use the site. Back in September, users were sending 6,000 on-site instant messages a day, says Sam Yagan, OkCupid's boss. Now that number is over 18,000．48．{{U}}OkCupid has the advantage of being free, which has proved popular with people looking for partners for what Mr. Yagan euphemistically calls "cheap entertainment". {{/U}}After all, if you have a girlfriend or a boyfriend, he says, "you can just play Scrabble instead of going out for the evening. " 49．{{U}}But perhaps the boom is the result of neither a nesting instinct, nor a desire to save money.{{/U}} AshleyMadison. corn, a very different type of dating site, is also doing well. Instead of arranging marriages, the subscription-based site arranges affairs-and never before have so many people been looking for a bit on the side. Ashley Madison's boss, Noel Biderman, thinks his site, and others, are prospering for another reason: money problems. "The majority of relationship discord stems from economic troubles," he says. 50．{{U}}Instead of fighting, married people are taking stock of their lives. "They want to do something that makes them{{/U}} feel better about themselves," Mr Biderman says, "and $ 49 is a tiny expenditure for a life- altering affair. "

问答题Looking at how far we'll be able to fund the Health Service in the 21st century raises any number of thorny issues. (46)Many of the options have already been rehearsed in the press: excluding some treatments from the NHS, charging for certain drugs and services, and developing voluntary or compulsory health insurance schemes. Compared to its European Union counterparts Britain operates a low-cost health system: we spend about 7 per cent of GDP on health, compared with 9 per cent in the Netherlands and 10 per cent in France and Germany. In terms of health outcomes versus spend, we compare pretty favourably. I don't see private health care providing much of the solution to current problems. (47) More likely is a shift from universal health coverage to top-up schemes which give people basic health entitlements but require them to finance other treatment through private financing, or opt-out schemes which use tax relief to encourage individuals to make private provision. Neither is close to being implemented, but the future could see a deliberate shift of attention to voluntary health .insurance and an emphasis on social insurance. (48) I expect individuals to take greater responsibility for their personal health using technology that allows self-diagnosis followed by self-treatment or home care. Even so, higher taxes will plainly be needed to fund health care. (49) I think we'll eventually see larger NHS charges, more rationing of medical services and restrictions on certain procedures without proven outcomes. Stricter eligibility criteria for certain treatments are another possibility. All such options would mean a sharp break with tradition and political fall-out that could be extremely damaging. (50) None of them is going to win votes for the political party desperate enough to introduce them but then nobody is going to vote for ill-health or an early death either.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan160-200words.B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:1)Describethepicture2)interpretitsmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are preparing for National Entrance Examination for Postgraduates and are in need of some reference books for English. Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for: (1) detailed information about the books you want; (2) methods of payment; (3) time and means of delivery. You should write about 100 words on Answer Sheet 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Hua" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan160-200words.B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:1)Describethefollowingdrawing,2)interpretitsmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

问答题Directions: You just come back from your holiday. Write a letter to the manager of the hotel you booked to complain the bad service in the hotel. Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead. Do not write the address.

问答题You should write about 100 words neatly on Answer Sheet 2.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. The value which society places on work has traditionally been closely associated with the value of individualism and as a result it has had negative effects on the development of social security. {{U}}{{U}} 1 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}It has meant that in the first place the amount of benefits must be small lest people's willingness to work and support themselves suffers{{/U}}. Even today with flat rate and earnings-related benefits, the total amount of the benefit must always be smaller than the person's wages for fear of malingering. "The purpose of social security," said Huntford referring to Sweden's comparatively generous benefits, "is to dispel need without crossing the threshold of prosperity." Second, social security benefits are granted under conditions designed to reduce the likelihood of even the boldest of spirits attempting to live on the State rather than work. Many of the rules surrounding the payment of unemployment or supplementary benefit are for this purpose. Third, the value placed on work is manifested in a more positive way as in the case of disability. {{U}}{{U}} 2 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}People suffering from accidents incurred at work or from occupation diseases receive preferential treatment by the social security service compared with those suffering from civil accidents and ordinary illnesses.{{/U}} Yet, the stranglehold which work has had on the social security service has been increasingly loosened over the years. The provision of family allowances, family income supplements, the slight liberalization of the wages stop are some of the manifestations of this trend. {{U}}{{U}} 3 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Similarly, the preferential treatment given to occupational disability by the social security service has been increasingly questioned with the demands for the upgrading of benefits for the other types of disability{{/U}}. It is felt that in contemporary industrial societies the distinction between occupational and non-occupational disability is artificial for many non-occupational forms of disability have an industrial origin even if they do not occur directly in the workplace. {{U}}{{U}} 4 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Three is also the additional reason which we mentioned in the argument for one benefit for all one-parent families, that a modern social security service must concentrate on meeting needs irrespective of the cause behind such needs.{{/U}} The relationship between social security and work is not all a one-way affair. {{U}}{{U}} 5 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}It is true that until very recently the general view was that social security "represented a type of luxury and was essentially anti-economic." It was seen as merely government expenditure for the needy{{/U}}. As we saw, however, redundancy payments and earnings-related unemployment benefits have been used with some success by employers and the government to reduce workers' opposition towards loss of their jobs.

问答题Directions: Write a letter to your boss Mr. Wang, telling him that you"ve decided to quit the job as a fashion designer for a fashion magazine. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 46)Actually, it isn't because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 47)Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd; for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people—for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says "I don't like this contract"? The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 48)It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all? Many deny it. 49)Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seem as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans. This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely "logical". In fact it is simply shallow: the confused centre is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning—the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 50)When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan160--200words.B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:1)Interpretthefollowingpicture,2)Analyzepossiblereasonsforthissituation,3)Andsuggestcounter-measures.

问答题Directions: Your son kicked his ball through your neighbor's window. Write a letter to tell your neighbor 1) your regret at hearing the news, 2) your intention to compensate for the damage, 3) your apology. You should write about 100 words on Answer Sheet 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You de not need to write the address.

问答题The teaching of English as a second language (ESL) in schools has had a history of conflicting arguments, interesting innovations and some very positive methodological changes. To understand the present situation, it is necessary to consider the past and the wider educational context which has a bearing on it. Until quite recently, approaches to ESL work have been strongly influenced by methods developed to teach English as a foreign language to older learners. These methods placed much emphasis on drills, exercises and remedial programs that focus on language in abstraction. 46) The prescriptive nature of such methods and the demands they made on the teacher"s time developed the belief that ESL work could be tackled only by the specialist ESL teacher working with small groups of children . Such an approach does not fit comfortably into current notions of learning and teaching in the primary school, nor does it sufficiently equip ESL learners in the secondary school to benefit from normal schooling. 47) In prescribing what language is to be taught, it has ignored what children bring to the learning task and the choices they make about how and what they want to learn . Furthermore, the location and organization of language provision did not measure up to the demand. 48) The language centers and English language services all contributed to providing special and concentrated teaching of English as a second language in small groups, varying in size from four or five to fifteen . Whatever the pattern of provision, the main aim was to give pupils sufficient English to enable them to join normal schools as quickly as possible. The success of such special provision depended very much on the close and constant liaison of language teachers with the subject teachers and the class teachers and on the continuity of learning experiences provided by them. 49) One of the important disadvantages of language centers and withdrawal groups was that ESL children were being taught away from those English- speakers who provide the most powerful models, i. e. their peer group . Peer-group interaction is an important element in any learning situation, but its particular strengths in a classroom with ESL learners cannot be overemphasized. 50) The separation of second language learners from the mainstream classroom cannot easily be justified on educational grounds, since in practice it leads to both their curriculum and language learning being impoverished .

问答题 Science and politics are inextricably linked. At a scientific conference on climate change held this week in Copenhagen, four environmental experts announced that sea levels appear to be rising almost twice as rapidly as had been forecast by the United Nations just two years ago. (46){{U}}The warning is aimed at politicians who will meet in the same city in December to discuss the same subject and, perhaps, to thrash out an international agreement to counter it.{{/U}} The reason for the rapid change in the predicted rise in sea levels is a rapid increase in the information available. (47){{U}}In 2007, when the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change convened by the UN made its prediction that sea levels would rise by between 18cm and 59cm by 2100, a lack of knowledge about how the polar ice caps were behaving was behind much of the uncertainty.{{/U}} Since then they have been closely monitored, and the results are disturbing. Both the Greenland and the Antarctic caps have been melting at an accelerating rate. Indeed, scientists now reckon that sea levels will rise by between 50era and 100era by 2100, unless action is taken to curb climate change. (48){{U}}Konrad Steffen, a professor of the University of Colorado, told the conference that this sheet is melting not only because it is warmer but also because water seeping through its crevices is breaking it up, whose effect had been neglected in the earlier report. {{/U}}The impact of the melting ice has been measured by John Church of the Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research. He told the conference that satellite and ground-based systems showed that sea levels have been rising more rapidly since 1993. He is concerned that more climate change could cause a further acceleration in this rate. Stefan of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research told the conference that, “based on past experience, I expect that sea-level rise will accelerate as the planet gets hotter.” (49){{U}}He was supported in this view by the fourth expert, Eric Rignot of the University of California, who called for the world’s leaders to slash the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.{{/U}} Advance negotiations on the UN Climate Change Conference are due to begin in Bonn in just over a fortnight’s time. The scientists hope that their startling warnings will change the outcome of that pre-meeting meeting. (50){{U}}With much still to argue over, they hope that a clear scientific lead will both help to narrow the room for disagreement and galvanize the desire to get a treaty agreed.{{/U}}

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} {{I}}You are a resident living in an urban district Write a letter to the director who is in charge of the estate management, complaining that some people let their dogs run in the lawn, caulking danger and noise to the dwellers in the neighborhoocL Ask him to help stopping this practice.{{/I}} You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead You do not need to write the address.