填空题　　Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep.　 ---|||________|||---　kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is　 ---|||________|||---　to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more　 ---|||________|||---　. The new experiments, such as those　 ---|||________|||---　for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations ---|||________|||---of non-REM sleep. 　　For example, it has long been known that total sleep ---|||________|||---is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, ---|||________|||---examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now　 ---|||________|||---　the mystery of why the animals die. The rats　 ---|||________|||---　bacterial infections of the blood,　 ---|||________|||---　their immune systems the self-protecting mechanism against diseases―had crashed.

填空题Videos released by the Center for Medical Progress that accuse Planned Parenthood of selling "baby parts" has spurred members of Congress to launch investigations that may threaten to defund the organization. This has also left some questioning whether fetal tissue is essential to scientific research. Fetal tissue donation has occurred in the U. S. since the 1930s. 1 But Arthur Caplan, director of medical ethics at NYU Langone Medical Center"s department of population health, says it"s less essential to the research field. In the 19808, scientists began using fetal tissue to conduct experimental neural cell grafting procedures on patients with advanced Parkinson"s disease. This research was met by huge controversy, spurred on by anti-abortion activists. In 1988, the Reagan administration issued a moratorium on this practice. The ban remained in place until the 1993 passage of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Revitalization Act. This law supported the use of fetal tissue for research and experimental procedures but set guidelines. 2 The law also makes it clear that researchers using fetal tissue—and companies that procure it—may not be involved in a woman"s decision to terminate her pregnancy. It also prevents people in the medical field from altering the medical procedure for the purpose of keeping the tissue intact. However, Caplan says fetal tissue transplantation wasn"t as effective as researchers initially thought and many scientists began to work instead with stem cells from adult humans and embryos. The NIH Revitalization Act also permitted federal funding for research using human embryos resulting from IVF, though Congress later passed additional laws that set up roadblocks banning research in which embryos were destroyed; these new policies ostensibly put an end to this area of research for some time. 3 Caplan believes that ultimately if the concern was about the ethics of fetal tissue donation and not abortion politics, then the Center for Medical Progress would have launched an attack on for-profit brokers that act as middlemen between research institutes that need fetal tissue for studies and Planned Parenthood (or hospitals) that donate the tissue. 4 5 The company sells fetal liver cells, according to its website. "StemExpress prides itself on complying with all laws. Written donor consent is required for any donation, including bone marrow, tissue of all types or blood," the company writes in a statement on its website. "We are hopeful the events of the last few days will not diminish our efforts to support the research community or hinder our partners from continuing their important work." A. In 2009, President Barack Obama issued an executive order that supported "scientifically worthy" stem cell research, including the use of embryonic stem cells. B. According to the Houston Chronicle, fetal tissue research is a small part of the medical research field, only about $ 280 million worth of NIH projects since 2011, compared with $ 581 million used for embryonic cell research. C. The tissue itself has been traditionally used in research to develop vaccines and gain understanding of human and cell biology". Human fetal kidney cells, for example, were used to develop the polio vaccine. D. These brokers sell the product at a huge profit margin, well beyond the cost needed to cover fees to purify, process and store the tissue. E. We don"t use a lot fetal tissue today, and when it"s used it"s mainly for studying some fetal disease and fetal development, yond the cost needed to cover fees to purify, process research in the U. S. F. One company, StemExpress, issued a statement last week in response to the release of the first video, expressing concern that the attack on Planned Parenthood could be a detriment to the business and the field of scientific research. G. It required written consent of a donor and informed consent by researchers who planned to use the material to conduct experimental procedures and also permitted federal funding for this research under certain guidelines.

填空题Directions:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41—45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineachnumberedbox.Thefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinboxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[A]SowhatdotheAmericansthinkoftheforeignvisitorswhoarriveforthetorridheat,justwhenlocalsfromtheUnitedStatestendtoavoidDeathValley?SaysparkrangerBrendaHenson,"TheforeignerswanttoexperiencetheheatinDeathValley.Theythinkthisisneat.Ithinkit'scrazy."[B]Theplacethatthetourists—mainlyfromEurope—aredrawntoisanactuallyseriesofsaltflats225kmlongand6kmto26kmwide.Thesearingheatofthesunisreflectedupfromthisdryandwaterlessterrain,andtheonlynoisethatbreaksthesilenceinthisvastvalleyisthecrunchofvisitors'shoesonthefinesaltcrystalsleftbyevaporation.Birdsandanimalsarelargelyabsent,andonlythehardiestplantshaveanychanceofexistenceinthisunforgivinglandscape.[C]Accordingtoparkrangers,anaverageof1.3millionvisitorsentertheparkeachyear.FromJunethroughAugust,90percentofthemareforeigners,theretoexperiencetheblisteringheatthatgivesDeathValleyitsname.ArtHorton,meteorologistfromtheNationalWeatherService,saystheaveragehighinJulyis46.2degCandthelow30degC.ForAugust,theaveragehighis45.2degCandthelow29.4degC.[D]Allaround,mountainstowerabovethesaltflats.Acrosstheflats,visitorscanseeTelescopePeak,thehighestpointintheparkatmorethan3,350m.Normallysnowcoveredinwinter,themountainrangeisbareinsummer,butattheedgesoftheValleyofferssomeshadefromtheblisteringsun.[E]EvenDeathValley'shotnewsweathercanhaveextremesabovethat.Thehott,dayseverrecordedwereonJune30,1994,andJuly14,1972whentemperatulhit53.3degC.Andinwinter,DeathValleycontinuestoliveuptoitsname,pducingcoldnessattheotherendofthescalethatcanbelife-threateningtoanyocaughtexposedinit.ThecoldestdayrecordedinDeathValleywasonJanuary31988whenitwas18degCbelowzero.[F]OnetouristfromParissumsuptheattractionverysimply:"Wecomeherebecatwecantellallourfriendsandfamilythatwe'vebeentothehottestplaceintworld,"hesays.[G]DeathValleyisthelowest,hottest,driestareainNorthAmerica.TheclimatethisCaliforniaNationalParkhaslessthanScmofrainfallayearandtemperaturesto53degCinsummer.That'senoughtokeepsensibleAmericansawayduringlhottestmonthsfromJunetoAugust.Butit'sthenthatthesizzlingtemperaturesastiflingheatdrawtheirmostavidfans,theforeigntourists.Fromallovertheglobtheydescendtothevalleyfloorinrentalcars,carryingmapsandwaterbottles,avigorouslyfanningthemselveswithnewspaperstokeepcool.Order:

填空题Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. In 1959 the average American family paid $ 989 for a year's supply of food. In 1972 the family paid $1,311．That was a price increase of nearly one-third. Every family has had this sort of experience. Everyone agrees that the cost of feeding a family has risen sharply. 41．______. Many blame the farmers who produce the vegetables, fruit, meat, eggs, and cheese that stores offer for sale. According to the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the farmer's share of the $1,311 spent by the family in 1972 was $ 521．This was 31 per cent more than the farmer had received in 1959. But farmers claim that this increase was very small compared to the increase in their cost of living. 42．______These include truck drivers, meat packers, manufacturers of packages and other food containers, and the owners of stores where food is sold. They are among the "middlemen" who stand between the farmer and the people who buy and eat the food. Are middlemen the ones to blame for rising food prices? Of the $1,311 family food bill in 1972, middlement received $ 790, which was 33 percent more than they had received in 1959．It appears that the middlemen's profit has increased more than farmer's. 43．According to economists at the First National City Bank, the profit for meat packers and food stores amounted to less than one percent. During the same period all other manufacturers were making a profit of more than five percent. By comparison with other members of the economic system both farmers and middlemen have profited surprisingly little from the rise in food prices. 44．______The economists at First National City Bank have an answer to give housewives, but many people will not like it. These economists blame the housewife herself for the jump in food prices. They say that food costs more now because women don't want to spend much time in the kitchen. Women prefer to buy food which has already been prepared before it reaches the market. Vegetables and chicken cost more when they have been cut into pieces by someone other than the one who buys it. A family should expect to pay more when several "TV dinners" are taken home from the store. These are fully cooked meals, consisting of meat, vegetables, and sometimes dessert, all arranged on a metal dish. The dish is put into the oven and heated while the housewife is doing something else. Such a convenience costs money. 45. Economists remind us that many modem housewives have jobs outside the home. They earn money that helps to pay the family food bills. The housewife naturally has less time and energy for cooking after a day's work. She wants to buy many kinds of food that can be put on her family's table easily and quickly. "If the housewife wants all of these, " the economists say, "that is her privilege, but she must be prepared to pay for the services of those who make her work easier. " It appears that the answer to the question of rising prices is not a simple one. Producers, consumers, and middlemen all share the responsibility for the sharp rise in food costs. [A] However, some economists believe that controls can have negative effects over a long period of time. In cities with rent control, the city government sets the maximum rent that a landlord can charge for an apartment. [B] Farmers tend to blame others for the sharp rise in food prices. They particularly blame those who process the farm products after the products leave the farm. [C] Thus, as economists point out: "Some of the basic reasons for widening food price spreads are easily traceable to the increasing use of convenience foods, which transfer much of the time and work of meal preparation from the kitchen to the food processor's plant. " [D] But some economists claim that the middleman's actual profit was very low. [E] Who then is actually responsible for the size of the bill a housewife must pay before she carries the food home from the store'? [F] But there is less agreement when reasons for the rise are being discussed. Who is really responsible? [G] Economists do not. agree on some of the predictions. They also do not agree on the value of different decisions. Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it.

填空题Internet, computer-based global information system. The Internet is composed of many interconnected computer networks. Each network may link tens, hundreds, or even thousands of computers, enabling them to share information with one another and to share computational resources such as powerful supercomputers and databases of information. The Internet has made it possible for people all over the world to communicate with one another effectively and inexpensively. 41__________. The Internet has brought new opportunities to government, business, and education. Governments use the Internet for internal communication, distribution of information, and automated tax processing. In addition to offering goods and services online to customers, businesses use the Internet to interact with other businesses. 42__________. Use of the Internet has grown tremendously since its inception. The Internet's success arises from its flexibility. Instead of restricting component networks to a particular manufacturer or particular type, Internet technology allows interconnection of any kind of computer network. 43__________. Internet service providers (ISPs) provide Internet access to customers, usually for a monthly fee. A customer who subscribes to an ISP's service uses the ISP's network to access the Internet. Because ISPs offer their services to the general public, the networks they operate are known as public access networks. 44__________. An organization that has many computers usually owns and operates a private network, called an intranet, which connects all the computers within the organization: To provide Internet service, the organization connects its intranet to the Internet. Unlike public access networks, intranets are restricted to provide security. 45__________.A. The current number of people who use the Internet can only be estimated. One survey found that there were 61 million Internet users worldwide at the end of 1996, 148 million at the end of 1998, and 407 million by the end of 2000. ,Some analysts said that the number of users was expected to double again by the end of 2002.B. Only authorized computers at the organization can connect to the intranet, and the organization restricts communication between the intranet and the global Internet. The restrictions allow computers inside the organization to exchange information but keep the information confidential and protected from outsiders.C. Unlike traditional broadcasting media, such as radio and television, the Internet does not have a centralized distribution system. Instead, an individual who has Internet access can communicate directly with anyone else on the Internet, make information available to others, find information provided by others, or sell products with a minimum overhead cost.D. No network is too large or too small, too fast or too slow to be interconnected. Thus, the Internet includes inexpensive networks that can only connect a few computers within a single room as well as expensive networks that can span a continent and connect thousands of computers.E. Many individuals use the Internet for communicating through electronic mail (e-mail), for news and research information, shopping, paying bills, and online banking. Educational institutions use the Internet for research and to deliver courses and course material to students.F. In the United States, as in many countries, ISPs are private companies; in countries where telephone service is a government-regulated monopoly, the government often controls ISPs.G. The Internet has doubled in size every 9 to 14 months since it began in the late 1970s. In 1981 only 213 computers were connected to the Internet. By 2000 the number had grown to more than 100 million.

填空题 It comes as a surprise, given Microsoft's notorious tenacity, but the software giant is definitely out to clear its antitrust plate. After its settlement with the Justice Department, the company has now struck an agreement to end more than 100 private class-action suits and signalled that it wants to do the same for the case brought against it by the European Commission. (41) Yet recent events suggest that it will not be that easy for Microsoft to shrug off its legal woes. For a start, the nine state attorneys-general opposing the federal settlement have asked the trial judge to Impose tougher remedies. (42) . And this week, a Senate committee hearing was dominated by criticism of the federal settlement. The least of Microsoft's problems are the class-action suits, filed on behalf of consumers who say they were harmed by the company's behaviour. Giving money to schools is a good idea. But half of the gift would be in the form of free Microsoft software, costing the company almost nothing, and hurting competitors in the education market, mainly Apple. So worried is Steve Jobs, Apple's boss, that he has publicly criticised the deal—after haying kept quiet during the entire antitrust trial. (43) The proposal of the dissenting states is more serious. (44) . Central to the plan are remedies concerning Microsoft's browser software and the Java programming language: the company would be forced to license the source code m its browser, and to make sure that Java programs can run on Windows. Microsoft would also be required m offer a stripped-down version of Windows so that PC makers could choose add-ons other than its own. Microsoft says that the proposed remedies are "extreme and not commensurate with what is left of the case". Colleen Kollar-Kotelly, the trial judge, will decide next spring. She has put the case on two parallel tracks. One is a review of the existing Justice Department settlement (under the Tunney act) to determine if it is in the public interest. The other is litigation over the newly proposed remedies. The European Commission. for its part, will probably wait and see what transpires m America before proceeding. It is unlikely simply to rubber-stamp the outcome as Microsoft has suggested. For one thing, European regulators have disagreements of their own with the company, chiefly that it is trying to extend its monopoly into the server and media-player markets. But competitors and critics of the software giant, who have heavily lobbied both the states and Brussels, should not get their hopes up. Given the economic and political environment, it is still unlikely that Microsoft will get more than a slap on the wrist, even if it hurts more than the company would like. (45) To some extent this is already happening. The "Liberty Alliance", for example, is gaining momentum. American Express and AOL Time Warner recently joined this coalition, whose goal is to provide an alternative to Microsoft's online authentication service, called Passport. Similarly, if the entertainment industry got its act together, it might be able to stop Microsoft defining the standard for digital copy-protection. Perhaps this time around, such alliances will prove a better match for Microsoft's determination.[A] Businesses and consumers want benefits of being connected anytime, anyplace—without compromising security or control of personal information.[B] Its rivals would perhaps do better to concentrate their energies on forming alliances that could help to keep Microsoft in check.[C] About 12,500 schools—many of which are among the nation's poorest—would be eligible to receive software from Microsoft under the proposal.[D] Another judge supervising the class-action suits has questioned Microsoft's plan to settle all of the eases by donating $1 billion to poor schools.[E] As if to underline this new approach, Microsoft recently announced that William Neukom, its long-serving general counsel, will soon be replaced by Brad Smith, his more convivial deputy,[F] Their suggested remedies do more than just plug the loopholes in the main settlement and provide for tougher enforcement. They would take back much of what Microsoft has won by abusing its monopoly power.[G] The judge's remarks suggest that Microsoft will have to pay cash in full if it wants him m approve the agreement.

填空题[A]Bycontrast,somewhatmorethan25percentoftheearth'spopulationcanbefoundintheindustrializedsocieties.Theyleadmodernlives.Theyareproductsofthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury,moldedbymechanizationandmasseducation,broughtupwithlingeringmemoriesoftheirowncountry'sagriculturalpast.Theyare,ineffect,thepeopleofthepresent.[B]Theremaining2or3percentoftheworld'spopulation,however,arenolongerpeopleofeitherthepastorthepresent.Forwithinthemaincentersoftechnologicalandculturalchange,inSantaMonica,CaliforniaandCambridge,Massachusetts,inNewYorkandLondon,andTokyo,aremillionsofmenandwomenwhocanalreadybesaidtobelivingthewayoflifeofthefuture.Trend-makersoftenwithoutbeingawareofit,livetodayasmillionswilllivetomorrow.Andwhiletheyaccountforonlyafewpercentoftheglobalpopulationtoday,theyarealreadyfromaninternationalnationofthefutureinourmidst.Theyaretheadvancedagentsofman,theearliestcitizensoftheworldwidesuper-industrialsocietynowinthethroesofbirth.[C]Itis,infact,nottoomuchtosaythatthepaceoflifedrawsalinethroughhumanity,dividingusintocamps,triggeringbittermisunderstandingbetweenparentandchild,betweenMadisonAvenueandMainStreet,betweenmenandwomen,betweenAmericanandEuropean,betweenEastandWest.[D]Whatmakesthemdifferentfromtherestofmankind?Certainly,theyarericher,bettereducated,moremobilethanthemajorityofthehumanrace.Theyalsolivelonger.Butwhatspecificallymarksthepeopleofthefutureisthefactthattheyarealreadycaughtupinanew,stepped-uppaceoflife.They"livefaster"thanthepeoplearoundthem.[E]Theinhabitantsoftheeartharedividednotonlybyrace,nation,religionorideology,butalso,inasense,bytheirpositionintime.Examiningthepresentpopulationoftheglobe,wefindatinygroupwhostilllive,huntingandfood-foraging,asmendidmillenniaago.Others,thevastmajorityofmankind,dependnotonbear-huntingorberry-picking,butonagriculture.Theylive,inmanyrespects,astheirancestorsdidcenturiesago.Thesetwogroupstakentogethercomposeperhaps70percentofalllivinghumanbeings.Theyarethepeopleofthepast.[F]Somepeoplearedeeplyattractedtothishighlyacceleratedpaceoflife--goingfaroutoftheirwaytobringitaboutandfeelinganxious,tenseoruncomfortablewhenthepaceslows.Theywantdesperatelytobe"wheretheactionis."JamesA.Wilsonhasfound,forexample,thattheattractionforafastpaceoflifeisoneofthehiddenmotivatingforcesbehindthemuch-publicized"brain-drainthemassmigrationofEuropeanscientistsandengineerswhomigratedtotheU.S.andCanada.Heconcludedthatitwasnohighersalariesorbetterresearchfacilitiesalone,butalsothequickertempothatlurethem.Themigrants,hewrites,"arenotputoffbywhattheyindicatedasthe'fasterpace'ofNorthAmerica;ifanything,theyappeartopreferthispacetoothers."[G]Thepaceoflifeisfrequentlycommentedonbyordinarypeople.Yet,oddlyenough,ithasreceivedalmostnoattentionfromeitherpsychologistsorsociologists.Thisisagapinginadequacyinthebehavioralsciences,forthepaceoflifeprofoundlyinfluencesbehavior,evokingstrongandcontrastingreactionsfromdifferentpeople.Order:

填空题A. In Europe a recent feature of corporate life in the recession has been the de-layering of management structures. This has halted progression for women in as much as de-layering has taken place either where women are working or in layers they aspire to. There is also a positive trend from the recession, which has been the growing number of women who have started up on their own. B. Reasons for higher success rates among women are difficult to isolate. One explanation suggested is that if a woman candidate manages to get on a shortlist, then she has probably already proved herself to be an exceptional candidate. When women apply for positions they tend to be better qualified than their male counterparts but are more selective and conservative in their job search. Women tend to research thoroughly before applying for positions or attending interviews. Men, on the other hand, seem to rely on their ability to sell themselves and to convince the employers that any shortcomings they have will not prevent them from doing a good job. C. In business as a whole, there are a number of factors encouraging the prospect of greater equality in the workforce. Demographical trends suggest that the number of women going into employment is steadily increasing. In addition, a far greater number of women are now passing through high education, making them better qualified to move into management positions. Organizations such as the European Women"s Management Development Network provide a range of opportunities for women to enhance their skills and contacts. Through a series of both pan-European and national workshops and conferences the barriers to women in employment are being broken down. However, there is only anecdotal evidence of changes in recruitment patterns. It is still so hard for women to even get on to shortlists—there are so many hurdles and barriers. There have been some positive signs, but until there is a belief among employers, until they value the difference, nothing will change. D. The study concentrated on applications for management positions in the $45,000 to $110,000 salary range and found that women are more successful than men in both the private and public sectors. Dr. Elizabeth Marx from London based Carre recruitment consultants described the findings as encouraging for women, in that they send a positive message to them to apply for interesting management positions. But she added: "We should not lose sight of the fact that significantly fewer women apply for senior positions in comparison with men." E. Women who apply for jobs in middle or senior management have a higher success rate than men, according to an employment survey. But of course far fewer of them apply for these positions. The study by Cane Recruitment Consultants shows that while one in six men who appear on interview shortlists get jobs, the figure rises to one in four for women. F. Managerial and executive progress made by women is confirmed by the annual survey of boards of directors carried out by Korn & Orban International. This year the survey shows a doubling of the number of women serving as non-executive directors compared with the previous year. However, progress remains painfully slow and there were still only 18 posts filled by women out of a total of 354 non-executive positions survey. G. According to a 2008 study by University of Illinois sociologist John Dencker, women can make inroads into male-dominated management ranks as companies scale-back workforces via downsizing. Overall, women accounted for nearly 36% of the company"s managers after restructuring, compared with an average of about 24% during the period from 1967 to 1993, according to the study. Furthermore, Dencker found that women made less headway into top levels of management and that a host of factors slowed the climb up the corporate ladder for women, who make up half of the nation"s management workforce but hold only 15% of top leadership positions. Order: 1 → 2 → 3 →F→ 4 → 5

填空题Have you ever considered what makes a good boss good? The answer to that question is admittedly mercurial, as one person"s view of a top-notch employer will differ from somebody else"s. However, there are a number of traits, attitudes and abilities that are common to all good bosses. Moreover, the need for solid leadership skills is especially telling with smaller businesses. "Being a good boss is important in any organization, but it"s particularly important for small business," says Rob Sheehan, director of executive education at the James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership at the University of Maryland. "With smaller businesses, you really have the opportunity to set the tone for the entire company." Bearing in mind the importance of good leadership to business, consider the following lineup of skills, strategies and attributes : 1 2Be inclusive: With a smaller operation, it"s essential that everyone feels like an equal and involved part of the team. A good employer is certain to treat each employee fairly, not only in terms of salary and other forms of compensation, but also in how that employee is involved in the daily function of the business. Encourage feedback, innovation and creativity so employees feel genuinely engaged. 2 Mission, not just money: Very few businesses operate out of sheer altruism, but that"s not to say that turning a profit is the primary philosophical and practical focus. Rather, an effective boss establishes a genuine business mission. How that takes shape depends both on the business and on the overriding focus the boss wants to set. 3 Nothing to fear but fear itself: Many of us have had bosses who would be right at home with a knife next to their desk calendars. Make one mistake on the job and feel free to slip your head right in beneath the blade. Conversely, an effective boss encourages his or her employees not to be gun shy about occasional chaos along the road toward better job performance. 4 It"s their careers, too: Don"t forget that the people who work for you are looking to you to help them navigate and advance their careers. As I said, it"s not all about money. But it is all about making your employees see how to improve and create meaningful careers for themselves. 5 Made, not necessarily born: One final aspect of being a good boss is recognizing that much of what goes into being an effective leader is, in fact, learned behavior. Of course, there always have been and will be bosses who seem to have a flawless touch in leading and motivating. But for every natural, there are just as many top-flight bosses who got that way by attending management classes and seminars, reading books on effective leadership and, just as important, understanding that a good employer naturally attracts first-rate employees. A. "It"s important to use that different perspective to educate and encourage. But it"s also important, like a good coach, to lead your team by example. For instance, while you should point out mistakes by your employees, be sure to admit when you yourself make a mistake," says Sheehan. B. "You need to create an environment of integrity, trust and respect to make absolutely certain that everyone is treated fairly, regardless of the differences they may have," says Sheehan. C. "People can definitely develop good leadership capabilities," says Sheehan. "To a certain degree, we all have innate traits that make us good bosses. All you really have to do is work to develop those traits to their utmost." D. If an employee has a goal of becoming a manager or running his or her own business someday, nurture that goal. Tell them the traits they need to work on to achieve their ultimate plans. E. For instance, a restaurant owner may push speedy lunchtime service as a way of serving the time-strapped business community. By contrast, a medical supply outfit may emphasize how its products improve customers" health. Not only can a clear mission (responsibility) serve to motivate employees, it can also infuse a sense of importance in their jobs. F. "This requires a mentality that encourages learning rather than being afraid of making a mistake. Try something new and different, but know we"re not going to kill each other if things don"t work out," says Sheehan. "I was a swimmer in college and I swam fast when I imagined a shark was after me. I swam just as fast when I imagined I was in the Olympics. It"s a question of what you want to focus on."

填空题"Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here," wrote the Victorian stage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not. Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration. From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus—On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders. Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explores. "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, if patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit," wrote Smiles. "what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself" His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life. This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals. Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles: "It is man, real, living man who does all that. "And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For: "Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past. " This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding—from gender to race to cultural studies—were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs. [A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes. 41. i Petrarch [B] highlighted the public glory of the leading artists. 42. Niccolo Machiavelli [C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate. 43. Samuel Smiles [D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history. 44. Thomas Carlyle [E] held that history should be the story of the masses and their record ofstruggle. 45. Marx and Engels [F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders. [G] depicted the worthy lives of engineer industrialists and explorers.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are going to read a list of headings and a text about the development of maritime laws. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. [A] Fist convention of Comite Maritime International [B] The convention having been revised three times [C] Why is unification of maritime law necessary? [D] The convention with the most signature states. [E] Incompatible time scale [F] The salvage convention According to Constitution: "The Comite Maritime International (CMI) is a non-governmental international organization, the object of which is to contribute by all appropriate means and activities to the unification of maritime law in all its aspects. To this end it shall promote the establishment of national associations of maritime law and shall co-operate with other international organizations. "The CMI has been doing just that since 1897. 41__________ In an address to the University of Turin in 1860, the Jurist Mancini said: "The sea with its winds, its storms and its dangers never changes and this demands a necessary uniformity of juridical regime." In other words, those involved in the world of maritime trade need to know that wherever they trade the applicable law will, by and large, be the same. Traditionally, uniformity is achieved by means of international conventions or other forms of agreement negotiated between governments and enforced domestically by those same governments. 42__________ It is tempting to measure the success of a convention on a strictly numerical basis. If that is the proper criterion of success, one could say that one of the most successful conventions ever produced was the very first CMI convention—the Collision Convention of 1910. The terms of this convention were agreed on September 23, 1910 and the convention entered into force less than three years later, on March 1, 1913. 43__________ Almost as successful, in numerical terms, is a convention of similar vintage, namely the Salvage Convention of 1910. Less than three years elapsed between agreement of the text at the Brussels Diplomatic Conference and entry into force on March 1, 1913. we are, quite properly, starting to see a number of denunciations of this convention, as countries adopt the new salvage Convention of 1989. It is worth recording that the Salvage Convention of 1989, designed to replace the 1910 Convention, did not enter into force until July 1996, more than seven years after agreement. The latest information available is that forty States have now ratified or acceded to the 1989 convention. 44__________ The text of the first Limitation Convention was agreed at the Brussels Diplomatic Conference in August 1924, but did not enter into force until 1931-seven years after the text had been agreed. This convention was not widely supported, and eventually attracted only fifteen ratifications or accessions. The CMI had a second go at limitation with its 1957 Convention, the text of which was agreed in October of that year. It entered into force in May 1968 and has been ratified or acceded to by fifty-one states, though of course a number have subsequently denounced this convention in order to embrace the third CMI Limitation Convention, that of 1976. At the latest count the 76 Convention has been ratified or acceded to by thirty seven states. The fourth instrument on limitation, namely the 1996 Protocol, has not yet come into force, despite the passage of six years since the Diplomatic Conference at which the text of the was agreed. 45__________ By almost any standard of measurement, the most successful maritime law convention of all time: the Civil Liability Convention of 1969. The text of that convention (to which the CMI contributed both in background research and drafting) was agreed at a Diplomatic Conference in 1969 and it entered into force six years later, in June 1975. The convention has, at various stages, been acceded to or ratified by 103 states (with two additional "provisional" ratifications). If we add to this the various states and dependencies that come in under the UK umbrella, we realize that we are looking at a hugely successful convention. Conventions and other unifying instruments are born in adversity. An area of law may come under review because one or two states have been confronted by a maritime legal problem that has affected them directly. Those sponsoring states may well spend some time reviewing the problem and producing the first draft of an instrument. Eventually, this draft may be offered to the International Maritime Organisation's (IMO) Legal Committee for inclusion in its work program. Over ensuing years (the Legal Committee meeting every sic months or so), issues presented by the draft will be debated, new issues will be raised, and the instrument will be endlessly re-drafted. At some stage, the view will be taken that the instrument is sufficiently mature to warrant a Diplomatic Conference at which the text will be finalized. If the instrument is approved at the Diplomatic Conference, it will sit for twelve months awaiting signature and then be open to ratification and accession. The instrument will contain an entry into force requirement, which will need to be satisfied.