问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Therehasrecentlybeenadiscussioninanewspaperontheissueofcommunication.Writeanessaytothenewspaperto1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow1)thecontentofthepicture2)themeaning/yourunderstanding2.giveaspecificexample/comment,and3.giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytocommunicate.Youshouldneatlywrite160--200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Directions: Two months ago, you got a job as a consultant for Human Resource Service Company. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss Mr. Chen, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s) and making an apology. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}{{I}} Write a letter to Liu Xiang, expressing congratulations for his new world record. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. {{/I}}

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. The level of economic and industrial development enjoyed by a state affects the foreign policy goals it can pursue. (46) {{U}}As a general proposition, the more developed a state is economically, the more likely it is that it will play an activist role in the world political economy.{{/U}} Rich nations have interests that extend far beyond their borders and typically command the means necessary to pursue and protect them. (47) {{U}}Not coincidentally, countries that enjoy industrial capabilities and extensive involvement in international trade also tend to be militarily powerful, in part because military might is a function of economic capabilities. {{/U}}For two decades after world war two, the United States and the Soviet Union stood out as superpowers precisely because they benefited from that combination of economic and military capability including extensive arsenals of nuclear weapons and the means to deliver them anywhere, that enabled both to practice unrestrained globalism. Their imperial reach and interventionist behaviors were seemingly unrestrained by limited wealth or resources. In fact, major powers have been involved in foreign conflict more frequently than minor powers. Although economically advanced nations are more active globally, this does not mean that their privileged circumstances dictate adventuresome policies. Rich nations are usually "satisfied" ones that have much to lose from the onset of revolutionary change or global instability. (48) {{U}}For this reason, they usually perceive preservation of the status quo as serving their interests best, and they often practice international economic policies designed to protect and expand their envied position at the pinnacle of the global hierarchy. {{/U}} Levels of productivity and prosperity also affect the foreign policies of the poor states at the bottom of the hierarchy. (49) {{U}}Some respond to their economic weakness by complying subserviently with the wishes of the rich on which they depend. Others rebel defiantly, and they sometimes succeed in resisting major power efforts to control their international behavior. {{/U}} Hence efforts to generalize about the economic foundations of states' international political behavior often prove unrewarding. Levels of economic development vary widely among states in the international system, but they do not by themselves determine foreign policies. (50) {{U}}Instead the opportunities and constraints that leaders perceive in their nation's attributes, rather than the actual level of development, may be the determining source of states' international conduct. {{/U}}

问答题Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould:1)describethecartoon,pointoutthemessageconveyed;2)giveyourcomment.Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Tets of reaction times also seemed to back up the notion that the two hemispheres differed in their processing styles. A trick researchers use to ensure that an image goes to one hemisphere first, and then to the opposite side of the brain. 1 If the nature of the stimulus and the preference of the hemisphere match up, then the person can respond slightly more quickly and accurately in identifying the local or global letter . Still more startling, researchers found that the same appears to hold for the brains of chimps (黑猩猩) and perhaps other primates (灵长类). 2 The assumption has always been that handedness and brain asymmetry are strictly human traits—part of the great brain reorganization that allowed our ancestor to use tools, speak and perhaps even think rationally . But handedness is now widely claimed for primates and even birds, amphibians (两栖动物) and whales, and in the past few years, some psychologists have Tested chimps and baboons (狒狒) and suggested their two hemispheres also differ in processing style. 3 Now researchers have come to see the distinction between the two hemispheres as a subtle one of processing style, with every mental faculty shared across the brain, and each side contributing in a complementary, not exclusive, fashion . A smart brain became one that simultaneously grasped both the foreground and the background of the moment. The next problem was to work out exactly how the brain manages to product these two contrasting styles. Many researchers originally looked for the explanation in a simple wiring difference within the brain. This theory held that neurons (神经元) in the left cortex (脑皮质) might make sparser (稀少的), short-range connections with their neighbors, with cells on the other side would be more richly and widely connected. 4 The result would be that the representation of sensations and memories would be confined to smallish, discrete (离散的) areas in the left hemisphere, while exactly the same input to a corresponding area of the right side would form a sprawling even impressionistic, pattern of activity . Supporters of this idea argued that these structural differences would explain why left brain language areas are so good at precise resonation of words and word sequences while the right-brain seems to supply a wider sense of contest and meaning. A striking finding from some people who suffer right brain strokes is that they can understand the literal meaning of sentences—their left brain can still decode the words—but they can no longer get jokes or allusions. 5 Asked to explain even a common proverb, such as "a stitch in time saves nine", they can only say it must have something to do with sewing—an intact right brain is needed to make the more playful connections.

翻译题A team of researchers had traveled through a region, stopping here and there to collect artifacts and administer various psychological tests on local people. What my audience did not know, and what I had considered too obvious to tell them, was that in the USA everyone speaks English, even shopkeepers. 46 However, the fieldwork techniques of Malinowski were clearly designed for smaller communities, ones where it was possible for the anthropologist to get to know a fair proportion of the inhabitants. As we go about our daily lives, we are not aware of all the things we learned as children, the taken-for-granted ways of behaving, the general understandings of the way things are. In this sense, 'culture' is invisible. 47 If we suddenly become self-conscious about it, it is usually because we have crossed some kind of cultural boundary that are by no means restricted to anthropologists. Instead they are a common human experience, almost inescapable in the modern world. All that anthropologists can claim is that they knowingly seek out such cultural boundaries. That attempt can be arduous, however. It involves at a minimum acquiring the necessary language skills, and being prepared to commit a great deal of time and effort. Fieldwork situations vary so widely that adaptability and resourcefulness are required. Moreover, anthropologists are not immune to the disorientation of cultural displacement. They are as likely as anyone else to feel lonely and vulnerable. 48 Nor are they immune to cultural misleading because people everywhere communicate their emotions and intentions in the most subtle ways, ways that the newly-arrived stranger is not likely to follow. Consequently he or she is easily misled, whether maliciously or merely in fun. Most fieldworkers are only too aware of the limits of what they know. But those things that interest us most, the cultural webs in which we all hang suspended, are more elusive. 49 One of the earliest pieces of travel literature to make a major impression in Europe was Marco Polo's The Travels, which circulated in over 119 manuscripts in the late thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and brought the first detailed report of the fabulously wealthy and exotic civilizations of South and East Asia. From the sixteenth century onwards, the trickle of travel literature rapidly expands to a flood, in which many books by anthropologists described their fieldwork experiences, as opposed to their findings. 50 However, concerned with how people differ among themselves and what those differences signify, the anthropologists must then have discussed what the differences were, and what sense to make of them.

翻译题The growth of the use of English as the world's primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades. 46 But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future. Complex international, economic, technological and cultural changes could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol. 47 His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generations of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities. David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that, 48 many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages. If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish, Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other languages such as Japanese, French and German, spreads. 49 The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK's providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly ￡1. 3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related exports earn up to ￡10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the numbers of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage. The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant: 50 It gives a basis to all organizations which seek to promote the learning and use of English, a basis for planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.

翻译题'Nobody really knows' was Donald Trump's assessment of man-made global warming, in an interview on December 11th. As far as the atmosphere is concerned, that puts him at odds with most scientists who have studied the matter. They do know that the atmosphere is warming, and they also know by how much. But turn to the sea and Mr. Trump has a point. 46 Though the oceans are warming too, climatologists readily admit that they have only a rough idea how much heat is going into them, and how much is already there. Many suspect that the heat capacity of seawater explains the climate pause of recent years, in which the rate of atmospheric warming has slowed. 47 But without decent data, it is hard to be sure to what extent the oceans are acting as a heat sink that damps the temperature rise humanity is visiting upon the planet—and, equally important, how long they can keep that up. This state of affairs will change, though, if a project described by Robert Tyler and Terence Sabaka to a meeting of the American Geophysical Union, held in San Francisco this week, is successful. 48 Dr. Tyler and Dr. Sabaka, who work at the Goddard Space Flight Centre, in Maryland, observe that satellites can detect small changes in Earth's magnetic field induced by the movement of water. They also observe that the magnitude of such changes depends on the water's temperature all the way down to the ocean floor. That, they think, opens a window into the oceans which has, until now, been lacking. To measure things in the deep sea almost always requires placing instruments there—either by lowering them from a ship or by putting them on board submarine devices. 49 The supply of oceanographic research vessels, though, is limited, and even the addition in recent years of several thousand 'Argo' probes (floating robots that roam the oceans and are capable of diving to a depth of 2,000 metres) still leaves ocean temperatures severely under-sampled. All this means that, if you know where and how ocean water is displaced, the changes in the magnetic field, as seen from a satellite, will tell you the heat content of that water. 50 Dr. Tyler and Dr. Sabaka therefore built a computer model which tried this approach on one reasonably well-understood form of oceanic displacement, the twice-daily tidal movement caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon.

翻译题 It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an irrepressible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; 46 yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression. One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a 'still point of the turning world,' to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. 47 A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardeners, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one's relation to one's environment. 48 The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn't exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand. Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is so intrinsic that we're barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, 49 most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors,small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. 50 It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word 'garden' though in a 'liberated' sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia—a yearning for contact with nonhuman life—assuming uncanny representational forms. (440 words)

翻译题 46 The climatic phenomenon that is being blamed for floods, hurricanes and early snowstorms also deserves credit for encouraging plant growth and helping to control the pollutant linked to global warming, a new study shows. El Nino—the periodic warming of eastern Pacific Ocean waters—causes a burst of plant growth throughout the world, and this removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, researchers have found. 47 The new study shows that natural weather events, such as the brief warming caused by El Nino, have a much more dramatic effect than previously believed on how much carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants and how much of the gas is expelled by the soil. Atmospheric carbon dioxide, or CO2, has been increasing steadily for decades. This is thought to be caused by an expanded use of fossil fuels and by toppling of tropical forests. Scientists have linked the CO2 rise to global warming, a phenomenon known as the greenhouse effect. 48 Alarmed, nations of the world now are drawing up new conservation policies to reduce fossil fuel burning, in hopes of reducing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. But David Schimel of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, a co-author of the new study, says that before determining how much to reduce fossil fuel burning we should consider the effects of natural climate variations on the ability of plants to absorb CO2. Schimel said satellite measurements of CO2, plant growth and temperature show that natural warming events such as El Nino at first cause more CO2 to be released into the atmosphere, probably as the result of accelerated decay of dead plant matter in the soil. But later, within two years, there is an explosion of growth in forests and grasslands, which means plants suck more carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. 'We think that there is a delayed response in vegetation and soil to the warming effects of such phenomena as El Nino, and this leads to increased plant growth,' said Schimel. 49 However, he said, it is not clear whether the warming by El Nino causes a net decrease in the buildup of CO2 over the long haul. 'We don't really know that yet, 'said Schimel. What the study does show, however, is that the rise and fall of CO2 in the atmosphere is strongly influenced by natural changes in global temperature, said B.H. Braswell of the University of New Hampshire, another co-author of the study. Braswell said that in years when the global weather is cooler than normal, there is a decrease in both the decay of dead plants and in new plant growth. This causes an effect that is the opposite of El Nino warming: CO2 atmosphere levels first decline and later increase. 50 'I think we have demonstrated that the ecosystem has a lot more to do with climate change than was previously believed, ' said Braswell, 'Focusing on the role of human activity in climate change is important, but manmade factors are not the only factors.'

翻译题One answer to the question, 'What ate dinosaurs?' is, obviously, 'Other dinosaurs.' Theropod predators like Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus loom large in the imagination of every lover of prehistoric monsters, and their animatronic fights with the likes of Diplodocus and Stegosaurus are the stuff of cliche. 46 Science tries to look beyond the obvious, and at this year's meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Palaeontology, held in Las Vegas, some of the speakers asked whether the top predators of the Mesozoic era really were all dinosaurs. Their conclusion was 'no'. Another group of reptiles, until recently neglected, were also important carnivores. And it is a group that is still around today: the crocodiles. That the past role of crocodiles (or, strictly, crocodilians, since they came in many sizes and shapes. not all of which resemble the modem animals) has been underestimated was suggested a few years ago by Paul Sereno. 47 Dr. Sereno, a paleontologist at the University of Chicago, uncovered a crocodile-dominated ecosystem from about 100m years ago in what is now North Africa. Besides, water-dwelling giants are similar to (though much bigger than) today's animals, he found a range of forms including vegetarians and species that ran on elongated legs—more like dogs than crocodiles. That discovery has prompted other fossil hunters to look elsewhere. 48 As a result, even the well-studied rocks of North America are revealing that dinosaurs did not have it all their own way in the ecosystems of the Mesozoic. The Cretaceous equivalent of zebra and antelopes—the victim species in every wildlife documentary about the dramas of the African savannah—were herbivorous dinosaurs called ornithopods. Frequently, these were taken by theropods, but not always. 49 When Ms. Drumheller and Mr. Boyd examined the bones 0f juvenile upper-Cretaceous ornithopods dug up in Utah they saw marks on one skeleton that looked suspiciously like those modem crocodiles inflict when biting and tearing at their prey. On examining these marks more closely, they found a crocodilian tooth stuck in one of them. It was not a large tooth. Its size suggests the animal which made it was no more than a meter and a half (about 5 feet) long. Such a predator would have been unable to take on an adult ornithopod. Nevertheless, this tooth is the first unarguable proof that crocodilians did indeed snack on dinosaurs. 50 Moreover, it helps to confirm suspicions that the other crocodile-bite-like marks that Ms. Drumheller and Mr. Boyd have discovered really are what they look like. By combining that with an analysis of the whole site, the two researchers argue that what they have; discovered is a dinosaur nesting ground that was being raided by crocodilians.

翻译题What is it that brings about such an intimate connection between language and thinking? Is there no thinking without the use of language, namely in concepts and concept combinations for which words need not necessarily come to mind? Has not every one of us struggled for words although the connection between 'things' was already clear? 46 We might be inclined to attribute to the act of thinking complete independence from language if the individual formed or were able to form his concepts without the verbal guidance of his environment. Yet most likely the mental shape of an individual, growing up under such conditions, would be very poor. Thus we may conclude that the mental development of the individual and his way of forming concepts depend to a high degree upon language. This makes us realize to what extent the same language means the same mentality. In this sense thinking and language are linked together. What distinguishes the language of science from languages as we ordinarily understand the word? How is it that scientific language is international? 47 What science strives for is an utmost acuteness and clarity of concepts as regards their mutual relation and their correspondence to sensory data. As an illustration, let us take the language of Euclidean geometry and Algebra. They manipulate with a small number of independently introduced concepts, respectively symbols, such as the integral number, the straight line, the point, as well as with signs which designate the fundamental concepts. This is the basis for the construction, respectively definition of all other statements and concepts. The connection between concepts and statements on the one hand and the sensory data on the other hand is established through acts of counting and measuring whose performance is sufficiently well determined. 48 The super-national character of scientific concepts and scientific language is due to the fact that they have been set up by the best brains of all countries and all times. In solitude and yet in cooperative effort as regards the final effect they created the spiritual tools for the technical revolutions which have transformed the life of mankind in the last centuries. Their system of concepts has served as a guide in the bewildering chaos of perceptions so that we learned to grasp general truths from particular observations. What hopes and fears does the scientific method imply for mankind? I do not think that this is the right way to put the question. Whatever this tool in the hand of man will produce depends entirely on the nature of the goals alive in this mankind. Once these goals exist, the scientific method furnishes means to realize them. Yet it cannot furnish the very goals. 49 The scientific method itself would not have led anywhere, and it would not even have been born without a passionate striving for clear understanding. Perfection of means and confusion of goals seem—in my opinion—to characterize our age. 50 If we desire sincerely and passionately the safety, the welfare and the free development of the talents of all men, we shall not be in want of the means to approach such a state. Even if only a small part of mankind strives for such goals, their superiority will prove itself in the long run.

翻译题 There is an old saying that philosophy bakes no bread. It is perhaps equally true that no bread would ever have been baked without philosophy. For the act of baking implies a decision on the philosophical issue of whether life is worthwhile at all. Bakers may not have often asked themselves the question in so many words. 46 But philosophy traditionally has been nothing less than the attempt to ask and answer, in a formal and disciplined way, the great questions of life that ordinary men might put to themselves in reflective moments. In a world of war and change, of principles armed with bombs and technology searching for principles, the alarming thing is not what philosophers say but what they fail to say. 47 When reason is overturned, blind passions are unrestrained, and urgent questions mount, men turn for guidance to scientists, sociologists, politicians, journalists—almost anyone except their traditional guide, the philosopher. Ironically, the once remote theologians are in closer touch with humanity's immediate and intense concerns than most philosophers. Many feel that the 'queen of sciences' has been dethroned. Once all sciences were part of philosophy's domain, but gradually, from physics to psychology, they seceded and established themselves as independent disciplines. Above all, for some time now, philosophy itself has been engaged in a vast revolt against its own past and against its traditional function. 48 This intellectual clearance may well have been necessary, but as a result contemporary philosophy looks inward at its own problems rather than outward at men, and philosophizes about philosophy, not about life. A great many of his colleagues in the U.S. today would agree with Donald Kalish, chairman of the philosophy department at U.C.L.A., who says: 'There is no system of philosophy to spin out. There are no ethical truths, there are just clarifications of particular ethical problems. You are mistaken to think that anyone ever had the answers. There are no answers.' 49 As a result, philosophy today is bitterly separated, and most of the major philosophy departments and scholarly journals are the exclusive property of one sect or another. 50 Chances are, however, that philosophy will learn to coexist with science and reach is delayed maturity, provided it resolutely insists on being a separate discipline dealing publicly and intelligibly in first-order questions. Caution is bound to remain. Instead of one-man systems, philosophy in the future will probably consist of a dialogue of many thinkers, each seeking to explore to the fullest one aspect of a common problem.

翻译题It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science it is impossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new, they are by definition unknown in advance. You cannot make choices in this matter. 46 You either have science or you don't, and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and promptly useful bits. The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is, in its way, an illuminating piece of news. 47 It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering the wag ahead seems. 48 It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far from being answered. Because of this, we are depressed. 49 It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted. But we are making a beginning and there ought to be some satisfaction. There are probably no questions we can think up that can't be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness. 50 To be sure, there may well be questions we can't think up, ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter. Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all our answers if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention.

翻译题Fifteen years ago, I was a physicist hard at work hunting for a theory of nature that would unify the very big and the very small. There was good reason to hope. The great and the good were committed. 46 Even Einstein, who recognized that our understanding of reality is necessarily incomplete, had spent the last 20 years of his life searching for a unified field theory that would describe the two main forces we see acting around us—gravity and electromagnetism—as manifestations of a single force. For him, such a mathematical theory represented the purest and most elegant expression of nature and the highest achievement of the human intellect. 47 Modern critics say that Einstein and other giants of 20th-century physics failed because their models didn't include all particles of matter and their fundamental interactions. But are we really getting any closer? Do we dare ask whether the search is fundamentally misguided? 48 Could belief in a physical theory that unifies the secrets of the material world—a 'hidden code' of nature—be the scientific equivalent of the religious belief in oneness held by the billions who go to churches every day? 49 Even before what we now call physics existed, ancient Greek philosophers pondered whether the diversity of nature could radiate from a single source, a primal (原始的) substance. Pythagoras and his followers believed that nature was a mathematical puzzle, constructed through ratios and patterns that combine integers, and that geometry was the key to deciphering it. The idea of mathematics as a fundamental gateway to nature's secrets re-emerged during the late Renaissance. 50 Galileo Galilei (伽利略) made it clear that the mathematical description of nature succeeds only through the painstaking application of the scientific method, where hypotheses are tested by experiments and observations and then accepted or rejected.