问答题All U. S. nuclear weapons production facilities are presently closed down, and if the various agreements are adhered to, those facilities will never be required except for one critical capability. All modern nuclear weapons use uranium (铀), plutonium (钚), and tritium (氚). Uranium and plutonium have very long half-lives, and there is large surplus of these materials. Tritium, however, has a relatively short half life of about 12.6 years, so about 5 percent of the amount on hand must be replaced each year to maintain the current inventory. (46) Because of the large retirement of nuclear weapons by the United States in compliance with early agreements and national policy, tritium from retired weapons has been used to make up that lost through natural decay. (47) However, in about 10 to 15 years, depending on future negotiations, the United States will need a guaranteed supply of tritium to maintain its stockpile at whatever level is agreed on. In anticipation of this future need to produce tritium, Defense Office Executive is pursuing two technologies. One uses a nuclear reactor that could also produce electricity whose sale would recover not only the capital cost of the reactor but also its annual operational cost. (48) Unfortunately, the present Administration has a definite bias against nuclear power, so an alternative method is also being pursued even though it is agreed that it will cost twice as much as a reactor and use as much electricity as a reactor would produce. This technology uses an accelerator to produce high-energy protons that in turn produce neutrons. The main argument for the accelerator is that it produces no conventional nuclear wastes. (49) Proponents readily admit that it will produce radioactive materials, but with a relatively short half-life compared with that of wastes from spent nuclear fuel. The fact that the accelerator will require the equivalent of a nuclear power plant to supply its electricity is ignored. (50) Proponents also neglect to mention that about 22 percent of all electrical energy generated in the United States comes from nuclear power plants, so that 22 percent of the power used by the accelerator will generate conventional nuclear wastes, in addition to those the accelerator produces. There is an alternative to either the reactor or the accelerator, which is simply to buy the required tritium from Canada or Russia.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Your neighbor often plays records so loudly deep into the night. Write a note to convey your complaint. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Title: {{B}}Examination{{/B}} {{B}}Outline:{{/B}} 1. People's attitude toward examinations varies from person to person. 2. As far as students and teachers are concerned, examinations are meaningful. 3. In a word, the advantages of examinations outweigh the disadvantages. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET II. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You don't need to write the address.

问答题Directions: Fenghua is one of your good friends and schoolmates. He has been addicted to smoking for a long time. During a lecture this week, you learned a lot about great dangers involved in heavy smoking, and now you decide to write a letter to him. Your letter should be based on the following outline: 1) your concern about his health, 2) and your advice and suggestions. Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You haven' t heard from your friend (Li Ping) since last year. Write a letter according to the following out line: 1) greet him and tell him how you spend your vocation and 2) invite him to Beijing. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You don't have to write the address.

问答题You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

问答题You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

问答题Directions:Studythefollowingbarchartscarefullyandwriteanessayto1)pointouttheimplicationofthebarcharts,2)analyzethephenomenon,and3)givesomesuggestionsYoushouldwrite160-200wordsonANSWERSHEETⅡ.

问答题More Americans are giving up their landlines for cell phones, but new research indicates that there may be health risks associated with long term wireless use. What"s a mobile addict to do? Americans logged more than 1 trillion cell-phone minutes in the first half of 2007 alone, so it came as little surprise that this is the year cellular-phone spending is predicted to surpass that of landlines, according to Labor Department data released this week. 1 But even as more people give up their traditional home phones altogether and ever younger kids get their own cell phones, there are still questions in the scientific community about whether this new American staple is safe for heavy or long-term use. 2 Experts say the concern over cell-phone use stems from a form of radiation that"s produced when the devices communicate with their base station. Wireless phones transmit via radio frequency (RF), a low-frequency form of radiation that is also used in microwave ovens and AM/FM radios. While high-frequency radiation (the kind used in X-rays) is known to cause cancer at high doses. The risks of this milder form remain unclear. A cell phone"s main source of RF is its antenna, from which it sends a signal to the nearest base-station antenna. The further a cell phone is from the base station, the more RF it needs to establish and maintain a connection. So, the theory is that any risks posed by RF would be greater for people who live and work in areas with fewer base stations. 3 In fact, Israeli researchers reported earlier this month in the A merican Journal of Epidemiology that long-term cell-phone users living in rural areas faced a "consistently elevated risk" of developing tumors compared with users who live in suburban or urban areas. Other research, including an ongoing multinational initiative known as INTERPHONE, has yielded mixed results so far. While a number of studies have found no correlation between cell-phone use and various types of brain tumors, most of those studies focused on people who had been using cell phones for three to five years. Long-term cell-phone use may be another story. 4 A handful of small studies have indicated that using a cell phone for an hour each day over a 10-year period can increase the risk of developing a rare brain tumor and that those tumors are more likely to be on the side of your head that you use to talk on the phone. But quantifying the health risks of cell phones is a trickier proposition than understanding how they work. The gadgets have been widely available for only about a decade; tumors can take twice as long to develop. And hands-free devices minimize a person"s RF exposure by enabling them to keep the phone"s antenna away from their head have only been commonplace for a few years. The data on kids who use cell phones is even scarcer because not enough time has passed to examine the effects on children who use them extensively as they grow. 5 However, many researchers believe younger cell-phone users may face a higher risk of developing tumors because their nervous systems are not fully developed and their skulls are not as thick as those of adults.

问答题Suppose a foreign friend of yours has written to inquire about the possibility of making a seven-day visit in China. Write a reply to give him some information. The following should be included: (1) The place you recommend for him to visit and the reasons ; (2) The suggested route and the timetable of the visit; (3) Some advice on how he should prepare for the visit; (4) Your arrangement for his visit to Beijing.

问答题Rome, June 13--A law that imposes strict rules on assisted fertility will remain on the books, after the failure on Monday of a hard-fought referendum that rubbed into one of Italy's sorest spots: the relationship between church and state. (46)The fight leading up to two days of voting on Sunday and Monday mobilized the nation's political and religious establishments like few others, as the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church including the new pope, Benedict XVI--urged Italians to boycott the referendum. In the end, the outcome was not even close. Only 26 percent of as many as 50 million eligible Italians voted, meaning that the referendum automatically failed, with the votes uncounted: in its attempt to repeal four crucial sections of a restrictive fertility law passed last year. For the referendum to be valid, 50 percent of eligible voters had to take part. (47)The results would seem an immediate victory for the church and for the young papacy(教皇权利) of Benedict, in a Europe where church influence has declined significantly in recent decades. Similar referendums in Italy on divorce and abortion in the 1970's and 80's passed overwhelmingly despite church opposition, and Italians now seem likely to debate whether apathy or a reverse in secularism in the home of the Roman Catholic Church defeated this referendum. "The results of today mean that Italy is maybe more similar to Texas than to Massachusetts," said Rocco Buttiglione, Italy's culture minister and a friend of Pope Benedict. "Italians want a democracy with values--that values human life--and that is why they rejected this referendum." For the church, the results seemed especially important since the referendum concerned issues central to church teachings on values. (48)The fertility law, passed here under church lobbying last year, defines life as beginning at conception and bans most experimentation on human embryos (胚胎). "I'm struck by the maturity of the Italian people," Cardinal Camillo Ruini, president of the Italian bishops' conference, told reporters, according to Reuters. Cardinal Ruini, a top Vatican official and close aide to Benedict, regularly urged Italians to abstain from the referendum. (49) Conceding a heavy defeat, the political forces that supported the referendum characterized the results as a blow to the wails between church and state. They warned that the church would next set its sights on Italy's abortion law. "There is a problem of the climate, of the atmosphere in this country," Emma Bonino, a leader of the Radical Party who spearheaded the fight for legalized abortion in the early 1980's, told reporters. "It is not secular, and it's very worrying." (50)But some experts cautioned against reading too much into the results, noting that Italy is a particular nation, where church and state are entwined like nowhere else; that a battle over abortion would be much more difficult; that a similar fight seemed unlikely to gain ground elsewhere in Europe.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on Answer Sheet 2. Baghdad, Iraq--If, in time, the attempt to implant a pro-Western, democratic political system in Iraq ends up buried in the desert sands, historians will have no shortage of things that went wrong. (46){{U}} Equally, if the problems here ultimately recede, supporters of the enterprise will find vindication (证明…正确) in the Bush administration's decision to hold course as others lost faith.{{/U}} (47) {{U}}Either way, any reckoning will examine the numbers of American troops committed here: whether they were so thinly stretched that their mission was doomed from the start, or, as Secretary Of Defense Donald Rumsfeld said last week, American commanders were given "exactly what they've recommended" in terms of troops.{{/U}} Mr. Rumsfeld has long taken a "less is more" approach to combat troop levels, and in a BBC interview Monday, he seemed to move toward those now pressing to reduce troop levels soon. (48) {{U}}"The reason for fewer," he said, "is because ultimately it's going to be the Iraqi people who are going to prevail in this insurgency (起义)"--in other words, Iraqi, not American, troops are the ones who will win the war, if it can be won.{{/U}} The words seemed at least to nod to politics. (49) {{U}}Last week, even as opinion polls showed continuing erosion in support for the war, a conservative from a state heavy with military Bases who has been a staunch(坚定的)supporter of the war, Representative Walter B. Jones of North Carolina, joined with another Republican and two Democrats in calling on President Bush to begin drawing down the troops in Iraq by Oct. 1, 2006.{{/U}} Earlier this year, the Pentagon offered an even earlier date for an initial reduction. But in recent weeks, American generals here have been telling Congressional visitors that the disappointing performance of many Iraqi combat units has made early departures impractical. They say it will be two years or more before Iraqis can be expected to begin replacing American units as the main guarantors of security. Commanders concerned for their careers have not thought it prudent to go further, and to say publicly what many say privately: that with recent American troop levels 139,000 now-- they have been forced to play an infernal board game, constantly shuttling combat units from one war zone to another, leaving insurgent buildups unmet in some places while they deal with more urgent problems elsewhere. Generals are not famous for wanting smaller armies. (50) {{U}}But American commanders here have been cautioned by the reality that the Pentagon(五角大楼), in a time of all-volunteer forces and plunging recruiting levels, has few if any extra troops to deploy(部署), and that there are limits to what American public opinion would bear.{{/U}} So the generals have kept quiet about troop levels.

问答题 Directions: You are going to study at the University of Cardiff. Write a letter asking to be enrolled in its language training program. Your letter should be based on the outline given below: 1) the purpose of this letter; 2) your plan for your B. A. degree; 3) your hope. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Peng" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Choice is a fundamental American value that often lies at the center of heated political discussions. However, recent research suggests that thinking about our lives in terms of choices may reduce our support for public policies that promote greater equality in society. By emphasizing free will over the situational factors that shape people"s life experiences, thinking about choice may lead us to view inequality as less bothersome. For example, thinking about choices may lead us to feel less concerned about the growing gap between the wealthy and the poor. The persons who had thought about their actions in terms of choices were less likely to feel alarmed. 1 Choice may lead us to focus on how people"s freely chosen actions lead to either poverty or wealth, making wealth inequality seem like a reasonable result rather than a public problem that needs to be solved. 2 Although political orientation is related to the degree to which people support policies designed to promote equality, the idea of choice influenced the opinions of both liberals and conservatives. In an experiment, participants were asked to watch a short video of a person doing mundane activities in an apartment, such as opening mail or reading a magazine. Some participants were asked to press a button whenever they saw the person in the video touch an object. Other participants were asked to press the button whenever they perceived that the person in the video was making a choice. 3 Later all participants were asked to read about public policies designed to redistribute educational resources in a community in order to make things more equal between the wealthy and the poor. Those who had been prompted to think about choices, regardless of their own political leanings, expressed less support for the equalizing policies. The results from these studies may have something to do with how closely Americans associate choice with freedom. When Americans are made to think about choice, they may shift their attitudes in favor of policies that promote individual freedom rather than restrict it. 4 In 2011 Savani and his colleagues published a set of studies demonstrating that thinking about choice decreases people"s support for laws that limit individual freedoms, such as banning violent video games or levying environmental taxes on fuel-inefficient cars. Thinking about choice also led people to feel more positively towards laws that uphold individual freedoms, such as laws legalizing marijuana. Unfortunately, they found that thinking about choice also has a downside. For example, 5 participants who had thought about choices, were more liken to blame people who had experienced car accidents, physical abuse, or a loss of their home due to a building collapse.

问答题If an occupation census had been taken in the eleventh century it would probably have revealed that quite 90 percent of the people were country inhabitants who drew their livelihood from farming, herding, fishing or the forest. (46)An air photograph taken at that time would have revealed spotted villages, linked together by unsurfaced roads and separated by expanses of forest or swamp. There were some towns, but few of them housed more than 10,000 persons. (47)A second picture, taken in the mid-fourteenth century would show that the villages had grown more numerous and also more widespread, for Europeans had pushed their frontier outward by settling new areas. There would be more people on the roads, rivers and seas, carrying food or raw materials to towns which had increased in number, size and importance. But a photograph taken about 1450 would reyeal that little further expansion had taken place during the preceding hundred years. Any attempt to describe the countryside during those centuries is prevented by two difficulties. In the first place, we have to examine the greater part of Europe’s 3,750,000 square miles, and not merely the Mediterranean lands. In the second place, the inhabitants of that wide expanse refuse to fit into our standard pattern or to stand still. (48)In 1450, most Europeans probably lived in villages, but some regions were so hilly, lacking in good soil, or heavily timbered that villages could not keep going, and settlement was that of solitary herdsmen or shepherds. Some areas had better access to market than others and were therefore more involved in commercial agriculture than in farming: (49)Large landowners were more likely than small landlords to run their estates and especially their domains more systematically — and also to keep those records from which we learn most of what we know about the subject. Some areas had never been quite feudalized; their farmers were more free from lordship and even from landlordship. Some regions had been recently settled, and their tenants had been offered liberal terms of tenure in order to lure them into the wilderness. (50)Finally, there was a time element; the expansion and prosperity that characterized the period from the twelfth to the fifteenth century produced or maintained conditions which were unsuitable to the stormier days preceding or the lean ones following it.

问答题As technology continues to advance, countries must decide how they will deal with the issue of human cloning for reproduction or research. So far, several nations have placed strong restrictions on healing cloning; others are moving towards such restrictions, and a few have staked out positions in favor of curative cloning. After months of bitter debate, the Unite States must decide what it will do. All legislators can agree that it would be wrong now to make a walking, talking, reallife human clone. The National Academy of Sciences also supports that position. But its institute of Medicine has rightly said that its objections to the safety of reproductive cloning do not apply to research cloning. Indeed,' some scientists say that research cloning could yield stem cells that could be used to grow healing tissues for patients with diseases such as Parkinson's. (47)They also say that studying stem cells made from the cells of diseased patients could help us understand why people with the same genetic make-up get sick or stay well. Opponents of research cloning say there is no proof that it will yield any cures. They also say that adult stem cells are more promising and less controversial. They have gained Congressional and public support by beating into widespread fears about biotechnology, which some worry is winding quickly down a slippery slope towards the commodification of the human species. (48) But such fears do not represent a sensible basis for a ban on research cloning, which is likely to give insights into the processes that cause a host of devastating diseases. The Senate is now moving towards a slowdown on the issue. Two bills have been introduced. Senator Sam Brownback introduced a bill that would ban cloning for any purpose. His rivals, led by Senator Dianne Feinstein, have introduced competing legislation that would all low scientists to close embryos for research. And senators eager to air their views on the issue for a vote on the matter in the next few weeks. (49) Brown back is said to have nearly 50 supporters, but for technical reasons a bill is unlikely to be passed unless 60 senators support it. Advocates of healing cloning have outlined situations that would make the Senate more likely to pass a bill that would allow research cloning, such as amending the Brownback bill to allow research. In this way, senators could save face by simultaneously voting for Brownback and for research. However, any bill that does pass the Senate must be reconciled with the House bill in a conference, The Brownback bill is virtually identical to a House cloning ban that was passed last July. So it would speed through the conference committee. But Senate and House negotiators are unlikely to compromise if the Senate votes to allow healing cloning, (50) So the result of this month's Senate debate is likely to be either that President Bush signs a bill that bans cloning for any purpose, or that he does not sign any cloning bill at all. The issue could also spill over into the appropriations process this autumn, when senators try to force rules through the Congress by attaching them to the necessary spending bills. The Congress has strongly supported the National Institute of Health in recent years because it wants the United States to be a world leader in biomedical research. The Senate should continue its strong support of biomedical science, and act in the national interest, by refusing to pass a ban on research cloning.