填空题Today, some 30% of small business owners don't have a Web presence at all; while the vast majorities who do are watching their sites sit stale, waiting for business. Where did things go wrong? There are common principles followed by those whose dreams of online success have become reality. 1. Build your site around your customer: Thinking of your site as your online storefront, built around delivering the highest-quality customer experience from the moment your customer steps through the "door". 2. Just because you built it doesn't mean they'll come: If you aren't seeing a large volume of targeted traffic to your site, it's time to up the ante. 3. Integrate customer loyalty programs and promotions: Containing discounts, news, or friendly service reminders. Use discount promotional offers to stay in touch with past visitors to your site. 4. Justify your monthly spending through product bundling: While pay-per-click Internet advertising is much more cost-effective than traditional media channels, bundling products together will not only increase your sales revenue, but also enable you to get more out of your per-click ad rates. 5. Measure your progress: Your site may be live, but how is it performing? Armed with these simple lessons, vow to make your business realize the true promise of the Internet. A. A manufacturing company selling $50 items was having trouble justifying the cost of online keyword ads. By bundling products to create packages of $100 or more and advertising to wholesale customers looking to buy in bulk, the manufacturer dropped its sales representative agencies and focused on large-volume buyers, such as Wal-Mart and Target. Needless to say, the company had no trouble exceeding its yearly sales quota. B. One of my past clients had a well-designed physical storefront, solid prices, and quality offerings. However, he wasn't able to drive enough store traffic despite targeted advertising efforts in print publications and other offline venues. We decided to shift those ad dollars to an online pay-per-click campaign—in which the advertiser pays whenever someone clicks on its entry posted during the course of a site search based on keywords relevant to his business. The immediate impact was staggering. Online revenue soared tenfold to $1 million from $100, 000 within only a few months. C. With today's technology, your return can be easily measured. If you rely on your Web site as a sales tool, you can't afford not to invest in site analytics. Make sure your Web solution includes an easy-to-use reporting tool that presents this information in a clear, concise format. After all, while metrics are a critical part of the Web equation, you don't have the time to spend hours digging through reams of data. D. Years ago, I worked with a woman who sold purses online through a home-built site that lacked critical e-commerce components. After a simple redesign including product descriptions, comprehensive navigation, and a secure, user-friendly ordering system, her revenue increased fivefold. And she began receiving rave reviews from customers impressed with the ease and convenience of the online shopping experience. E. Online success demands more than simple presence. Your Internet investment should pay for itself with new customers and increased sales. Find a trusted partner who can help you navigate today's (and tomorrow's) technology and who understands the bottom-line realities of your business. F. One villa rental company had a Website that generated very few calls and online bookings. I helped the company set up a "last minute deals" distribution list. By subscribing, site visitors would receive weekly e-mails offering 11th-hour discounts on villa rentals. As a result, the company captured contact information for thousands of possible customers, reduced its unused inventory to almost zero, and increased revenue significantly.

填空题In 1959 the average American family paid $ 989 for a year's supply of food. In 1972 the family paid $1,311．That was a price increase of nearly one-third. Every family has had this sort of experience. Everyone agrees that the cost of feeding a family has risen sharply. 41．______. Many blame the farmers who produce the vegetables, fruit, meat, eggs, and cheese that stores offer for sale. According to the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the farmer's share of the $1,311 spent by the family in 1972 was $ 521．This was 31 per cent more than the farmer had received in 1959. But farmers claim that this increase was very small compared to the increase in their cost of living. 42．______These include truck drivers, meat packers, manufacturers of packages and other food containers, and the owners of stores where food is sold. They are among the "middlemen" who stand between the farmer and the people who buy and eat the food. Are middlemen the ones to blame for rising food prices? Of the $1,311 family food bill in 1972, middlement received $ 790, which was 33 percent more than they had received in 1959．It appears that the middlemen's profit has increased more than farmer's. 43．According to economists at the First National City Bank, the profit for meat packers and food stores amounted to less than one percent. During the same period all other manufacturers were making a profit of more than five percent. By comparison with other members of the economic system both farmers and middlemen have profited surprisingly little from the rise in food prices. 44．______The economists at First National City Bank have an answer to give housewives, but many people will not like it. These economists blame the housewife herself for the jump in food prices. They say that food costs more now because women don't want to spend much time in the kitchen. Women prefer to buy food which has already been prepared before it reaches the market. Vegetables and chicken cost more when they have been cut into pieces by someone other than the one who buys it. A family should expect to pay more when several "TV dinners" are taken home from the store. These are fully cooked meals, consisting of meat, vegetables, and sometimes dessert, all arranged on a metal dish. The dish is put into the oven and heated while the housewife is doing something else. Such a convenience costs money. 45. Economists remind us that many modem housewives have jobs outside the home. They earn money that helps to pay the family food bills. The housewife naturally has less time and energy for cooking after a day's work. She wants to buy many kinds of food that can be put on her family's table easily and quickly. "If the housewife wants all of these, " the economists say, "that is her privilege, but she must be prepared to pay for the services of those who make her work easier. " It appears that the answer to the question of rising prices is not a simple one. Producers, consumers, and middlemen all share the responsibility for the sharp rise in food costs.[A] However, some economists believe that controls can have negative effects over a long period of time. In cities with rent control, the city government sets the maximum rent that a landlord can charge for an apartment.[B] Farmers tend to blame others for the sharp rise in food prices. They particularly blame those who process the farm products after the products leave the farm.[C] Thus, as economists point out: "Some of the basic reasons for widening food price spreads are easily traceable to the increasing use of convenience foods, which transfer much of the time and work of meal preparation from the kitchen to the food processor's plant. "[D] But some economists claim that the middleman's actual profit was very low.[E] Who then is actually responsible for the size of the bill a housewife must pay before she carries the food home from the store'?[F] But there is less agreement when reasons for the rise are being discussed. Who is really responsible?[G] Economists do not. agree on some of the predictions. They also do not agree on the value of different decisions. Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41--45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA--Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[A]Yetthievesstillreaparichharvest.InadequateprotectionofU.S.patents,trademarksandcopyrightscoststheU.S.economy＄80billioninsaleslosttopiratesand250,000jobseveryyear,accordingtoGaryHoffman,anintellectualpropertyattorneyatDickstein,Shapiro＆MorininWashington.Thecomputerindustrylosesupwardsof＄4billionofrevenuesayeartoillegalcopyingofsoftwareprograms.Piracyofmovies,booksandrecordingscoststheentertainmentbusinessatleast＄4billionannually.[B]Withintellectualpropertynowaccountingformorethan25%ofU.S.exports(comparedwithjust12%eightyearsago),protectionagainstinternationalpiracyrankshighontheBushAdministration'stradeagenda.TheU.S.InternationalTradeCommission,thefederalagencythatdealswithunfair-tradecomplaintsbyAmericancompanies,ishandlingarecordnumberofcases(38lastyear).SaysITCChairmanAnneBrunsdale:"Conceptualpropertyhasreplacedproduceandheavymachineryasthehotbedoftradedisputes."[C]Thebattleiswidening--U.S.companiesfiledmorethan5,700intellectual-propertylawsuitslastyearincontrastto3,800in1980--andthestakescanbeenormous.Inthebiggestpatent-infringementcasetodate,EastmanKodakwasorderedlastOctobertopay＄900millionforinfringingonsevenPolaroidinstant-photographypatents.Inafar-reachingcopyrightcase,bookpublishersscoredanimportantvictoryinMarchwhenafederalcourtinNewYorkCityfinedtheKinko'sGraphicsnationalchainofcopyingstores＄510,000forillegallyphotocopyingandsellingexcerptsofbookstocollegestudents.[D]Althoughtheverdictissubjecttoappeal,theawardunderscoresthegrowingimportanceofprotectingintellectualproperty.ThatphrasemayseementirelytoograndtoapplytoasonglikeIfYouDon'tWantMyPeaches,You'dBetterStopShakingMyTree,butitactuallyencompassesthewholevastrangeofcreativeideasthatturnouttohavevalue--andmanyofthemhavemorevaluethanever.FromWaltDisney'sMickeyMousetoUpjohn'sformulaforitsanti-baldnesspotion,patents,trademarksandcopyrightshavebecomecorporatetreasuresthattheirownerswilldoalmostanythingtoprotect.[E]Inaneconomyincreasinglybasedoninformationandtechnology,ideasandcreativityoftenembodymostofacompany'swealth.Thatiswhyinnovationsarebeingpatented,trademarkedandcopyrightedinrecordnumbers.Itisalsowhytoday'scleverthiefdoesn'trobbanks,manyofwhicharebrokeanyway;hemakesunauthorizedcopiesofKevinCostner'slatestfilm,sellsfakeCartierwatchesandstealstheformulaforMerck'snewestpharmaceutical.That'swherethemoneyis.[F]Onereasonisthatanycountriesofferonlyfeebleprotectiontointellectualproperty.RealizingthatsuchlaxnesswillexcludethemfrommuchworldtradeasWellashobblenativeindustries,nationseverywherearerevisinglawscoveringpatents,copyrightsandtradenames.Malaysia,Egypt,China,turkey,BrazilandeventheSovietUnionhaveallrecentlyannouncedplanseithertoenactnewlawsorbeefupexistingsafeguards.InanefforttowinU.S.congressionalsupportforaproposedfree-tradepact,Mexicolastmonthrevealed,planstodoublethelifeoftrademarklicensesto10yearsandextendpatentprotectionforthefirsttimetosuchproductsaspharmaceuticalsandfood.[G]Companiesarecrackingdownonpirateswhostealdesigns,moviesandcomputerprograms.Thebattleisgettinghotter--andmoreimportant.WhenJohnson＆.Johnsonintroducedanewfiber-glasscastingtapeforbrokenbonesseveralyearsago,executivesatMinnesotaMining＆Manufacturingflewintoarage.Thetape,whichsetsfracturesfasterthanplaster,wasremarkablysimilarindesignandfunctiontoacastingtapedevelopedby3Mscientists.TheSt.Paul-basedcompanyquicklysued,chargingJ＆Jwithviolatingfourofitspatents.Lastmonthafederalcourtbacked3MandorderedJ＆Jtopay＄116millionindamagesandinterest--thefourthlargestpatent-infringementjudgmentinhistory.Order:

填空题[A]SowhatdotheAmericansthinkoftheforeignvisitorswhoarriveforthetorridheat,justwhenlocalsfromtheUnitedStatestendtoavoidDeathValley?SaysparkrangerBrendaHenson,"TheforeignerswanttoexperiencetheheatinDeathValley.Theythinkthisisneat.Ithinkit"scrazy.[B]Theplacethatthetourists—mainlyfromEurope—aredrawntoisanactuallyseriesofsaltflats225kmlongand6kmto26kmwide.Thesearingheatofthesunisreflectedupfromthisdryandwaterlessterrain,andtheonlynoisethatbreaksthesilenceinthisvastvalleyisthecrunchofvisitors"shoesonthefinesaltcrystalsleftbyevaporation.Birdsandanimalsarelargelyabsent,andonlythehardiestplantshaveanychanceofexistenceinthisunforgivinglandscape.[C]Accordingtoparkrangers,anaverageof1.3millionvisitorsentertheparkeachyear.FromJunethroughAugust,90percentofthemareforeigners,theretoexperiencetheblisteringheatthatgivesDeathValleyitsname.ArtHorton,meteorologistfromtheNationalWeatherService,saystheaveragehighinJulyis46.2℃andthelow30℃.ForAugust,theaveragehighis45.2℃andthelow29.4℃.[D]Allaround,mountainstowerabovethesaltflats.Acrosstheflats,visitorscanseeTelescopePeak,thehighestpointintheparkatmorethan3,350m.Normallysnowcoveredinwinter,themountainrangeisbareinsummer,butattheedgesofthevalleyofferssomeshadefromtheblisteringsun.[E]EvenDeathValley"shotnewsweathercanhaveextremesabovethat.ThehottestdayseverrecordedwereonJune30,1994,andJuly14,1972whentemperatureshit53.3℃.Andinwinter,DeathValleycontinuestoliveuptoitsname,producingcoldnessattheotherendofthescalethatcanbelife-threateningtoanyonecaughtexposedinit.ThecoldestdayrecordedinDeathValleywasonJanuary30,1988whenitwas18℃;belowzero.[F]OnetouristfromParissumsuptheattractionverysimply:"Wecomeherebecausewecantellallourfriendsandfamilythatwe"vebeentothehottestplaceintheworld,"hesays.[G]DeathValleyisthelowest,hottest,driestareainNorthAmerica.TheclimateinthisCaliforniaNationalParkhaslessthan5cmofrainfallayearandtemperaturesupto53℃insummer.That"senoughtokeepsensibleAmericansawayduringthehottestmonthsfromJunetoAugust.Butit"sthenthatthesizzlingtemperaturesandstiflingheatdrawtheirmostavidfans,theforeigntourists.Fromallovertheglobe,theydescendtothevalleyfloorinrentalcars,carryingmapsandwaterbottles,andvigorouslyfanningthemselveswithnewspaperstokeepcool.Order:

填空题Among the celebrated pantheon of Holly wood royalty, few are as well-respected and universally adored as Gregory Peck. For more than fifty years, he has been a major presence in the theater, on television, and most importantly, on the big screen. (41) ______ As General MacArthur, Melville's Captain Ahab, and Atticus Finch, he has presented audiences with compelling stories of strength and masculinity. Eldred Gregory Peck was born on April 5, 1916 in La Jolla, California. By the time he was six, his parents had divorced. For a number of years he lived with his maternal grandmother, but at the age of ten was' sent to St. John' s Military Academy in Los Angeles. The four years he spent there were important in forming his sense of personal discipline. After the Academy, he returned to live with his father, a local pharmacist, and to attend public high school. (42)______. There, his abilities were almost immediately recognized. In 1942, Peck made his debut on Broadway with The Morning Star. Though many of his early plays were doomed to short runs, it seemed clear that Peck was destined for something bigger. In 1944 that "something bigger" arrived in the form of his first two Hollywood roles, as Vladimir in Days of Glory and Father Francis Chisholm in The Keys of the Kingdom. (43)______. This early success provided him the rare opportunity of working with the best directors in Hollywood. Over the next three years he appeared in Alfred Hitchcock' s Spellbound (1945), King Vidor' s Duel in the Sun (1946), and Etia Kazan's Gentleman's Agreement (1947). Despite concerns over public acceptance of the last one, a meditation on American anti-Semitism, it surprised many by winning an Oscar for Best Picture and a nomination for Best Actor. This success seemed not only a validation of Peck's abilities as an artist but of his moral convictions as well. (44)______. Tough and caring, he was the quintessential mid- century American man—the good-looking romantic lead across from Audrey Hepburn as well as the rugged World War 1I bomber commander. For many, the actor and the characters he portrayed were inseparable; the authority of his passionate yet firm demeanor was attractive to post-war Americans who longed for a more stable time. (45)______. While continuing to act on television and in Hollywood throughout the 19805 and 19905, Peck has focused much of his energy on spending time with his wife, children, and grandchildren. For Peck, life as a father and as a public figure have been inseparable; he was simultaneously a major voice against the Vietnam war, while remaining a patriotic supporter of bis son who was fighting there. If years of breathing life into characters such as Captain Keith Mallory and General MacArthur taught him anything, it was that life during wartime was profoundly complex; and rarely bas there been a time free from war or struggle. In his more than fifty films, Peck has continually attempted to investigate these complex struggles, and in doing so has created a library of stories that shed light on human possibility and social reality.[A] Though an amiable and fun-loving man at home, Peck' s stern presence made him one of the screen' s great patriarchs.[B] For many, Peck is a symbol of the American man at his best—a pillar of moral courage and a constant defender of traditional values.[C] During the 19605 and 19705, Peck continued to challenge himself as an actor, appearing in thrillers, war films, westerns and in bis best known film, To Kill A Mockingbird (1962). Based on the book by Harper Lee, To Kill A Mockingbird addresses problems of racism and noral justice in personal and powerful ways. As Atticns Finch, a lawyer in a small Southern town, Peck created a character that remains a great example of an individual' s struggle for humanity within deeply inhumane conditions. It seems clear however, that the reason for Peck's constant assertion that To Kill A Mockingbird is his best ( and favorite) fihn, was the film' s attention to the lives of children and the importance of family.[D] Gregory Peck passed away on June 12th, 2003, at the age of 87.[E] While Days of Glory was coolly received, his role as the taciturn Scottish missionary in The Keys of the Kingdom was a resounding triumph and brought him his first Os- car nomination for Best Actor.[F] After graduating, Peck enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley. Greatly influenced by his father's desires for him to be a doctor, Peck began as a premed student. By the time he was a senior, however, he found his real interests to be in writing and acting. Peek soon realized that he had a natural gift as both an expressive actor and a storyteller. After graduating in 1939, he changed his name from E1dred to Gregory and moved to New York.[G] At 85, Peck turned his attention back to where he got his start, the stage. He traveled the country visiting small play houses and colleges, speaking about his life and experiences as a father, a celebrity, and as an actor.

填空题 Farm-raised pigs are dirty, smelly animals that get no respect. They’re also an environmental hazard. Their manure contains phosphorus, which, when it rains, runs off into lakes and estuaries, depleting oxygen, killing fish, stimulating algae overgrowth and emitting greenhouse gases. 41. ______. Pigs provide more dietary protein, more cheaply, to more people than any other animal. Northern Europe still maintains the highest pig-to-human ratio in the world (2-1 in Den- mark), but East Asia is catching up. During the 1990s, pork production doubled in Vietnam and grew by 70 percent in China— along densely populated coastlines, pig density exceeds 100 animals per square kilometer. The resulting pollution is “threatening fragile coastal marine habitats including mangroves, coral reefs and sea grasses,” according to a report released in February by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. As it turns out, there is a solution to the pig problem, but it requires a change of mind-set among environmentalists and the public. 42. ______. The Enviropig is one of many new technologies that are putting environmentalists and organic-food proponents in a quandary: should they remain categorically opposed to genetically modified (GM) foods even at the expense of the environment? 43. ______. The most significant GM applications will be ones that help alleviate the problem of agriculture, which accounts for 38 percent of the world’s landmass and is crowding out natural ecosystems and species habitats. GM crops that can be produced more efficiently would allow us to return land to nature. 44. ______. U.S. Department of Agriculture scientist Eliot Herman has already created a less-allergenic soybean — an important crop for baby foods. Through genetic surgery, Herman turned off the soy gene responsible for 65 percent of allergic reactions. Not only was the modified soy less allergenic in tests but, as Herman explained, “the yield looks perfectly normal, plants develop and grow at a normal rate and they seem to have the same kinds of protein, oil and other good stuff in them.” Other scientists have reported promising results in shutting off allergy-causing genes in peanuts and shrimp. Should these advances be turned into products, organic soy or peanut products will be certifiably more dangerous to human health than comparable nonorganic products.45. ______. In this climate, much of the needed research isn’t being pursued. Chances are, farmers will continue to grow their polluting organic pork, their allergenic organic soy and their neurotoxin-sprayed organic apples. Worse still, they will make sure that no one else gets a choice in the matter of improving the conditions of life on earth — unless, that is, others rise up and demand an alternative. [A] Two Canadian scientists have created a pig whose manure doesn’t contain very much phosphorus at all. If this variety of pig were adopted widely, it could greatly reduce a major source of pollution. But the Enviropig, as they call it, is the product of genetic modification — which is anathema to many Westerners. [B] In fact, although all commonly used pesticides dissipate so quickly that they pose a miniscule health risk to consumers, allergic food reactions to natural products kill hundreds of children each year. Genetically modified foods could greatly reduce this risk. [C] Canadian biologists Cecil Forsberg and John Phillips, for instance, have constructed a novel DNA molecule that, when planted in a pig embryo, imbues the Enviropig with the ability to secrete a phosphorus extracting enzyme in its saliva. The results so far are dramatic — the new pigs can extract all the phosphorus they need from grain alone, without the phosphorus supplements that farmers now use. This reduces the phosphorus content of their manure by up to 75 percent. [D] Doing away with the pig is not an option. [E] Pigs can also be modified to digest grasses and hay (as cows and sheep do), reducing the energy-intensive use of corn as pig feed. Elsewhere, trees grown for paper could be made amenable to much more efficient processing, reducing both energy usage and toxic chemical bleach in effluents from paper mills. [F] Of course, stringent testing is needed to show that a genetic modification works and that the product is not harmful to humans. Scientists can do both of these things with techniques that allow them to examine and compare the structure and activity of every one of an animal’s genes. [G] Unfortunately, this won’t happen any time soon. Because no society has ever banned allergenic foods, conventional farmers have no incentive to plant reduced-allergy seeds. And many members of the public have been led to believe that all genetic modifications create health risks.

填空题 While Americans have become ever more dependent upon electricity in their daily lives, a crucial part of the system that supports their way of life has not kept up. Yes, the country has built more power plants enough to create a glut of power in most parts of the country,41． _____________________. California's disastrous partial energy deregulation and the role played by Enron and other energy marketing companies in its power crisis have impeded changes in the national ability to deliver power. 42． _____________________. Moreover, the deficiency also includes inadequate coordination among the regions in managing the flow of electricity. These interregional weaknesses are so far the most plausible explanation for the blackout on Thursday. 43． _____________________. The problem is with the system of rules, organization, and oversight that governs the transmission networks. It was set up for a very different era and is now caught in a difficult transition. The transmission networks were built to serve a utility system based on regulated monopolies. In the old days, there was no competition for customers. Today, the mission is to connect buyers and sellers seeking the best deal, irrespective of political boundaries and local jurisdictions. 44． _____________________. Yet the power industry is probably not even halfway there in its shift from regulation to the marketplace. The California power crisis and the power-trading scandals sent regulators back to the drawing board, slowing the development of new institutions, rules and investment to make competitive markets work. 45． _____________________.[A] Over all, for more than a decade, the power industry has been struggling with how to move from the old regulation to the new marketplace. This shift was driven by the view that half a century of state regulation had produced power prices that were too high and too varied among states. Factories and jobs were migrating from states with high electric power prices to those with lower prices.[B] But the transmission system is caught in the middle of the stalled deregulation of the American electric power industry.[C] As a result, the development of the regional transmission organizations is erratic. More than one-third of the power transmitted is not under the control of regional transmission organizations. Some states fear that their cheap power would be sucked away to other markets; others do not want to subordinate state authority to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.[D] It was unclear when the waters would recede, never mind when life would return to normal. Power may not be restored for weeks. Looting, too. Began to spiral out of control. Mr Nagin, who said the city might be uninhabitable for three months, was forced to order police to concentrate on stopping crime, not saving people.[E] What's preventing greater connection and coordination between regions? The technology exists, and is available; the economic benefits of relieving the bottlenecks between regions far exceeds the costs by many billions of dollars.[F] Yet, despite claims in the wake of last week's blackout that the nation has a "third world" power grid, the regional networks are first world. But in one critical aspect, the system has become increasingly vulnerable: in the interconnections among the different regions. Both the number and size of the wires on the borders between regions are inadequate for the rising flow of electricity. This missing part creates the worst bottlenecks in the system.[G] Since entering the overseas power market in 1993, KEPCO has established several achievements through its distinguished international business strategies to promote electric power development of the world. Based on its long experience and advanced technology gained over 100 years in Korea, KEPCO continues to build up its outstanding reputation as a leading utility company. Moreover, KEPCO embraces challenges and makes bold steps into wider markets in the world by its flair for dynamic activities, which is favorably received in the Philippines, China, Vietnam and Libya.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41～45, choose the most suitable one from the list A～G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. A recession marked the early years of Reagan's presidency, but conditions started to improve in 1983 and the United States entered one of the longest periods of sustained economic growth since World War Ⅱ. However, an alarming percentage of this growth was based on deficit spending. In 1988, former vice president George Bush became President. He continued many of Reagan's policies. Bush's efforts to gain control over the federal budget deficit, however, were problematic. The 1990s brought a new president, Bill Clinton, a cautious, moderate Democrat, whose liberal initiatives created a myth for the American economy. 41)__________. Still, although Clinton reduced the size of the federal work force, the government continued to play a crucial role in the nation's economy. Mast of the major innovations of the New Deal, and a good many of the Great Society, remained in place. And the Federal Reserve system continued to regulate the overall pace of economic activity, with a watchful eye for any signs of renewed inflation. 42)__________. Technological developments brought a wide range of sophisticated new electronic products. Innovations in telecommunications and computer networking spawned a vast computer hardware and software industry and revolutionized the way many industries operate. 43)__________. No longer are Americans afraid that the Japanese will overwhelm them with superior technology or that they will saddle their children with government debt. America's labor force changed markedly during the 1990s. Continuing a long term trend, the number of farmers declined. A small portion of workers had jobs in industry, while a much greater share worked in the service sector, in jobs ranging from store clerks to financial planners. If steel and shoes were no longer American manufacturing mainstays, computers and the software that make them run were. 44)__________. Economists, surprised at the combination of rapid growth and continued low inflation, debated whether the United States had a "new economy" capable of sustaining a faster growth rate than seemed possible based on the experiences of the previous 40 years. 45)__________. Asia, which had grown especially rapidly during the 1980s, joined Europe as a major supplier of finished goods and a market for American exports. Sophisticated worldwide telecommunications systems linked the world's financial markets in a way unimaginable even a few years earlier. A. The economy, meanwhile, turned in an increasingly healthy performance as the 1990s progressed. With the fall of the Soviet Union and Eastern European communism in the late 1980s, trade opportunities expanded greatly. B. Still, Americans ended the 1990s with a restored sense of confidence. By the end of 1999, the economy had grown continuously since March 1991, the longest peacetime economic expansion in history. C. Clinton sounded some of the same themes as his predecessors. After unsuccessfully urging Congress to enact an ambitious proposal to expand health-insurance coverage, Clinton declared that the era of "big government" was over in America. He pushed to strengthen market forces in some sectors, working with Congress to open local telephone service to competition. He also joined Republicans to reduce welfare benefits. D. Finally, the American economy was more closely intertwined with the global economy than it ever had been. Clinton, like his predecessors, had continued to push for elimination of trade barriers. A North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA. had further increased economic ties between the United States and its largest trading partners, Canada and Mexico. E. While many Americans remained convinced that global economic integration benefited all nations, the growing interdependence created some dislocations as well. Workers in high-technology industries at which the United States excelled fared rather well, but competition from many foreign countries that generally had lower labor costs tended to dampen wages in traditional manufacturing industries. F. The expansion that began in March 1991 has raised real gross domestic product by more than a third, minted 100,000 more people earning a million dollars a year. After peaking at $290,000 million in 1992, the federal budget deficit steadily shrank as economic growth increased tax revenues. In 1998, the government posted its first surplus in 30 years, although a huge debt mainly in the form of promised future Social Security payments to the baby boomers remained. G. Best of all, the healthy economy has transformed the psyche of millions of Americans. The pervasive gloom at the beginning of the 1990s is gone.

填空题[A] In 1849 gold was discovered in California in the mountains near San Francisco. So started the famous Gold Rush of the 49ers across the vast, unexplored wilderness that lay west of the Mississippi. Whole families perished. One small group of 49ers, looking for a short cut across the Sierra Nevada Mountains, happened to enter the infamous Death Valley. It was lucky for them it was winter, for in summer Death Valley is about the hottest and most desolate place on earth. As it was, one of the group died of thirst, and it was the 49ers who gave the valley its grim name.[B] The completion of the railroad not only joined the cities of the east with California, it also brought prosperity to the isolated farmers of the plains, and to the ranchers who were now able to send their cattle to the slaughterhouses in freight cars. In fact, the new railroad became an essential life-line for a nation which now stretched 3000 miles from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans.[C] As late as the 1880s a man in the Far west could be hanged for stealing a horse, yet get no more than five years in jail for robbing a bank. Ever since the pioneers went west into the unknown, they depended absolutely on their horses and their guns. If a man lost his horse or his gun in the deserts, mountains or forests of Nevada, Arizona and eastern California, he stood no chance. Hunger, thirst, a grizzly bear, a mountain lion, or hostile Indians would finish him off sooner or later. A frontiers man had to be tough, brave and resourceful in those days.[D] The colonization of the West was given a tremendous impetus by the building of the Transcontinental railroad, one of the great engineering feats of all time. Congress decided that the laying of the tracks should begin from the East and the West at the same time. So the building of this railroad lined with poles for the first east-west telegraph system, developed into a race. The Easterners, moving across the plains, progressed faster, for they did not have to tunnel through giant mountains or bridge gaping canyons. The two railroads linked up in Utah on July 10th, 1867. There was great excitement, and a special ceremony to mark the occasion.[E] Deserts, mountains and forests are still the frontier between teeming Californian cities and the sparsely populated wilderness of Nevada and eastern California. Even today, Nevada has hardly more than 500 thousand inhabitants, most of whom live in the cities of Las Vegas and Reno.[F] Later, in 1865, after the Civil War, disillusioned soldiers, unable to find work, followed in the footsteps of the 49ers. They did not find much gold, but they found rich pastures for cattle. It was they who founded the USA's great food industry, and they worked with the vigor and courage of the early pioneers and with a faith fortified by the Bible.[G] Some Americans feel that the frontier spirit no longer exists in the USA. But it expressed itself in a number of ways. Americans do not like being without work, and they will travel hundreds of miles in search of a job, showing a courage and an enterprise which is un-usual in most of the older European countries. Then there is the exploration of outer space. President John Kennedy in a speech to the nation, spoke of this "New Frontier." The frontier spirit certainly played a part in putting the first men on the noon, the most recent of all frontiers to be crossed.

填空题A."Ijustdon'tknowhowtomotivatethemtodoabetterjob.We'reinabudgetcrunchandIhaveabsolutelynofinancialrewardsatmydisposal.Infact,we'llprobablyhavetolaysomepeopleoffinthenearfuture.It'shardformetomakethejobinterestingandchallengingbecauseitisn't—it'sboring,routinepaperwork,andthereisn'tmuchyoucandoaboutit."B."Finally,Ican'tsaytothemthattheirpromotionswillhingeontheexcellenceoftheirpaperwork.Firstofall,theyknowit'snottrue.Iftheirperformanceisadequate,mostaremorelikelytogetpromotedjustbystayingontheforceacertainnumberofyearsthanforsomespecificoutstandingact.Second,theyweretrainedtodothejobtheydooutinthestreets,nottofilloutforms.Allthroughtheircareeritisthearrestsandinterventionsthatgetnoticed."C."I'vegotarealproblemwithmyofficers.Theycomeontheforceasyoung,inexperiencedmen,andwesendthemoutonthestreet,eitherincarsoronawalk.Theyseemtolikethecontacttheyhavewiththepublic,theactioninvolvedincrimeprevention,andtheapprehensionofcriminals.Theyalsolikehelpingpeopleoutatfires,accidents,andotheremergencies."D."Somepeoplehavesuggestedanumberofthingslikeusingconvictionrecordsasaperformancecriterion.However,weknowthat'snotfair—toomanyotherthingsareinvolved.Badpaperworkincreasesthechancethatyouloseincourt,butgoodpaperworkdoesn'tnecessarilymeanyou'llwin.Wetriedsettingupteamcompetitionsbasedontheexcellenceofthereports,buttheguyscaughtontothatprettyquickly.Noonewasgettinganytypeofrewardforwinningthecompetition,andtheyfiguredwhytheyshouldlaborwhentherewasnopayoff."E."Theproblemoccurswhentheygetbacktothestation.Theyhatetodothepaperwork,andbecausetheydislikeit,thejobisfrequentlyputoffordoneinadequately.Thislackofattentionhurtsuslateronwhenwegettocourt.Weneedclear,factualreports.Theymustbehighlydetailedandunambiguous.Assoonasonepartofareportisshowntobeinadequateorincorrect,therestofthereportissuspect.Poorreportingprobablycausesustolosemorecasesthananyotherfactor."F."SoIjustdon'tknowwhattodo.I'vebeengropinginthedarkinanumberofyears.AndIhopethatthisseminarwillshedsomelightonthisproblemofmineandhelpmeoutinmyfuturework."G.Alargemetropolitancitygovernmentwasputtingonanumberofseminarsforadministrators,managersandexecutivesofvariousdepartmentsthroughoutthecity.Atoneofthesesessionsthetopictobediscussedwasmotivation—howwecangetpublicservantsmotivatedtodoagoodjob.Thedifficultyofapolicecaptainbecamethecentralfocusofthediscussion.Order:

填空题[A] Possible ways to keep free from Alzheimer's[B] Deficiency of data-collecting in the study[C] The new findings of ineffectiveness of past cures[D] Weak evidence of the research[E] How the new analysis coming from[F] Future direction of the research concerned[G] Traditional beliefs in preventive measures Lifestyle May Not Prevent Alzheimer's A comprehensive analysis by an independent government panel has found that there is not enough scientific evidence to date to support the advice doctors currently give—such as exercising, doing crossword puzzles or eating a Mediterranean-style diet—for preventing or controlling symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. (41)______ As rates of age-related dementia and Alzheimer's disease have continued to rise in the U.S.—largely because Americans are living longer and the over-65 population has swelled to record highs—researchers have worked relentlessly to understand the causes of these mind- robbing diseases and to help prevent or slow their progression. To clarify the state of the current evidence and offer physicians clearer treatment guidelines, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in early 2009 commissioned a detailed analysis of existing studies, covering 165 papers published between 1984 and 2009. (42)______ For years, the prevailing hypothesis has been "Use it or lose it" when it comes to avoiding gradual age-related mental decline. Data has associated behaviors such as keeping the mind actively engaged throughout life, staying physically active, eating certain foods and supplementing the diet with specific vitamins and nutrients with lower rates of dementia in old age. These lifestyle factors appeared to limit cognitive decline of various kinds, from occasional "senior moments" to the more serious episodes of cognitive impairment that can be a prelude to Alzheimer's disease. (43)______ Now researchers at Duke University report in the current issue of the Annals of Internal Medicine that the data on the preventive effects of lifestyle factors is not as strong as they had thought. Led by Brenda Plassman, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, the study authors analyzed decades' worth of research, including observational studies in which scientists looked retrospectively at a group of participants to tease out associations between certain behaviors (like exercise) and selected effects (like scores on tests of memory and cognitive skills), as well as the more definitive clinical trials that randomly assign volunteers to intervention or control groups and then assess how the intervention affects cognitive ability. (44)______ Overall, the researchers say they were dismayed with the paucity and weakness of the existing evidence. "When we applied rigorous but consistent standards to review all the studies, we found that there was not sufficient evidence to recommend any single activity or factor that was protective of cognitive decline later in life, " says Plassman. (45)______ However weakly, though, the review did support what doctors know about risk factors for cognitive decline: smoking, diabetes, depression, metabolic syndrome and specific gene variants were all linked with increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. In addition, preventive behaviors such as eating a Mediterranean diet, exercising, maintaining cognitive engagement (doing puzzles, learning new things) and fostering extensive social relationships were linked to a lower risk. The problem is that none of these relationships were particularly robust, the authors say. And none were strong enough to justify recommending the behaviors to people who want to prevent or slow down the onset of dementia. The findings led the NIH to issue Monday's state-of-the-science statement, in which the agency notes, "Currently, firm conclusions cannot be drawn about the association of any modifiable risk factor with cognitive decline or Alzheimer's disease." Although the statement does not constitute an official policy or government recommendation, it serves as a guideline for doctors advising patients about the best evidence on the role of lifestyle factors in Alzheimer's prevention.

填空题41)____________Many of the options have already been rehearsed in the press: excluding some treatments from the NHS, charging for certain drugs and services, and developing voluntary or compulsory health insurance schemes. 42)____________We spend about 7 per cent of GDP on health, compared with 9 per cent in the Netherlands and 10 per cent in France and Germany. In terms of health outcomes versus spend, we compare pretty favourably. I don' t see private health care providing much of the solution to current problems. 43)____________Neither is close to being implemented, but the future could see a deliberate shift of attention to voluntary health insurance and an emphasis on social insurance. 44)____________Even so, higher taxes will plainly be needed to fund health care. I think we'll eventually see larger NHS charges, more rationing of medical services and restrictions on certain procedures without proven outcomes. Stricter eligibility criteria for certain treatments are another possibility. 45)____________.None of them is going to win votes for the political party desperate enough to introduce them—but then nobody is going to vote for ill—health or an early death either. [A] English National Health Service is a universal health keeping system. But Now, the shortage of money becomes a serious problem. [B] All such options would mean a sharp break with tradition and political fall out that could be extremely damaging. [C] The options provides solution to the shortage of money problem. [D] I expect individuals to take greater responsibility for their personal health using technology that allows self diag-nosis followed by serf- treatment or home care. [E] Looking at how far we' 11 be able to fund the Health Service in the 21st century raises any number of thorny is-sues. [F] More likely is a shift from universal health coverage to top up schemes which give people basic health entitlements but require them to finance other treatment through private financing, or opt out schemes which use tax relief to encourage individuals to make private provision. [G] Compared to its European Union counterparts Britain. operates a low cost health system.