问答题Is first language acquisition different from foreign language learning? If yes, how?(10 points)

问答题There are two kinds of grammar based on different linguistic points of view. They are prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. A grammar may describe how language is actually spoken and/or written, and may not state or postulate how it ought to be spoken or written. But a grammar may also state the rules for what is considered the best or most correct usage. Which grammar is descriptive grammar, and which grammar is prescriptive grammar? Cite some examples to give your reasons.(北师大2003研)

问答题Science and technology has greatly improved our life and contributed to human civilizations. However, some say, at present we are pursuing the scientific development at the cost of human nature. Do you agree with this opinion? Why and why not? Write an essay with the title; "The Challenge of Science on Humanity" in no less than 200 words to illustrate your point.

问答题The following statements are examples of excessive use of euphemism. How to improve them? Examples of excessive use of euphemism:(1)The employees who had been notified of an interruption in their employment were referred to their outplacement manager.(2)The official acknowledged that he had misspoken when he said the troops had not engaged in any protective-reaction missions.(3)The prisoner"s life will be terminated at dawn.(4)The non-essential personnel in this division will be vacationed by next week.(5)Reaching the top of the ladder of success must be a moving experience.(6)I was told that he did away with himself.It is a widespread but unproven hypothesis that the parameters of significant personal change for persons in mid-life are extremely narrow.I purchased a residential property that was in need of substantial upgrading.

问答题How are affixes classified? (四川大学2008研)

问答题Paradigmatic relations

问答题spoonerism

问答题conversational implicature

问答题Embedding (武汉大学2004研)

问答题Disgusting! The porridge is burnt again! "" Silence! " ejaculated a voice; not that of Miss Miller, but one of the upper teachers, a little and dark personage, smartly dressed, but of somewhat morose aspect, who installed herself at the top of one table, while a more buxom lady presided at the other. I looked in vain for her I had first seen the night before; she was not visible: Miss Miller occupied the foot of the table where I sat, and a strange, foreign -looking, elderly lady, the French teacher, as I afterwards found, took the corresponding seat at the other board. A long grace was said and a hymn sung; then a servant brought in some tea for the teachers, and the meal began.Ravenous, and now very faint, I devoured a spoonful or two of my portion without thinking of its taste; but the first edge of hunger blunted, I perceived I had got in hand a nauseous mess; burnt porridge is almost as; famine itself soon sickens over it. The spoons as bad as rotten potatoes; famine itself soon sickens over it. The spoons were moved slowly: I saw each girl taste her food and try to swallow it; but in most cases the effort was soon relinquished. Breakfast was over, and none had breakfasted. Thanks being returned for what we had not got, and a second hymn chanted, the refectory was evacuated for the schoolroom. I was one of the last to go out, and in passing the tables, I saw one teacher take a basin of the porridge and taste it; she looked at the others; all their countenances expressed displeasure, and one of them, the stout one, whispered—" Abominable stuff" How shameful! "The only marked event of the afternoon was, that I saw the girl with whom I had conversed in the verandah dismissed in disgrace by Miss Scatcherd from a history lass, and sent to stand in the middle of the large schoolroom. The punishment seemed to me in a high degree ignominious, especially for so great a girl—she looked thirteen or upwards, I expected she would show signs of great distress and shame; but to my surprise she neither wept nor blushed: composed, though grave, she stood, the central mark of all eyes. " How can she bear it so quietly—so firmly? I asked of myself. Were I in her place, it seems to me I should wish the earth to open and swallow me up. She looks as if she were thinking of something beyond her punishment—beyond her situation: of something not round her nor before her. I have heard of day-dreams—is she in a day-dream now? Her eyes are fixed on the floor, but I am sure they do not see it—her sight seems turned in, gone down into her heart: she is looking at what she can remember, I believe; not at what is really present. I wonder what sort of a girl she is—whether good or naughty.Soon after five P. M. we had another meal, consisting of a small mug of coffee, and half a slice of brown bread. I devoured my bread and drank my coffee with relish, but I should have been glad of as much more—I was still hungry. Half an hour"s recreation succeeded, then study; then the glass of water and the piece of oat-cake, prayers, and bed. Such was my first day at Lowood.

问答题Elizabeth Bennet(from: Pride and Prejudice)

问答题How would you comment on Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? (北航2010研)

问答题Orthographic change

问答题他被判了三年徒刑。镇上的人都认为他是罪有应得。

问答题Speech and thought presentation (中山大学2006研)

问答题What different forms of sound patterning can you find in the following stanza of the poem "Easter Wings" by George Herbert(1593-1663)?Lord, who createdst man in wealth and store,Though foolishly he lost the same,Decaying more and more,Till he becameMost poore;With theeO let me riseAs larks, harmoniously,And sing this day thy victories;Then shall the fall further the flight in me.

问答题Simile

问答题Secondlanguage(L2)learnersmaycorrectthemselvesfromtimetotimeduringtheirL2oralproduction.Listedbelowaresomeinstancesofself-correction(orself-repair)inL2speeches.Eachinstanceisfollowedbythespeaker"sownretrospectiveaccountofthereasonfortherepair.Studytheseinstancesandfulfillthefollowingtasks.(16/150)Task1)Categorizetheseself-correctioninstancesintosomemeaningfultypes.Nameeachtype,brieflydefineit,andspecifytheinstancesthatbelongtoit.Forexample,therearesomeinstances(2,6,and9)thatexemplifyErrorRepairsasatypeofself-repairs:ErrorRepairs:TheL2speakerscorrectthemselveswhentheyrealizethattheyhavemade(oraremaking)languageerrors.Instance2;Thespeakercorrectsaphonologicalerror.1.Uhmwellthere"sabigdiningtableforfortyperson.Andthenwe"vealsogoterwellit"swellthediningtableoccupieshalfoftheroom.Retrospection:Ithought,Ididnottellyoufirsthowbigtheroomwas,soIsaidthatthediningtableoccupieshalfoftheroom,andthenIsaidwhatIoriginallywantedtosay.2.Wecouldarrangeermoresmallertabia[teibi]table[teibl]ifyouwouldlikethatbetter.Retrospection;Imispronouncedtheword"table,"andIcorrectedit.3.Thereareverywidechoiceofermaincourseserersteakererseveralkindsofsteak.Retrospection:Iwantedtosayitmorepreciselythatwedonotonlyhaveonekindofsteakbutseveralkindsofsteak.4.Youhavetowehavetomakeacontract.Retrospection:Irealizedthatitisstupidtosaythatyouhavetomakeacontract,it"suptoustodoit.5.Inthisurninthispartofthetownertherearemanyvegetarians.Erthisisbecausetheuniversityishereandvegetarianslikeiterlikethisrestaurant.Retrospection:Inoticedthat"it"couldalsomeantheuniversity,soIwantedtomakeitclearthatitistherestaurantthatthevegetarianslikeandnottheuniversity.6.Willerhavetopayerfiveersorryertwenty-fivepercent.Retrospection;HereIsaid"five"insteadof"twenty-five"accidentally.7.Itdoesn"tit"snotaproblem.Retrospection:FirstIwantedtosay"itdoesnotmatter"butIrealizedthatinabusinessdealyoucannotsay"itdoesnotmatter."8.Thirty-fiveper...people.Retrospection:FirstIwantedtosay"persons"butIhadused"persons"severaltimesbefore,soIsaid"people."9.Ithinkitaveryniceit"saveryniceRetrospection:Ileftout"is,"andIcorrectedit.10.Uhmourfishfishmealserfoodsareverygoodtoo.Retrospection:Icorrected"fishmeals"for"fishfood""becauseIwasnotsureyoucansay"fishmeals"and"fishfoods"soundedabitbetter.11.Wehavesomeererv...maybeyouhavevegetariansinyourgroup.Retrospection;Heretheideaofvegetarianssuddenlypoppedup,andIabandonedwhatIwasgoingtosaybecauseIwouldnothavebeenabletolistanymoretypesoffoodanyway.

问答题...He realized that these walks amused neither of them, but he could not bear to leave her, and did all he could to lengthen them till she became tired and out of temper. He knew that she did not care for him, and he tried to force a love which his reason told him was not in her nature: she was cold. He had no claim on her, but he could not help being exacting. Now that they were more intimate he found it less easy to control his temper; he was often irritable and could not help saying bitter things. Often they quarreled, and she would not speak to him for a while; but this always reduced him to subjection, and he crawled before her. He was angry with himself for showing so little dignity. He grew furiously jealous if he saw her speaking to any other man in the shop, and when he was jealous he seemed to be beside himself. He would deliberately insult her, leave the shop, and spend afterwards a sleepless night tossing on his bed, by turns angry and remorseful. Next day he would go to the shop and appeal forgiveness.

问答题Please comment on the following story in about 500 words.On the RoadHe was not interested in the snow. When he got off the freight, one early evening during the depression, Sargeant never even noticed the snow. But he must have felt it seeping down his neck, cold, wet, sopping in his shoes. But if you had asked him, he wouldn"t have known it was snowing. Sargeant didn"t see the snow, not even under the bright lights of the main street, falling white and flaky against the night. He was too hungry, too sleepy, too tired.The Reverend Mr. Dorset, however, saw the snow when he switched on his porch light, opened the front door of his parsonage, and found standing there before him a big black man with snow on his face, a human piece of night with snow on his face—obviously unemployed.Said the Reverend Mr. Dorset before Sargeant even realized he"d opened his mouth: "I"m sorry. No! Go right down this street four blocks and turn to your left, walk up seven and you"ll see the Relief Shelter. I"m sorry. No!" He shut the door.Sargeant wanted to tell the holy man that he had already been to the Relief Shelter, been to hundreds of relief shelters during the depression years, the beds were always gone and supper was over, the place was full, and they drew the color line anyhow. But the minister said "No" and shut the door. Evidently he didn"t want to hear about it. And he had a door to shut.The big black man turned away. And even yet he didn"t see the snow, walking right into it. Maybe he sensed it, cold, wet, sticking to his jaws, wet on his black hands, sopping in his shoes. He stopped and stood on the sidewalk hunched over—hungry, sleepy, cold—looking up and down. Then he looked right where he was—in front of a church! Of course! A church! Sure, right next to a parsonage, certainly a church.It had two doors.Broad white steps in the night all snowy white, two high arched doors with slender stone pillars on either side. And way up, a round lacy window with a stone crucifix in the middle and Christ on the crucifix in stone. All this was pale in the street lights, solid and stony pale in the snow.Sargeant blinked. When he looked up, the snow fell into his eyes. For the first time that night he saw the snow. He shook his head. He shook the snow from his coat sleeves, felt hungry, felt lost, felt not lost, felt cold. He walked up the steps for the church. He knocked at the door. No answer. He tried the handle. Locked. He put his shoulder against the door and his long black body slanted like a ramrod. He pushed. With loud rhythmic grunts, like the grunts in a chain-gang song, he pushed against the door."I"m tired,...Huh! ...Hangry...Uh! ...I"m sleepy...Huh! I"m cold...I got to sleep somewhere," Sargeant said. "This here is church, ain"t it? Well, uh!"He pushed against the door.Suddenly, with an undue cracking and squeaking, the door began to give way to the tall black Negro who pushed ferociously against the door.By now two or three white people had stopped in the street, and Sargeant was vaguely aware of some of them yelling at him concerning the door. Three or four more came running, yelling at him."Hey!" they said, "Hey!""Uh-huh," answered the big tall Negro, "I know it"s a white folks" church, but I got to sleep somewhere." He gave another lunge at the door. "Huh!"And the door broke open.But just when the door gave way two white cops arrived in a car, ran up the steps with their clubs, and grabbed Sargeant. But Sargeant for once had no intention of being pulled or pushed away from the door.Sargeant grabbed, but not for anything so weak as a broken door. He grabbed for one of the tall stone pillars beside the door, grabbed at it and caught it. And held it. The cops pulled. Sargeant pulled. Most of the people in the street got behind the cops and helped them pull."A big black unemployed Negro holding onto our church!" thought the people. "The idea!"The cops began to beat Sargeant over the head, and nobody protested. But he held on.And then the church fell down.Gradually, the big stone front of the church fell down, the walls and the rafters, the crucifix and the Christ. Then the whole thing fell down, covering the cops and the people with bricks and stones and debris. The whole church fell down in the snow.Sargeant got out from under the church and went walking on up the street with the stone pillar on his shoulder. He was under the impression that he had buried the parsonage and the Reverend Mr. Dorset who said "No!". So he laughed, and threw the pillar six blocks up the street and went on.Sargeant thought he was alone, but listening to the crunch, crunch, crunch on the snow of his own footsteps, he heard other footsteps, too, doubling his own. He looked around, and there was Christ walking along beside him, the same Christ that had been on the cross on the church—still stone with a rough stone surface, walking along beside him just like he was broken of the cross when the church fell down."Well, I"ll be dogged," said Sargeant. "This here"s the first time I ever seed you off the cross...""Yes," said Christ, crunching his feet in the snow. "You had to pull the church down to get me off the cross.""You glad?" said Sargeant."I sure am," said Christ.They both laughed."I"m a hell of a fellow, ain"t I?" said Sargeant. "Done pulled the church down!""You did a good job," said Christ. "They have kept me nailed on a cross nearly two thousand years.""Whee-ee-e!" saie Sargent. "I know you are glad to get off.""I sure am" said Christ.They walked on in the snow. Sargenat looked at the man of stone."And you been up there two thousand years?""I sure have," Christ said."Well, if I had a little cash," said Sargeant, "I"d show you around a bit.""I been around," said Christ."Yeah, but that was a long time ago.""All the same," said Christ, "I"ve been around,"They walked on in the snow until they came to the railroad yards. Sargeant was tired, sweating and tired."Where you goin"?" Sargeant said, stopping by the tracks. He looked at Christ. Sargenat said, "I"m just a bum on the road. How about you? Where you goin"?""God knows," Christ said, "but I"m leavin" here."They saw the red and green lights of the railroad yard half veiled by the snow that fell out of the night. Away down the track they saw a fire in a hobo jungle."I can go there and sleep," Sargeant said."You can?""Sure," said Sargeant. "That place ain"t got no doors."Outside the town, along the tracks, there were barren trees and bushes below the embankment, snow-gray in the dark. And down among the trees and bushes there were makeshift houses made out of boxes and tin and old pieces of wood and canvas. You couldn"t see them in the dark, but you knew they were there if you"d ever been on the road, if you had ever lived with the homeless and hungry in a depression."I"m side-tracking," Sargeant said. "I"m tired.""I"m gonna make it on to Kansas Cit," said Christ."OK," Sargeant said, "So long!"He went down into the hobo jungle and found himself a place to sleep. He never did see Christ no more. About 6:00 a.m. a freight came by. Sargeant scrambled out of the jungle with a dozen or so more hobos and ran along the track, grabbing at the freight. It was dawn, early dawn, cold and gray."Wonder where Christ is by now?" Sargeant thought. "He must-a gone on way on down the road. He didn"t sleep in this jungle."Sargeant grabbed the train and started to pull himself up into a moving coal car, over the edge of a wheeling coal car. But strangely enough, the car was full of cops. The nearest cop rapped Sargeant soundly across the knuckles with his night stick. Wham! Rapped his big black hands for clinging to the top of the car. Wham! But Sargeant did not turn loose. He clung on and tried to pull himself into the car. He hollered at the top of his voice, "Damn it, lemme in this car!""Shut up," barked the cop. "You crazy coon!" He rapped Sargeant across the knuckles and punched him in the stomach. "You ain"t but in no jungle now, this ain"t no train. You in jail!"Wham! Across his bare black fingers clinging to the bars of his cell. Wham! Between the steel bars low down against his shins.Suddenly Sargeant realized that he really was in jail. He wasn"t on no train. The blood of the night before had dried on his face, his head hurt terribly, and a cop outside in the corridor was hitting him across the knuckles for holding onto the door, yelling and shaking the cell door."They must-a took me to jail for breaking,down the door last night," Sargeant thought, "that church door."Sargeant went over and sat on a wooden bench against the cold stone wall. He was emptier than ever. His clothes were wet, clammy cold wet, and shoes sloppy with snow water. It was just about dawn. There he was, locked up behind a cell door, nursing his bruised fingers.The bruised fingers were his, but not the door.Not the club but the fingers."You wait," mumbled Sargeant, black against the fail wall. "I"m gonna break down this door, too.""Shut up—or I"ll paste you one," said the cop.Then he must have been talking to himself because he said, "I wonder where Christ"s gone? I wonder if he"s gone to Kansas City?"