填空题Surveillance systems and antiviral treatments will help contain a disease, but they cannot halt it the way a vaccine could. Such a treatment would have to come from the makers of vaccines for the more ordinary, seasonal strains of flu. Yet despite all the advances in biological science, this industry still relies on capital-intensive, inflexible and old-fashioned technologies, such as producing vaccines from millions of chicken eggs. (41) ______ There are usually several different strains of influenza active at any time, arid these variations evolve. Alan Barrett of the University of Texas says travel by carriers of influenza, be they people in aeroplanes or birds on the wing, means regional mutations quickly spread around the world. Hence, even when flu subsides at the end of the northern hemisphere's winter, the disease merely shifts to the southern hemisphere (which is now entering its winter). Six months later, it moves back. When the mutations are gradual, as with seasonal flu, it is known as drift; when they are abrupt, as with the new strain of HIN1, you have a shift on your hands. (42) ______ The firms then prepare their genetic cocktails and develop them inside live chicken eggs in sterile conditions. The resulting vaccine provokes the patient's immune system into producing antibodies, and that primes it for an attack by the worrying strains of flu. If a global pandemic is declared and manufacturers are asked to produce a vaccine for H1N1, they are unlikely to be able to respond quickly enough. Firms can produce perhaps a billion doses of seasonal vaccine every year. The details of dosing for a pandemic vaccine are not yet known, but it is clear that even if all the capacity was switched to pandemic flu there would still be a huge global shortfall. (43) ______. Switching production also poses risks. A lack of vaccines for seasonal flu guarantees that many unprotected people will die of the otherwise mundane version of influenza. (44) ______. The main problem is that egg-based manufacturing cannot mount a rapid response. It could take only a few more weeks for the WHO and CDC to develop a "seed" strain of the pandemic virus, but experts say producers would then need four to six months before they could create large volumes of vaccine. (45) ______ A number of companies have been hoping to get such technologies to the market by 2011 or 2012, and some might be able to help with any shortfall should there be a pandemic later this year. The WHO called such novel approaches a risky "leap of faith. " But if a crisis does engulf the world, that may be a leap some are willing to make.[A] Nor is there any guarantee that, having switched production, a second wave of an H1N1 strain will indeed be deadly. So producing pandemic vaccines as a precaution may turn out to be a waste of resources with deadly results. Or it may save millions of lives. No one knows.[B] To help the vaccine manufacturers plan, the WHO issues guidelines every six months listing the three strains of seasonal flu that appear to pose the biggest threat during the relevant hemisphere's approaching winter.[C] The production of flu vaccine has developed to cope with seasonal flu. The disease may seem no more than a nuisance to many, but the flu still kills perhaps 500,000 people a year around the world. It is hard to develop a perfect vaccine against seasonal influenza because it is so fleet-footed.[D] Officials shut down most of the economy to halt the spread of a previously unknown strain of the mongrel H1N1 virus, which is comprised of avian, swine and human influenza viruses. The hope is that the outbreak has now peaked.[E] Could more innovative manufacturing techniques help? One promising approach involves growing vaccines not in eggs but in cell cultures, which is speedy and easily scaled up. Another is to add adjuvants, which are catalysts that improve the efficacy of a vaccine and reduce the amount of active ingredient required.[F] Anthony Fauci, head of America's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, says the American government has been funding many such firms in preparation for bioterrorism and pandemics. But he points out that none of the firms has so far got a pandemic flu vaccine past safety trials.[G] Keiji Fukuda of the WHO summed it up this way: "There's much greater vaccine capacity than there was a few years ago, but there is not enough vaccine capacity to instantly make vaccines for the entire world's population for influenza. "

填空题A.Forexample,certainlettersorwordsaremorelikelytooccurtogether—ifanunknownkeystrokefollowsa"t",itismuchmorelikelytobean"h"thanan"x".Similarly,thewords"forexample"makelikelierbedfellowsthan"furexample".Inafinalrefinement,theresearchersemployedamethodmanystudentswoulddowelltodeployontermpapers:automatedspellchecking.B.Suchsnoopingispossiblebecauseeachkeyproducesacharacteristicclick,shapedbyitspositiononthekeyboard,thevigourandhandpositionofthetypist,andthetypeofkeyboardused.Butpastattemptstodecipherkeyboardsoundswereonlymodestlysuccessful,requiringatrainingsessioninwhichthecomputermatchedaknowntranscripttoanaudiorecordingofeachkeybeingstruck.Thusschooled,thesoftwarecouldstillidentifyonly80%ofthecharactersinadifferenttranscriptofthesametypistonthesamemachine.Furthermore,eachnewtypistorkeyboardrequiredafreshtranscriptandtrainingsession,limitingthemethod'sappealtowould-behackers.C.Toprotectagainstthesesonicincursions,Dr.Tygarsuggestsasimpleremedy:turnuptheradio.Hiscomputerswerelesssuccessfulatparsingrecordingsmadeinnoisymorns.Ultimately,though,moresophisticatedrecordinggearcouldovercomeevenbackgroundnoise,renderinganytypedtextvulnerable.Dr.Tygarthereforerecommendsthattypedpasswordsbephasedout,tobereplacedwithbiometricscansormultipletypesofauthorisationthatcombineapasswordwithsomeformofsilentverification(clickingonapre-chosenpictureinaselectionofimages,forexample).Looselipsmaystillsinkships,buthisresearchdemonstratesthatanindiscreetkeystrokecoulddojustasmuchdamage.D.Now,inablowtoacousticsecurity,DougTygarandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,havepublisheddetailsofanapproachthatreaches96%accuracy,evenwithoutalabeledtrainingtranscript.Thenewapproachemploysmethodsdevelopedforspeech-recognitionsoftwaretogrouptogetherallthesimilar-soundingkeystrokesinarecording,generatinganalphabetofclicks.Thesoftwaretentativelyassignseachclickaletterbasedonitsfrequency,thenteststhemessagecreatedbythisassignmentusingstatisticalmodelsoftheEnglishlanguage.E.Byrepeatedlyrevisingunlikelyorincorrectletterassignments,DrTygar'ssoftwareextractssensefromsonicchaos.Thatsaid,themethoddoeshaveonelimitation:inordertoapplythelanguagemodel,atleastfiveminutesoftherecordedtypinghadtobeinstandardEnglish(thoughinprincipleanysystematiclanguageoralphabetwouldwork).Butoncethoserequirementsaremet,theprogramcandecodeanythingfromepicprosetorandomised,ten-characterpasswords.F.Thissortofacousticanalysismightsoundliketheexclusiveprovinceofspiesandspooks,butaccordingtoDr.Tygar,suchattacksarenotasesotericasyoumightexpect.HesaysitisquitesimpletofindtheinstructionsneededtobuildaparabolicorlasermicrophoneontheInternet.Youcouldjustpointonefromoutsidetowardsanofficewindowtomakearecording.Andashepointsout,would-beeavesdroppersmightnotevenneedtheirownrecordingequipment,aslaptopcomputersincreasinglycomeequippedwithbuilt-inmicrophonesthatcouldbehijacked.G.Clatteringkeyboardsmayseemthewhitenoiseofthemodernage,buttheybetraymoreinformationthanunwarytypistsrealize.Simplybyanalyzingaudiorecordingsofkeyboardclatter,computerscientistscannowreconstructanaccuratetranscriptofwhatwastyped—includingpasswords.Andincontrastwithmanytypesofcomputerespionage,theprocessissimple,requiringonlyacheapmicrophoneandadesktopcomputer.Order:

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}You are going to read a list of headings and a text about natural selection. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph (41—45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. [A] The impotence of creationism.[B] Natural selection acts by competition.[C] The role of natural selection in this colorful world[D] The delicate hierarchy of the natural system.[E] The agency of selection can account for more cases.[F] No leaps in natural evolution. As each species tends by its geometrical rate of reproduction to increase excessively in number; and as the modified descendants of each species will be enabled to increase by as much as they become more diversified in habits and structure, so as to be able to seize on many and widely different places in natural selection to preserve the most divergent offspring of any one species. Hence, during a long-continued course of modification, the slight differences characteristic of varieties of the same species, tend to be augmented into the greater differences characteristic of the species of the same genus. 41. __________ New and improved varieties will inevitably displace and destroy the older, less improved, and intermediate varieties; and thus species are rendered to a large extent defined and distinct objects. Dominant species belonging to the larger groups within each class tend to give birth to new and dominant forms; so that each large group tends to become still larger, and at the same time more divergent in character. But as all groups cannot thus go on increasing in size, for the world would not hold them, the more dominant groups beat the less dominant. 42. __________ This tendency in the large groups to go on increasing in size and diverging in character, together with the inevitability of much extinction, explains the arrangement of all the forms of life in groups subordinate to groups, all within a few great classes, which has prevailed throughout all time. This grand fact of the grouping of all organic beings under what is called the Natural System, is utterly unexplainable on the theory of creation. 43. __________ As natural selection acts solely by accumulating slight, successive, favorable variations, it can produce no great or sudden modifications; it can act only by short and slow steps. We can see why throughout nature the same general end is gained by an almost infinite diversity of means, for every peculiarity when once acquired in long inherited, and structures already modified in many different ways have to be adapted for the same general purpose. We can, in short, see why nature is extravagant in variety, though not generous in innovation. But why this should be a law of nature if each species has been independently created no man can explain. 44. __________ Many other facts are, as it seems to me, explicable on this theory. How strange it is that a bird, under the form of a woodpecker, should prey on insects on the ground and that upland geese which rarely or never swim, should possess webbed feet, and so in endless other cases. But on the view of each species constantly trying to increase in number, with natural selection always ready to adapt the slowly varying descendants of each to any unoccupied or ill-occupied place in nature, these facts cease to be strange, or might even have been anticipated. 45. __________ We can to a certain extent understand how it is that there is so much beauty throughout nature; for this may be largely attributed to the agency of selection. That beauty, according to our sense of it, is not universal, must be admitted by every one who will look at some hideous bats with a distorted resemblance to the human face. Sexual selection has given the most brilliant colors, elegant patterns, and other ornaments to the males. With birds it has often rendered the voice of the male musical to the female, as well as to our ears. Flowers and fruit have been rendered conspicuous by brilliant colors in contrast with the green foliage, in order that the flowers may be readily seen, visited and fertilized by insects. As natural selection acts by competition, it adapts and improves the inhabitants of each country only in relation to their co-inhabitants; so that we need feel no surprise at the species of any one country being beaten and supplanted by the naturalized productions from another land. The wonder indeed is, on the theory of natural selection, that more cases of the want of absolute perfection have not been detected.

填空题It's long been known, but little discussed in polite high-tech circles, that information-age technology is not the clean industry it claims to be. Manufacturing a single PC can generate 139 pounds of waste and involves a host of chemicals linked to high rates of cancer and birth defects among workers and communities. 1. Disposal Crisis of E-waste Electronic waste (e-waste)—such as obsolete and discarded computers, monitors, printers, cell phones, and televisions—is one of the fastest growing waste streams in the developed world, thanks to the industry's philosophy of "design for immediate obsolescence" and a weak electronics-recycling infrastructure. 2. Public Health Problems If the full force of the high-tech revolution hits the landfill, its health risks will leave no community untouched. 3. The European Solution The European Union is way ahead of the U.S. in recognizing the hazards and moving towards a solution. 4. How Will the U.S. Proceed? Because the U.S. high-tech industry and its friends in Washington represent the biggest obstacles to the globalization of take-back laws, a broad coalition of environmental, health, labor, and recycling groups and local governments has formed the Computer Take Back Campaign to support EU-style legislation in the U.S. 5. Going Global The European approach is more than a minor "software patch" on a fundamentally flawed program. By establishing corporate responsibility for products at the end of their lives, this strategy could have wide-ranging effects on the information technology industry. The EU approach spreads environmental benefits globally rather than shifting pollution to developing nations. A. If we can adopt the EU's code in the U.S., we can do a bit of reverse engineering on globalization. By downloading Europe's program to the U.S., we can finally begin to clean up the "clean industry" around the globe. B. An estimated 300 to 500 million computers will descend on landfills by 2007 in the U.S. alone. Three-quarters of all computers ever sold in this country await disposal in garages and storage facilities because their owners don't know what to do with them. C. The first European Union directive on e-waste, adopted last year, requires producers to take responsibility for the entire life cycle of their products. By 2005, companies will either have to take back products directly from consumers or fund independent collectors to do so. Waste that was generated prior to the enactment date will be the responsibility of all existing companies, in proportion to their market share. Future waste is to be the individual responsibility of each company, thereby creating an incentive to redesign products for easier and safer recycling and disposal. No e-waste will be allowed in municipal waste streams. D. E-waste accounts for 5 percent of all solid waste in America but approximately 40 percent of the lead, 70 percent of the heavy metals, and a significant portion of the organic chemical pollutants in America's dumps. This e-waste can leach into the ground, as it did in the Silicon Valley. It was the widespread contamination of the valley's aquifers in the early 1980s that initially punctured the high-tech industry's clean image. Currently; there are more EPA superfund cleanup sites in this valley than anywhere else in the U.S. The threat to soil, drinking water and public health will grow as e-waste surges into the waste stream worldwide. E. Hundreds of organizations and local governments in the U.S. have already endorsed the campaign's platform. The campaign advocates that the U.S. adopt standards for electronics manufacturers at least as stringent as those adopted by the EU: hazardous materials would be phased out, and all electronics would be designed for reuse and recycling. The campaign has sparked legislative grounds well. In the past year alone, 20 states have introduced legislation to address e-waste. F. Local governments and taxpayers now pick up the tab for the disposal of e-waste. The state of California, for example, faces an estimated $1 billion in e-waste disposal costs over the next few years.

填空题[A]IsthatwhattheAmericanviewingpublicisgetting?Perhaps10%ofprime-timenetworkprogrammingisahappycombinationofentertainmentandenrichment.Thereusedtobetelevisionmoviesrichinhumanvalues,buttheyhavenowbecomeanendangeredspecies.Ifindtelevisiontoomuchconcernedwithwhatpeoplehaveandtoolittleconcernedwithwhotheyare,veryconcernedwithtakingcareofNo.1andnotatallconcernedwithsharingthemselveswithotherpeople.Alltoooftenittellsusthehalftruthwewanttohearratherthanthewholetruthweneedtohear.[B]Whyistelevisionnotmorefullyrealizingitshumanizingpotential?Isthecreativecommunityatfault?Partially.Butnotprimarily.Ihavelivedandworkedinthatcommunityfor32years,asbothpriestandproducer.Asagroup,thesepeoplehavevalues.Infact,inHollywoodinrecentmonths,audienceenrichmenthasbecometheinthing.AcoalitionofmediacompanieshasendowedtheHumanitasPrizesothatitcanrecognizeandcelebratethosewhoaccomplishit.[C]Everygoodstorywillnotonlycaptivateitsviewersbutalsogivethemsomeinsightintowhatitmeanstobeahumanbeing.Bysodoing,itcanhelpthemgrowintothedeeplycentered,sovereignfree,joyouslylovinghumanbeingGodmadethemtobe.Meaning,freedomandlove--thesupremehumanvalues.AndthisisthekindofhumanenrichmenttheAmericanviewingpublichasarighttoexpectfromthosewhomakeitsentertainment.[D]TheproblemwithAmericanTVisnotthelackofstorytellersofconsciencebutthecommercialsystemwithinwhichtheyhavetooperate.TelevisionintheU.S.isabusiness.Inthepast,thebusinesssidehasbeenbalancedbyacommitmenttopublicservice.Butinrecentyearsthefragmentationofthemassaudience,hugeinterestpaymentsandskyrocketingproductioncostshavecombinedwiththeFCC'sabdicationofitsresponsibilitytoprotectthecommongoodtoproduceanalmosttotalpreoccupationwiththebottomline.Thenetworksarestrugglingtosurvive.Andthat,thestatisticsseemtoindicate,ismindless,heartless,escapistfare.Ifwearedissatisfiedwiththemoralcontentofwhatweareinvitedtowatch,Ithinkweshouldbeginbyexaminingourownconsciences.Whenwetunein,arewereadytoplungeintoreality;soastoextractitsmeaning,orarewehopingtoescapeintoasedatedworldofillusion?Andifchurchleaderswanttoelevatethequalityofthecountry'sentertainment,theyshouldforgetaboutboycotts,productioncodesandcensor-ship.Theyshouldworkateducatingtheirpeopleinmedialiteracyandatmobilizingthemtosupportqualityshowsinhugenumbers.[E]Itisnotaquestionofentertainmentorenrichment.Thesearecomplementaryconcernsandpresupposeeachother.Thestorythatentertainswithoutenrichingissuperficialandescapist.Thestorythatenricheswithoutentertainingissimplydull.Thestorythatdoesbothisadelight.[F]ThatistheonlysurewaytoimprovethemoralcontentofAmerica'sentertainment.[G]Despitequestionsofthemotivationbehindthem,theattacksbythePresidentandtheVicePresidentonthemoralcontentoftelevisionentertainmenthavefoundanechointhechambersoftheAmericansoul.Manywhorejectthemessengersstillacceptthemessage.TheydonotlikethemoraltoneofAmericanTV.Inoursocietyonlythehumanfamilysurpassestelevisioninitscapacitytocommunicatevalues,providerolemodels,formconsciencesandmotivatehumanbehavior.Feweducator,churchleadersorpoliticianspossessthemoralinfluenceofthosewhocreatethenation'sentertainment.Order:

填空题The planets seemed like pretty small places. At the same time, Earth seemed a lot larger than it does now. No one had ever seen our planet as a planet: a blue marble on black velvet, coated with water and air. No one knew that the moon was born in an impact. No one fully appreciated that humanity was becoming a geologic force in its own right, capable of changing the environment on a global scale. Whatever else the Space Age has done, it has enriched our view of the natural world and given us a perspective. National Research Council (NRC) panels periodically ask whether the world"s planetary exploration programs are on track. The list of goals that follows synthesizes their priorities. 1. Monitor Earth"s Climate The venerable Landsat series, which has monitored the surface since 1972, has been on the fritz for years, and the U.S. has Department of Agriculture has already had to buy data from Indian satellites to monitor crop productivity. For some types of data, no other nation can fill in. 2. Prepare an Asteroid Defense Like climate monitoring, guarding the planet from asteroids always seems to fall between the cracks. Neither NASA nor the European Space Agency (ESA) has a mandate to stave off human extinction. It would take 15 years or longer to mount a defense against an incoming body, assuming that the technology were ready to go. 3. Seek Out New Life Before Spotnik, scientists thought the solar system might be a veritable Garden of Eden. Earth"s sister worlds proved to be hellish, even when the Mariner probes revealed a cratered moonscape and the Viking landers failed to find even a single organic molecule. But lately the plausible venues for life have multiplied. 4. Explain the Genesis of the Planets Studies of the origin of the planets overlap quite a bit with studies of the origins of life. Jakosky puts it thus: "Venus sits at the inner edge of the habitable zone. Mars sits at the outer edge. Earth sits in the middle. And understanding the differences between those planets is central to asking about life beyond our solar system." 5. Break Out of the Solar System A solar sail 200 meters across could carry a 500-kilogram spacecraft. After launch from Earth, it would first swoop toward the sun, going as it dared—just inside Mercury"s orbit—to get flung out by the intense sunlight. "Such a mission, be it ESA-or NASA-led, is the next logical step in our exploration of space," Wim mer-Schweingruber says. "After all, there is more to space than exploring our very, very local neighborhood." The estimated price tag is about $2 billion including three decades" operating expenses. A. Like the origin of life, the origin of the planets was a complex, multistage process. Jupiter was the first-born. Did it build up slowly, like the other planets? Did it form farther from the sun and move inward? B. Like a windsurfer, the spacecraft would steer by leaning to one side or the other. Just before passing Jupiter"s orbit, it would cast off the sail and glide outward. To get ready, engineers need to design a sufficiently lightweight sail and test it on first. C. So NRC prepares to take some action plans. Extend asteroid search to smaller bodies, perhaps using a dedicated infrared space telescope. Deflect an asteroid in a controlled way as a trial run. Develop an official system for evaluating potential threats. D. The NRC panel called for restoring the lost funding, which pay for 17 new missions over the coming decade, such as ones to keep tabs on ice sheets and carbon dioxide levels—essential for predicting climate change and its effects. People sometimes take the mundane yet urgent task of looking after our own planet for granted. E. Mars is looking hopeful again. Outer-planet moons, notably Europa and Enceladus, appear to have vast underground seas and plenty of life"s raw materials. Even Venus might have been covered in oceans once. The research is not just about finding companionship in the cosmos. It is about divining our own origins. F. This past spring ESA completed a set of feasibility studies—and promptly shelved them for lack of money. It would take a joint effort with NASA or the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), or both, to make the plan happen.

填空题A significant portion of industry and transportation burns fossil fuels, such as gasoline. When these fuels burn, chemicals and particulate matter are released into the atmosphere. Although a vast number of substances contribute to air pollution, the most common air pollutants contain carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen. 41 __________. Acid rain forms when sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide transform into sulfuric acid and nitric acid in the atmosphere and come back to Earth in precipitation. Acid rain has made numerous lakes so acidic that they no longer support fish populations. 42 __________. Estimates suggest that nearly 1.5 billion people worldwide lack safe drinking water and that at least 5 million deaths per year can be attributed to waterborne diseases. Water pollution may come from point sources or nonpoint sources. Point sources discharge pollutants from specific locations, such as factories, sewage treatment plants, and oil tankers. The technology exists to monitor and regulate point sources of pollution, although in some areas this occurs only sporadically. Pollution from nonpoint sources occurs when rainfall or snowmelt moves over and through the ground. 43 __________. With almost 80 percent of the planet covered by oceans, people have long acted as if those bodies of water could serve as a limitless dumping ground for wastes. However, raw sewage, garbage, and oil spills have begun to overwhelm the diluting capabilities of tile oceans, and most coastal waters are now polluted, threatening marine wildlife. 44 __________. Water that collects beneath the ground is called groundwater. Worldwide, groundwater is 40 times more abundant than fresh water in streams and lakes. In the United States, approximately half the drinking water comes from groundwater. Although groundwater is a renewable resource, reserves replenish relatively slowly. Presently, groundwater in the United States is withdrawn approximately 4 times faster than it is naturally replaced. 45 __________.A. Beaches around the world close regularly, often because the surrounding waters contain high levels of bacteria from sewage disposal.B. These chemicals interact with one another and with ultraviolet radiation in sunlight in dangerous ways. Smog, usually found in urban areas with large numbers of automobiles, forms when nitrogen oxides react with hydrocarbons in the air to produce aldehydes and ketones. Smog can cause serious health problems.C. Acid rain is also responsible for the decline of many forest ecosystems worldwide, including Germany's Black Forest and forests throughout the eastern United States.D. In addition to groundwater depletion, scientists worry about groundwater contamination, which arises from leaking underground storage tanks, poorly designed industrial waste ponds, and seepage from the deep-well injection of hazardous wastes into underground geologic formations.E. The Ogallala Aquifer, a huge underground reservoir stretching under eight states of the Great Plains, is drawn down at rates exceeding 100 times the replacement rate. Agricultural practices depending on this source of water need to change within a generation in order to save this groundwater source.F. As the runoff moves, it picks up and carries away pollutants, such as pesticides and fertilizers, depositing the pollutants into lakes, rivers, wetlands, coastal waters, and even underground sources of drinking water. Pollution arising from nonpoint sources accounts for a majority of the contaminants in streams and lakes.G. By some estimates, on average, 25 percent of usable groundwater is contaminated, and in some areas as much as 75 percent is contaminate

填空题Whether you recently moved into a new home or you've just got the gardening itch, planning a new garden can be a great deal of fun. The opportunity to act as creator can be very appealing. But anyone who has gardened for long has learned the necessity of accommodating nature and has developed a sense of humility in the process.(41) Weather matters The first thing to determine is what will grow in the spot available for your garden. This is where many gardeners make their first mistake. Too often plants are purchased before thought has been given to the conditions under which they will have to grow. One of chief factors determining what will grow in a particular spot is the weather conditions the plants will be subjected to.(42) Lay of the land Next, you will need to determine what type of soil you'll be working with. The three main constituents of soil are sand, silt and clay, Silt particles are of intermediate size. An ideal garden soil, or loam, would be about 40% sand, 40% silt and 20% clay.(43) Amend your soil The best way to amend a poor soil, whether sandy, clay or silty, is to add organic matter. Add a combination of topsoil and peat moss or compost will do a great help.(44) Keep a watch on moisture Soil moisture is obviously tied to the climate of the area where you live, but even in a small yard there can be wide variations. If your garden is at the bottom of a hill, the soil may remain wet for long periods of time. In this situation, you can try creating a raised bed, but it is best to stick to plants that enjoy having their feet wet.(45) Don't fight mother nature While some measures can be taken to make your garden a hospitable place for particular plants, your experience will be much more rewarding if you learn to work with nature. You will save yourself a lot of time, money and grief. The hardest thing to convince new gardeners of is the need for patience. With the first warm day of spring they are eager to begin planting and nothing can stop them. Many of these bursts of enthusiasm yield ill-conceived gardens doomed to failure. The plants wither and the would-be gardeners become convinced that they lack some secret knowledge or inherent skill. In most of these cases, however, a few hours of planning and preparation would have made all the difference. It is quite easy to dig up a plot and throw some plants in the ground. It is another thing entirely to create a healthy, living garden.[A] Azaleas in bloom might look great when the sun's out, but if they were planted beneath some protection from the glare, they might not be constantly infested with bugs. Of course, you can spray them regularly with insecticide, but now your garden is becoming about as environmentally friendly as an oil refinery.[B] A colleague of mine had just bought a new house, and was brimming with excitement about his new garden. He planted a splendid garden, filled with plants unsuitable for our comparatively cold climate, and in a few months, most of his plants had either withered or become diseased. He thought he lacked some secret knowledge, but I knew why![C] My neighbor complained that the earth in his garden was poor and didn't drain easily. I advised him to do as I had done, and go down to the beach for his solution.[D] The water table is very high in my area. At first I tried to fight this in my garden, but eventually I realized that I could use this to my advantage—now I have a beautiful pond full of lilies.[E] Unfortunately, my own garden does not have the best of soil. My solution to this problem is to keep all the cuttings when I mow the lawn. Once these have rotted down, I dig them into the soil to make it richer and much better for growing.[F] My friend's garden is very beautiful, but unfortunately, his house looks a little drab. My advice to him was to purchase some climbing plants that he could encourage to grow on trellises fixed to his wall—now his house looks very natural.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. It's not just an American phenomenon: Across the globe, single-parent homes are on the rise. Numbers for one-parent families increased from England to Australia during the 1990s, mirroring demographic shifts reflected in the U.S. census. Just as in America, those shifts raised new questions about how involved government should be in helping single-parent families, which often are less well-off financially than those led by a married mom and dad. 41. __________ Annie Oliver, a 32-year-old single mother from Bristol, England, thinks so. "You wouldn't believe how becoming a single parent suddenly made me a second-class citizen," said Oliver, who struggles to keep a full-time job and give the extra care her disabled son needs. 42. __________ By comparison, 9.8 million house-holds, or 9 percent of all U. S. households were headed by an adult raising a child alone or without a spouse. The 1990 census showed 26 percent of homes were led by a married mother and father, and 8 percent of homes were led by a single parent. Similar increases occurred in other countries, though data from those countries are not directlycomparable to U.S. census figures because of methodology differences. 43. __________ Single parent households in Australia rose from 5.8 percent in 1990 to 7.6 percent in 1999. Other countries that saw large increases, according to the Organization: —Belgium, 1.8 percent of households in 1990 to 2.7 percent in 1999; —Ireland, 1.8 percent to 2.8 percent; —Luxembourg, 1.3 percent to 2.2 percent. 44. __________ Those countries tend to have greater acceptance of single parenting because there are fewer nearby family members to disapprove, Riche said. Lone-parent family households in Japan increased from 5.1 percent in 1990 to just 5.2 percent in 1999. 45. __________ "The position of one-parent families in any given country is very much a gender issue—women's opportunities, especially working-class women on low income," said Sue Cohen, coordinator of the Single Action Parents Network in England.[A] In the United States, the 2000 census showed 24.8 million, or nearly 24 percent of the nation's 105.5 million house-holds, were traditional two-parent homes.[B] Should single parents be afforded tax breaks to help pay for child care? Should employers be monitored to make sure flexible work-hours are offered?[C] Countries with increases in single-parent homes are often those where the nuclear family structure—just Mom, Dad and the kids—is more common than an extended, multigenerational family living under one roof, said demographer Martha Farnsworth Riche, a former Census Bureau director.[D] In the United Kingdom, lone-parent family homes increased from 3.3 percent of all households in 1990 to 5.5 percent in 1999, according to data compiled by the Paris-based Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. It did not specify whether children in those homes were younger than 18.[E] Some research suggests children raised in two-parent families are better off than those who rely on one.[F] Rates were relatively unchanged during the same period in Greece, Italy and Portugal. These countries tend to think more conservatively about family makeup, and there is more pressure to avoid divorce or unmarried parenthood, Riche said.[G] "Most of the research linking single-parenthood to children's school performance has been done with single nations," .says Dr. Suet-ling Pong, associate professor of education and sociology and demography. "We do not know much about the impact of single parenthood across cultures and countries."

填空题Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. Are we, as some popular writers suggest, in an "age of anxiety" ? Have the good old days of afternoon strolls in the park and summer evenings on the porch been replaced with ever-present pressure to work harder and faster and be better than everyone else? The ubiquitous ads for massages, meditation, anti-anxiety drugs, get-away vacations, and the like seem to say that most people today have been pushed near some sort of anxiety breaking point. Are we more anxious today, or do we just complain more? {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}The data suggest that we may indeed have entered an age of anxiety. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}When you experience anxiety, you have feelings of worry, panic, fear, and dread. It is probably the emotional experience you would have if you were suddenly arrested or if you discovered that a diary containing some of your deepest secrets had been passed around among friends. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}You probably experienced this type of anxiety if you ever felt you were being followed by a stranger or you narrowly escaped a serious automobile accident. In case of reality anxiety, you are aware of the dangerous situation responsible for your emotional reaction. Predictably, conscious thoughts were not particularly interesting to Freud. Thus he devoted more attention to two other types of anxiety, and in neither case are we consciously aware of the source of our anxiety. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} Many neo-Freudian theorists adopted and adapted Freud's ideas about anxiety in their writings. For example, Sullivan considered anxiety a cornerstone of his theory. The Neurotic coping style described by Horney are also said to develop in an effort to reduce and avoid anxiety. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} Eventually, Adler, Anna Freud, and other neo-Freudian psychologists expanded anxiety-fighting tactics to include the conscious and deliberate methods people use to deal with their anxiety. As if to acknowledge the Freudian legacy, these theorists often retained the names of the unconscious defense mechanisms when describing conscious efforts to cope with anxiety. A. Neurotic anxiety is experienced when unacceptable id impulses are dangerously close to breaking into consciousness. It is this type of anxiety that leads to ego to use defense mechanisms. Moral anxiety is brought about by the superego in response to id impulses that violate the superego ' s strict moral code. Generally, this is experienced as guilt. B. Investigators also find that not everyone uses the same coping strategies to reduce anxiety. After a lifetime of facing various threatening situation, each of us develops an arsenal of coping strategies that we believe work for us. C. These theorists accepted the Freudian notion that some experiences with anxiety stem from unconscious conflicts, although they emphasized the interpersonal and cultural role in this process more than Freud did. For example, Sullivan said anxiety could be overcome by developing solid relationship with other, what he called interpersonal security. Homey agreed unconscious impulses often triggered anxiety, but largely because they come into conflict with cultural standards. D. To answer this question, one investigator examined average anxiety scores reported in published studies from the 1950s through the 1990s. Not only did anxiety scores rise throughout the five decades. but the 1980s the average American child reported higher levels of anxiety than child psychiatric patients in 1950s. E. Although he changed his thinking about anxiety several times during his career, Freud identified three types of anxiety in his last major writing in this area. First, there is reality anxiety, or objective anxiety, which is a response to a perceived threat in the real world. F. What do we do when faced with a potentially stressful situation, such as waiting for your dentist to start drilling or getting ready for a job interview? If you are like most people, you don't just accept the potential pain or fear as part of life. Rather, researchers find that people typically respond to stress-provoking situations with calculated efforts to reduce their anxiety. G. Anxiety and strategies for alleviating anxiety have played an important role in the works of many psychoanalytic theorists. Although anxiety has been defined in many different ways, most researchers would probably agree that it is above all else an unpleasant emotional experience.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41--45, choose the most suitable one from the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (1) The maple smoke of autumn bonfires is incense to Canadians. Bestowing perfume for the nose, color for the eye, sweetness for the spring tongue, the sugar maple prompts this sharing of a favorite myth and original etymology of the word maple. (2) The maple looms large in Ojibwa folk tales. The time of year for sugaring-off is "in the Maple Moon." Among Ojibwa, the primordial female figure is Nokomis, a wise grandmother. (3) 41. ______________ (4) Knowing this was s pursuit to the death, Nokomis outsmarted the cold devils. She hid in a stand of maple trees, all red and orange and deep yellow. This maple grove grew beside a waterfall whose mist blurred the trees' outline. As they peered through the mist, slavering wendigos thought they saw a raging fire in which their prey was burning. (5) 42. ______________ (6) For their service in saving the earth mother's life, these maples were given a special gift: their water of life would be forever sweet, and Canadians would tap it for nourishment. (7) 43. ______________ (8) The contention that maple syrup is unique to North America is suspect, I believe. China has close to 10 species of maple, more than any country in the world. Canada has 10 native species. North America does happen to be home to the sugar maple, the species that produces the sweetest sap and the most abundant flow. (9) But are we to believe that in thousands of years of Chinese history, these inventive people never tapped a maple to taste its sap? I speculate that they did. (10) 44. ______________ (11) What is certain is the maple's holdfast on our national imagination. Is leaf was adopted as an emblem in New France as early as 1700, and in English Canada by the mid-19th century. In the fall of 1867, a Toronto schoolteacher named Alexander Muir was traipsing at street a the city, all squelchy underfoot from the soft felt of falling leaves, when a maple leaf alighted to his coat sleeve and stuck there. (12) The word "maple" is from "mapeltreow”, the Old English term for maple tree, with "mapl"--as its Proto-Germanic root, a compound in which the first "m" --is, I believe, the nearly worldwide "ma", one of the first human sounds, the pursing of a baby's lips as it prepares to suck milk from mother's breast. The "ma" root gives rise in many world languages to thousands of words like "mama", "mammary", "maia", and "Amazon." Here it would make "mapl-" mean "nourishing mother tree," that is, tree whose maple sap in nourishing. (13) 45. ______________ [A] The second part of the compound, "apl-", is a variant of Indo-European able "fruit of any tree" and the origin of another English fruit word, apple. So the primitive analogy compares the liquid sap with another nourishing liquid, mother's milk.[B] In one tale about seasonal change, cannibal wendigos-creatures of evil-chased through the autumn countryside old Nokomis, who was a symbol for female fertility. Wendigos throve in icy cold. When they entered the bodies of humans, the human heart froze solid.[C] Here wendigos represent oncoming winter. They were hunting to kill and eat poor Nokomis, the warm embodiment of female fecundity who, like the summer, has grown old.[D] Could Proto-Americas who crossed the Bering land bridge to populate the Americas have brought with them a knowledge of maple syrup? Is there a very old Chinese phrase for maple syrup? Is maple syrup mentioned in Chinese literature? For a non-reader of Chinese, such questions are daunting but not impossible to answer.[E] Maple and its syrup flow sweetly into Canadian humor. Quebeckers have developed a special love for such a nutriment.[F] After it resisted several brushings-off, Muir joked to his walking companion that this would be "the maple leaf for ever!" At home that evening, he wrote a poem and set it to music, in celebration of Canada's Confederation. Muir's song, "The Maple Leaf Forever," was wildly popular and helped fasten the symbol firmly to Canada.[G] But it was only old Nokomis being hidden by the bright red leaves of her friends, the maples. And so, drooling ice and huffing frost, the wendigos left her and sought easier prey.

填空题Although no longer slavers after the Civil War, American blacks took no significant part in the life of white America except as servants or laborers. Many thousands of them emigrated from the war-ravaged South to the North from 1865 to 1915 in the hope of finding work in the big industrial cities. Whole communities of blacks crowded together into ghettos in New York City, Chicago and Detroit, where once the poor white immigrants had lived. These ghettos, neglected by the city authorities, became slums. The schools to which black children went were hopelessly inadequate. Unemployment in black ghettos remained consistently higher than in white communities. 41. Serious problems with black ghettos.______ Stable family life was difficult to maintain.42. The extreme poverty of the blacks.______ In the late 1970s, nearly a third of all blacks still belonged to the so-called "underclass", they are so "under-privileged" and poor that they cannot seize the opportunity for advancement.43. Efforts to put an end to racial discrimination.______ Race relations in the USA continue to be a thorny problem,44. Improvements in Ives of the blacks.______ Despite some setbacks, race relations are improving.45. Prevailing violence in solving racial problems.______ It is said that television had an enormous influence on frustrated and hitter blacks, for it showed them bow much better whites on the whole lived than blacks. At the end of the 1960s, there were serious riots in many cities. The violence quickly died down. Blacks began to use their votes to exert political pressure. Cities like Atlanta (Georgia), Gary (Indiana), and Los Angeles (California) elected black mayors. Integration of schools, despite resistance from white groups, goes on, and the proportion of blacks in American colleges has increased dramatically in the last 20 years. There are reasons to maintain a cautious optimism that progress in race relations will continue.[A] It has been estimated that there are more than 20 million Americans in this category, 10% of the population, including many millions of whites.[B] Blacks are gaining in self-confidence. In more and more areas they are winning control of their communities, and their standard of living is going up faster than that of the poor whites. It is still a hard struggle. There is still prejudice and even some hatred, but in most walks of American life there are now more blacks than ever before.[C] The era of blatant discrimination ended in the 1960s through the courageous actions of thousands of blacks participating in peaceful marches and sitins, to force Southern states to implement the Federal desegregation laws in schools and public accommodations. Down came the "whites only" notices in bused, hotels, trains, restaurants, sporting events, restrooms and on park benches that once could be found everywhere throughout the South. Gone were the restrictions that prevented blacks voting, Gone, too, were the hideous lynchings, which since the Civil War had caused the death of thousands of innocent blacks—hanged without trial by white mobs. However, even today, poor, uneducated lacks do not always receive the same degree of justice that the more affluent and better educated can expect.[D] Many blacks chose to keep silent about their unfairness instead of resorting to violence. But their silence was also problem provoking: on the one hand, silence would build up a lot of complaints and hatred in their minds, thus resulting in a negative approach to life and everything; on the other hand, silence would give the whites an impression that the blacks take the reality for granted and put. more racial discrimination on them.[E] Unemployed fathers would on occasion walk out of their homes and never return. Children neglected by their parents turned in some instances to drugs and crimes. There are more than 700 murders a year in cities like New York, Detroit, Los Angeles and Houston, and most of these deaths are of blacks killed by blacks. The black ghettos are dangerous both for blacks and non-blacks.[F] Radical blacks like the Black panthers demanded a free black state within the Union, and advocated violence to achieve that end and to protect themselves against what they felt was police brutality toward blacks. For a while, violence overshadowed the influence of the greatly respected pacifist black, Martin Luther King, Jr. , who had provided the inspiration and leadership for those devoted to a peaceful change and whose murder in 1968 stunned America.

填空题C.P. Snow once said: "A sense of the future is behind all good policies. Unless we have it, we can give nothing either wise or decent to the world." Thinking carefully about an outcome is an intelligent first step in many processes, especially when the stakes are high, possibly even dangerous. Do you have any experience in getting out of hazardous situations? In the most exceptional circumstances, a few good rules of thumb may save you. Here are five things to keep in mind. 1. Stay calm If a catastrophe threatens your life, panic will only make matters worse. Nothing but calmness can help you adequately take stock of the situation and take appropriate measures. 2. Remain confident Desperation can paralyze you or sap your energy, while confidence is the key to saving yourself. 3. Help each other You should organize for mutual assistance in case of an earthquake, flood, fire, etc. People working together can always cope more successfully with any adverse situation. Solidarity means strength; solidarity means victory. 4. Be obedient to superiors The best strategy when facing a catastrophe is to obey commands and keep order. More often than not, leaders are experts, or someone familiar with the situation or with rich experience. Being too individualistic and going your own way will usually make the situation worse for you and others. So, the best thing to do is to listen; to authorities and remain orderly. 5. Communicate When in danger it is best to seek help immediately so those with more resources can come to your aid. If you are at risk, use whatever means available as soon as possible to contact others for help, and take efforts to maintain communication once it is established. While every catastrophe is different in its own way, all can be met and hopefully overcome with the above-mentioned pieces of advice. By carefully considering what needs to be done, even under the worst of situations, one can find solutions, or endure until aided by others. A. A person trapped in ruins in an earthquake, didn't lose hope. The victim overcame his pain and despair, and kept banging out signals on the fallen wall around him for help. Because of his efforts, a rescue team was able to find him and save his life. B. For example, if numerous people are involved in a dangerous situation, some, out of fear or inclination, may not follow direction or heed sound advice. As a result of the disorder, rescue efforts are hindered, or worse more casualties are incurred. C. Nine fishermen from Peru were hit by a severe storm, but they didn't panic even though their boat was damaged so badly that they couldn't sail home. They maintained faith that they would surely to be saved, and their belief gave them strength. When there is hope, there is a way! They survived at sea for 40 days before they were finally rescued. Their story is a good sample for future people lost at sea. It is best to remember the proverb: God helps those who help themselves. D. History shows that when people are in danger mutual assistance promotes confidence, and reassuring others not only helps them, but can calm you as well. Helping others is beneficial, especially in the direst circumstances. During the Sept. 11 attacks in America, people pulled together and supported each other. This not only reduced casualties, but also left a deep impression on people around world. Remember, helping others is helping yourself! E. The Apollo 13 space mission suffered catastrophic mechanical problems en route to the Moon. Its malfunction was caused by an explosion and rupture of oxygen tank No. 2 in the service module. The NASA Mission Control Center immediately issued two orders. The second order was concerning navigation. But, can you guess what the first order was? Unbelievably, the astronauts were told to take two tranquillizer pills each! As a result, calmness helped the astronauts overcome a series of difficulties and return to earth. Calmness can work miracles in times of emergency. F. The best way to prevent a catastrophe from happening is planning ahead. You should often check your circuits, stoves, electrical appliances and gas pipelines. Before sleeping in a hotel, you should be aware of the nearest exit in case of an emergency. "Preparation averts peril./

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are going to read a list of headings and a text about the functions of advertisment. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. [A] Advertisements add interests to life [B] Advertisements help to save money [C] Criticisms on advertisers [D] Usefulness of small advertisements [E] True aesthetic value of advertisement [F] Informing: the chief function of advertising 41__________ Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they're always coming in for criticism. Their critics seem to resent them because they have a flair for self-promotion and because they have so much money to throw around. "It's iniquitous," they say, "that this entirely unproductive industry (if we can call it that) should absorb millions of pounds each year. It only goes to show how much profit the big companies are making. Why don't they stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods? After all, it's the consumer who pay..." 42__________ The poor old consumer! He'd have to pay a great deal more if advertising didn't create mass markets for products. It is precisely because of the heavy advertising that consumer goods are so cheap. But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose of advertising is to sell goods. Another equally important function is to inform. A great deal of the knowledge we have about household goods derives largely from the advertisements we read. Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know about. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc. , from an advertisement. 43__________ Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted. It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are, too! Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements. Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway laws while waiting for a train? Would you like to read only closely-printed columns of news in your daily paper? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or newspaper full of the daily ration of calamities. 44__________ We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programs is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price! 45__________ Another thing we mustn't forget is the "small ads." which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine. What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community! Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns. For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the "hatch, match and dispatch" columns; but by far the most fascinating section is the personal or "agony" column. No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nature. It's the best advertisement for advertising there is !