问答题Researchers investigating brain size and mental ability say their work offers evidence that education protects the mind from the brain's physical deterioration. (46)It is known that the brain shrinks as the body ages, but the effects on mental ability are different from person to person. Interestingly, in a study of elderly men and women, those who had more education actually had more brain shrinkage. " That may seem like bad news, " said study author Dr. Edward Coffey, a professor of psychiatry and of neurology at Henry Ford Health System in Detroit. (47)However, he explained, the finding suggests that education allows people to withstand more brain tissue loss before their mental functioning begins to break down. The study, published in the July issue of Neurology, is the first to provide biological evidence to support a concept called the " reserve" hypothesis, according to the researchers. In recent years, investigators have developed the idea that people who are more educated have greater cognitive reserves to draw upon as the brain ages; in essence, they have more brain tissue to spare. (48)Examining brain scans of 320 healthy men and women aged 66 to 90, researchers found that for each year of education the subjects had, there was greater shrink age of the outer layer of the brain known as the cortex. Yet on tests of cognition and memory, all participants scored in the range indicating normal. " Everyone has some degree of brain shrinkage. " Coffey said. " People lose (on average) 2.5 percent per decade starting in adulthood. " There is, however, a " remarkable range" of shrinkage among people who show no signs of mental decline, Coffey noted. Overall health, he said, accounts for some differences in brain size. Alcohol or drug use, as well as medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure, contribute to brain tissue loss throughout adulthood. In the absence of such medical conditions, Coffey said, education level helps explain the range of brain shrinkage exhibited among the mentally-fit elderly. The more-educated can withstand greater loss. (49)Coffey and colleagues gauged shrinkage of the cortex by measuring the cerebrospinal fluid(脑脊液)surrounding the brain. The greater the amount of fluid, the greater the cortical(脑皮层的)shrinkage. Controlling for the health factors that contribute to brain injury, the researchers found that education was related to the severity of brain shrinkage. For each year of education from first grade on, subjects had an average of 1.77 milliliters 11 more cerebrospinal fluid around the brain. Just how education might affect brain cells is unknown. (50)In their report, the researchers speculated that in people with more education, certain brain structures deeper than the cortex may stay intact to compensate for cortical shrinkage.

问答题Directions:Studythefollowingpiechartscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethepiecharts,2)analyzetheirmeaningand3)suggestcountermeasures.Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Directions:Therehasrecentlybeenadiscussioninanewspaperontheissueofcommunication.Writeanessaytothenewspaperto1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow1)thecontentofthepicture2)themeaning/yourunderstanding2.giveaspecificexample/comment,and3.giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytocommunicate.Youshouldneatlywrite160--200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Directions:Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould:1)describethepicturesbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)supportyourviewwithanexample/examples.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题1)Describe the changes as shown in the table 2) Analyze possible reasons for the change 3) Make predictions on the future tendency Statistics in People’s Daily expenses in Shanghai 　　　　　Year Item 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Food 66% 61% 48% 41% 36% Clothing 9% 10% 12% 15% 18% Recreation 4% 5% 8% 9% 11% Others 21% 24% 32% 35% 35% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

问答题1)time and place of the academic conference, 2) the reasons why the professor is expected to attend the meeting, 3) the schedule of the professor in the academic conference. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题 "BLOGGO PLC ", announces its press office at 7am, London time, "last night agreed to purchase Junko Inc, of Wichita."(46){{U}} A quote from Bloggo's proud chairman sets out how well the American purchase fits the British buyer's strategy. {{/U}}And the British shareholder, if he is wise, heads for his broker and the exit. (47) {{U}}That, repeatedly, has been the lesson of British incursions into the United States: from attempts in the 1950s of firms like Austin and Morris to sell their utterly ill-suited and often ill-built small cars of the time, through European Ferries, which in the 1980s bought up several thousand acres near Denver, presumably without asking—until it went all-but belly up—whether a cross-Channel ferry firm really knew more about land in Colorado than local real-estate buffs did.{{/U}} Even in the later era of serious direct investment, British incursions have had a spotty, record. Two academics at Xfi, Exeter University's new finance and investment centre, have now put figures on it. Alan Gregory and Steve McCorriston studied 197 British takeovers in America, nearly all the significant ones, in manufacturing and services (banking excluded) in 1984-94. (48){{U}} Over a five-year period from the purchase, they found, the cumulative return to shareholders was 27% lower than "normal"—ie, for; similar companies that had stayed at home—and notably worse than the trivial difference over one year that stockmarkets (and academics) have tended to look at.{{/U}} (49) {{U}}The figure was also in notable contrast to comparable ones from 97 takeovers in the European Union, and 39 elsewhere in the world. {{/U}}Returns in the EU looked better than normal, but the figures were not statistically significant; those in the rest of the world were both, 32% better. (50) {{U}}You might expect the opposite, given that Britain's corporate culture is much like America's. but some way from those of most EU countries.{{/U}} So why the unexpected outcome? The Exeter academics do not know, but would love to find out—if they can get the research funding.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You have just learned that your friend Joe had his ankles injured and was in hospital now. Write a letter to him and your letter should include the following details: 1) your concern about his injury, 2) and your best wishes for his recovery. Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题Researchers investigating brain size and mental ability say their work offers evidence that education protects the mind from the brain's physical deterioration. (46) is known that the brain shrinks as the body ages, but the effects on mental ability are different from person to person. Interestingly, in a study of elderly men and women, those who had more education actually had more brain shrinkage. "That may seem like bad news," said study author Dr. Edward Coffey, a professor of psychiatry and of neurology at Henry Ford Health System in Detroit. (47) However, he explained, the finding suggests that education allows people to withstand more brain tissue loss before their mental functioning begins to break down.. The study, published in the July issue of Neurology, is the first to provide biological evidence to support a concept called the "reserve" hypothesis, according to the researchers. In recent years, investigators have developed the idea that people who are more educated have greater cognitive reserves to draw upon as the brain ages; in essence, they have more brain tissue to spare. (48) Examining brain scans of 320 healthy men and women aged 66 to 90, researchers found that for each year of education the subjects had, there was greater shrinkage of the outer layer of the brain known as the cortex. Yet on tests of cognition and memory, all participants scored in the range indicating normal. "Everyone has some degree of brain shrinkage," Coffey said. "People lose (on average) 2.5 percent per decade starting in adulthood." There is, however, a "remarkable range" of shrinkage among people who show no signs of mental decline, Coffey noted. Overall health, he said, accounts for some differences in brain size. Alcohol or drug use, as well as medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure, contribute to brain tissue loss throughout adulthood. In the absence of such medical conditions, Coffey said, education level helps explain the range of brain shrinkage exhibited among the mentally-fit elderly. The more-educated can withstand greater loss. (49) Coffey and colleagues gauged shrinkage of the cortex by measuring the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain. The greater the amount of fluid, the greater the cortical shrinkage. Controlling for the health factors that contribute to brain injury, the researchers found that education was related to the severity of brain shrinkage. For each year of education from first grade on, subjects had an average of 1.77 milliliters more cerebrospinal fluid around the brain. Just how education might affect brain cells is unknown. (50) In their report, the researchers speculated that in people with more education, certain brain structures deeper than the cortex may stay intact to compensate for cortical shrinkage.

问答题{{U}}That Louise Nevelson is believed by many critics to be the greatest twentieth- century sculptor is all the more remarkable because the greatest resistance to women artists has been, until recently, in the field of sculpture.{{/U}} Since Neolithic times, sculpture has been considered the prerogative of men, partly, perhaps, for purely physical reasons: it was erroneously assumed that women were not suited for the hard manual labor required in sculpting stone, carving wood, or working in metal. (47) {{U}}It has been only during the twentieth century that women sculptors have been recognized as major artists, and it has been in the United States, especially since the decades of the fifties and sixties, that women sculptors have shown the greatest originality and creative power.{{/U}} Their rise to prominence parallels the development of sculpture itself in the United States : (48) {{U}}while there had been a few talented sculptors in the United States before the 1940's, it was only after 1945--when New York was rapidly becoming the art capital of the world--that major sculpture was produced in the United States.{{/U}} Some of the best was the work of women. By far the most outstanding of these women is Louise Nevelson, who in the eyes of many critics is the most original female artist alive today. One famous and influential critic, Hilton Kramer, said of her work, "For myself, I think Ms. Nevelson succeeds where the painters often fail. " Her works have been compared to the Cubist constructions of Picasso, the Surrealistic objects of Miro, and the Merzbau of Schwitters. (49) {{U}}Nevelson would be the first to admit that she has been influenced by all of these, as well as by African sculpture, and by Native American and pre-Columbian art, but she has absorbed all these influences and still created a distinctive art that expresses the urban landscape and the aesthetic sensibility of the twentieth century.{{/U}} Nevelson says, "I have always wanted to show the world that art is everywhere, except that it has to pass through a creative mind. " (50) {{U}}Using mostly discarded wooden objects like broken pieces of furniture and abandoned architectural ornaments, all of which she has hoarded for years, she assembles architectural constructions of great beauty and power.{{/U}} Creating very freely with no sketches, she glues and nails objects together, paints them black, or more rarely white or gold, and places them in boxes. These assemblages, walls, even entire environments create a mysterious, almost awe-inspiring atmosphere. Although she has denied any symbolic or religious intent in her works, their three-dimensional grandeur and even their titles, such as Sky Cathedral and Night Cathedral, suggest such connotations. In some ways, her most ambitious works are closer to architecture than to traditional sculpture, but then neither Louise Nevelson nor her art fits into any neat category.

问答题The newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, unalloyed, unslanted, objectively selected facts. But in these days of complex news it must provide more; it must supply interpretation, the meaning of the facts. This is the most important assignment Confronting American journalism — to make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news as understandable as community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing (with the possible exception of such scribbling as society and club news) as “local” news, because any event in the international area has a local reaction in manpower draft, in economic strain, in terms, indeed, of our very way of life. (46)There is in journalism a widespread view that when you embark on interpretation, you are entering choppy and dangerous waters, the swirling tides of opinion. This is nonsense. The opponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor shall confine himself to the “facts”. This insistence raises two questions: What are the facts? And: Are the bare facts enough? As to the first query, consider how a so-called “factual” story comes about. The reporter collects, say, fifty facts; out of these fifty, his space allotment being necessarily restricted, he selects the ten, which he considers most important. This is Judgment Number One. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall constitute the lead of the piece (This is important decision because many readers do not proceed beyond the first paragraph.) This is Judgment Number Two. (47)Then the night editor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has a large impact, or on page twenty-four, where it has little. Judgment Number Three. Thus, in the presentation of a so-called “factual” or “objective” story, at least three judgments are involved. (48)And they are judgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in which reporter and editor, calling upon their research resources, their general background, and their “news neutralism,” arrive at a conclusion as to the significance of the news. (49)The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpretation, are both objective rather than subjective processes — as objective, that is, as any human being can be. (Note in passing: even though complete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless the ideal must always be the beacon on the murky news channels.) (50)If an editor is intent on slanting the news, he can do it in other ways and more effectively than by interpretation, and he can do it by the selection of those facts that prop up his particular plea. Or he can do it by the pay he gives a story — promoting it to page one or demoting it to page thirty.

问答题Generally, luck is something that happens to individuals. If a society or a century is considered as a whole, the random individual events that are set down to luck or fortune form more coherent overall patterns; large historical forces become discernible. But entire societies should not mock luck either. (46)The classic Mayan civilization disappeared so strangely, so unexpectedly, that some massive stroke of bad luck must have been at work--a sudden plague, say, a viral riot. Of all civilizations, America seemed the luckiest. With its vast spaces and immense natural wealth, with its extraordinary freedom from the stultifications of caste and poverty, the place seemed born in luck. (47)Or so it appeared to the white Europeans who settled the continent, if not to the Indians they violently displaced or the Africans they imported in slave ships to work the plantations. Americans eventually made the mistake of de- scribing their national luck as their "manifest destiny." Whatever the motions of free will and necessity, Herman Melville wrote, "chance has the last featuring blow at events." (48)Luck may be simply another name for the odd, unexpected notes in the huge symphony of things, of circumstance and coincidence, chemistry and character, diet and disease, weather and timing, the vastly_ subtle totality of being. But whatever the agnostics say, luck is not completely blind, or completely wild either. Within limits, it can be domesticated-although it will always be part wolf and may unexpectedly tum mad and eat the children one afternoon. As Hector Berlioz said, "The luck of having talent is not enough; one must also have a talent for luck." Genius, in fact, may be defined as the ability to control luck. (49)"The older I grow, the more impressed I am with the role of luck or chance in life. The world's distribution of wealth depends almost as much on luck as on energy, foresight and skill." Philosopher Sidney Hook wrote a few years ago. (50)Surely the ultimate purpose of luck, if there is one at all, is to offer such a spectacle that men and women, besides being vastly entertained, come to recognize their common vulnerability to luck's weird and end- lessly inventive impulses. But perhaps luck, good and bad, also has a deeper physiological purpose, programmed into the human animal in the first dawn of his intelligence: to keep the adrenaline "flowing, maybe, and the. brain alert to the world's epic of apprehension, terror, greed and hope.

问答题Directions: You are a salesman in a pharmacy company. Write a letter to Mr. Wang, one of your customers, to introduce a new medicine to him. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题(10 points)

问答题{{B}}52.Directions:{{/B}}A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan160--200words.B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:1)Firstdescribethepicture,interpretitsmeaning,2)Andthengiveyourcomments.

问答题Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you shonld 1) describe the picture, 2) deduce the purpose of the drawer of the picture, and 3) give your comments. You should write at least 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.