填空题The temperature of the Sun is over 5000 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface, but it rises to perhaps more than 16 million degrees at the center. The Sun is so much hotter than the Earth that matter can exist only as a gas, except at the core. In the core of the Sun, the pressures are so great against the gases that, despite the high temperature, there may be a small solid core. 41) __________. Solar astronomers do know that the Sun is divided into five layers or zones. Starting at the outside and going down into the Sun, the zones are the corona, chromosphere, photosphere, convection zone, and finally the core. 42) __________. But since' the Sun has no solid surface, it is hard to tell where the atmosphere ends and the main body of the Sun begins. 43) __________. This is the only part of the Sun that can be seen during an eclipse such as the one in February 1979. At any other time, the corona can be seen only when special instruments are used on cameras and telescopes to shut out the glare of the Sun's rays. 44) __________. Its beautiful rays are a sensational sight during an eclipse. The corona's rays flash out in a brilliant fan that has wispy spike like rays near the Sun's north and south poles. The corona is thickest at the Sun's equator. The corona rays are made up of gases streaming outward at tremendous speeds and reaching a temperature of more than 2 million degrees Fahrenheit. The rays of gas thin out as they reach the space around the planets. 45) __________.[A] By the time the Sun's corona rays reach the Earth, they are weak and invisible.[B] The Sun's outermost layer beings about 10000 miles above the visible surface and goes outward for millions of miles.[C] If a person were to stand on the sun's corona they wouldn't burn, they would freeze in the near vacuum of the corona.[D] The corona is a brilliant, pearly white, filmy light, about as bright as the full Moon.[E] The first three zones are regarded as the Sun's atmosphere.[F] However, no one really knows, since the center of the Sun can never be directly observed.[G] You can probably guess that the Sun is very hot, compared with familiar things on the Earth.

填空题A.Manystudiesconcludethatchildrenwithhighlyinvolvedfathers,inrelationtochildrenwithlessinvolvedfathers,tendtobemorecognitivelyandsociallycompetent,lessinclinedtowardgenderstereotyping,moreempathic,andpsychologicallybetteradjusted.Commonly,thesestudiesinvestigatebothpaternalwarmthandpaternalinvolvementandfind—usingsimplecorrelations—thatthetwovariablesarerelatedtoeachotherandtoyouthoutcomes.B.Boysseemedtoconformtothesex-rolestandardsoftheirculturewhentheirrelationshipswiththeirfatherswerewarm;regardlessofhow"masculine"thefatherswere,eventhoughwarmthandintimacyhavetraditionallybeenseenasfemininecharacteristics.Asimilarconclusionwassuggestedbyresearchonotheraspectsofpsychosocialadjustmentandonachievement:Paternalwarmthorclosenessappearedbeneficial,whereaspaternalmasculinityappearedirrelevant.C.Thecriticalquestionis:Howgoodistheevidencethatfathers'amountofinvolvement,withouttakingintoaccountitscontentandquality,isconsequentialforchildren,mothers,orfathersthemselves?Theassociationswithdesirableoutcomesfoundinmuchresearchareactuallywithpositiveformsofpaternalinvolvement,notinvolvementperse.Involvementneedstobecombinedwithqualitativedimensionsofpaternalbehaviorthroughtheconceptof"positivepaternalinvolvement"developedhere.D.Commonly,researchersassessedthemasculinityoffathersandofsonsandthencorrelatedthetwosetsofscores.Manybehavioralscientistsweresurprisedtodiscoverthatnoconsistentresultsemergedfromthisresearchuntiltheyexaminedthequalityofthefather-sonrelationship.Thentheyfoundthatwhentherelationshipbetweenmasculinefathersandtheirsonswaswarmandloving,theboyswereindeedmoremasculine.Later,however,researchersfoundthatthemasculinityoffatherspersedidnotseemtomakemuchdifferenceafterall.Assummarizedby:E.Theseconddomaininwhichasubstantialamountofresearchhasbeendoneontheinfluenceofvariationsinfatherlovedealswithfatherinvolvement,thatis,withtheamountoftimethatfathersspendwiththeirchildren(engagement),theextenttowhichfathersmakethemselvesavailabletotheirchildren(accessibility),andtheextenttowhichtheytakeresponsibilityfortheirchildren'scareandwelfare(responsibility).F.Itisunclearfromthesestudieswhetherinvolvementandwarmthmakeindependentorjointcontributionstoyouthoutcomes.Moreover,"caringfor"childrenisnotnecessarilythesamethingas"caringabout"them.Indeed,Lambconcludedfromhisreviewofstudiesofpaternalinvolvementthatitwasnotthesimplefactofpaternalengagement(i.e.,directinteractionwiththechild),availability,orresponsibilityforchildcarethatwasassociatedwiththeseoutcomes.Rather,itappearsthatthequalityofthefather-childrelationshipmadethegreatestdifference.J.It.Pleckreiteratedthisconclusionwhenhewrote:G.ResearchbyVenezianoandRohnersupportstheseconclusions.Inabiracialsampleof63AfricanAmericanandEuropeanAmericanchildren,theauthorsfoundfrommultipleregressionanalysesthatfatherinvolvementbyitselfwasassociatedwithchildren'spsychologicaladjustmentprimarilyinsofarasitwasperceivedbyyouthstobeanexpressionofpaternalwarmth(acceptance).H.Manystudieslookingexclusivelyattheinfluenceofvariationsinfatherlovedealwithtwotopics:(1)genderroledevelopmentand(2)fatherinvolvement.Studiesofgenderroledevelopmentemergedprominentlyinthe1940sandcontinuedthroughthe1970s.Thiswasatimewhenfatherswereconsideredtobeespeciallyimportantasgenderrolemodelsforsons.Order:

填空题 So you've been with your company for a while and have been exceeding all of your manager's expectations. You work hard, are a great team player, come up with new ideas to take the business further and are an all-around joy in the workplace. If you haven't been promoted or been bumped up in salary automatically, it might be time to take the bull by the horns and approach this topic yourself. While asking for a raise makes many people uncomfortable and nervous, the situation can be a breeze if handled correctly. The following are a few steps to follow to make sure your request does not fall on deaf ears:{{B}}41. Do your research.{{/B}} Like any other element of your career, it all starts with research. In order to present your manager with a compelling case in your favor, you need to know what the going rate is for someone with your experience and in your position.{{B}}42. Outline a case for yourself.{{/B}} When going into any kind of negotiation session, you need to be equipped with the right amount of ammunition. Before you walk into your meeting, look back at your time with the company and highlight your aceomplishments. Come up with a list of specific examples of ways you have been a valuable asset to the business. Find facts and figures that demonstrate what you have excelled, using numbers whenever possible. If you really want to knock their socks off, put your accomplishments into a formal presentation, albeit brief, that outlines each of your goals and how you have achieved them. This will demonstrate that you are professional, willing to go the extra mile, and have thought about your request thoroughly.{{B}}43. Know what's going on in your neighborhood.{{/B}} There are good times and bad times to ask for a raise at any company. Schedule ample time to present your case, and make sure your timing is right. Asking for a raise on the fly after just walking into your manager's office to chat will not benefit you or impress your boss. Make sure you have time to present your case, and that your manager has time to think about your presentation. Request a meeting with your supervisor, at least a half-hour long. Think about your timing when you schedule the meeting, too. If your department has a bevy of deadlines to meet at the end of each month, don't schedule your meeting on the 29th. Pick a time when your manager will be sure to be in a good mood and not overly stressed.{{B}}44. Avoid threats or demands.{{/B}} The last thing you want to do is to put your supervisor on the defensive. Be professional and, if your job is worth keeping, willing to listen to the other side. Keep the meeting positive and your outcome will be more positive.{{B}}45. Remember that not all perks are monetary.{{/B}} Don't fall into the trap of thinking you are not valued if you do not get exactly what you had expected.[A] If you approach your manager for a raise in a time of downsizing and cost-cutting, you will not only be denied, but will also show that you are not in tune with the company's needs. Make sure you understand your company's overall financial situation.[B] For example, if you developed a marketing plan that helped increase sales, make sure you have those sales figures on hand, as well as your role in the plan and its execution. Be sure to tie your own success into the overall success of the company.[C] If your company is strapped financially but you and your manager still come to the conclusion that it is time for you to be rewarded for your performance, you might be able to negotiate for stock options, more vacation time or other non-monetary benefits.[D] When you come up with your desired raise in your base salary, go over 2%. If you want 8% then ask for 10%.[E] You can find out what others in your industry and in comparable positions are raking in by looking at online resources, through the Bureau of Labor Statistics, or in books like "The American Almanac of Jobs and Salaries" by John W. Wright (Quill).[F] Going into a meeting with the "if I don't get it, I'm leaving" attitude will only tell your company you are uncompromising and only out for number one.

填空题Allmodernhumanoriginatedinsub-SaharanAfrica,accordingtoanewstudyboastedbyitsfoundersasthe"finalblow"againstanopposingviewpoint.Notsofast,saysoneanthropologistwhofindsflawsintheevidence.Thenewstudy,publishedintheJuly19issueofthejournalNature,deliverswhattheresearcherssaycouldbethefinalverdictinsupportofthesinglepoint"OutofAfrica"theory.Manicaandcolleaguestookmultiplemeasurementsofmorethan4,500malefossilskullsfrom105populationsaroundtheglobe.Theycombinedtheresultswithdatafromstudiesofglobalgeneticvariationsinhumans,findingthatbothgeneticandskullvariabilitydecreasedwithdistancefromAfrica.SopopulationsinsoutheasternAfricaheldthehighestvariabilitycomparedwithpopulationsinothercountries.Theresultsheldevenwhenthescientistsaccountedforclimate,sinceclimateconditionscanleadtochangesinskullfeatures."Inverycoldclimatesyoutendtogenerateaslightlythickerbrowridge.Whetherornotthat"stokeephorribleblizzardsoutofyoureyes,Idon"tknow,"Amossaid.Paststudiesbasedonskullmorphologyhavebeenweakandhavesupportedbothofthehumanoriginviews.Inhisownresearch,Hawksisfundingthatnaturalselectionhasledtochangesinthousandsofgenesduringonlythepastfewthousandyears."I"mreallythinkingjusttheoppositeofthispaper,"Hawkssaid."Therearedifferencesintheskullbetweenpopulations,includingtheirvariability,butitismostlyduetoveryrecenteffectsandnottheoriginofmodernhumans.""ThemuhiregionalideaisidenticaltotherecentAfricanoriginidea,exceptforitspredictionthatEuropeansandAsianswerepartofthesinglepopulationoforiginanddidn"tbecomeextinct."[A]"HumansseemtohavepouredoutofAfrica,spreadoutacrosstheworld,butatareallyquiteuniformratesuchthatyougetthislovelygraduallossofdiversity,"saidstudyteammemberWilliamAmosoftheUniversityofCambridge.[B]Allmodernhumansoriginatedfromthesameancestorsandtheykeptevolvingasthesocietyadvances.Somespeciesdiedoutbutothersremainedtoliveontheearth,whichisstillimpossibletosolve.[C]Attheendoftheday,aresolutiontothe"OutofAfrica"debatemaybeimpossible,hesaid.Mostoftheevidencecanbeinterpretedassupportingbothhuman-originstheories."It"sreallyhardtofindthetwo,"Hawkssaid.[D]Thisstudy"addsastronglineofevidencetotheOutofAfrica(hypothesis)usingsuchmorphology,"saidpaleontologistWillHarcourt-SmithoftheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryinNewYork.Harcourt-Smithwasnotinvolvedinthecurrentresearch.[E]Debateovertheoriginsofmodernhumanshassimmeredamonganthropologistsforyears,withonetheoryassertingthatHomosapiensmigratedacrosstheworldfromasinglepointinAfrica.TheothertheorystatesthatmultiplepopulationsofHomosapiensindependentlyevolvedfromHomoerectusinregionsbeyondAfrica.[F]TherecentstudywasfundedbytheBiotechnologyandBiologicalSciencesResearchCouncil.Ithasprovidedconclusiveevidenceconcerningtheactualprocessofhumanevolution.[G]"Wehavecombinedourgeneticdatawithnewmeasurementsofalargesampleofskullstoshowdefinitelythatmodernhumansoriginatedfromasingleareainsub-SaharanAfrica,"saidleadresearcherAndreaManicaoftheUniversityofCambridge.41.________42.________43.________44.________45.

填空题[A]Demographicdeclineworriespeoplebecauseitisbelievedtogohandinhandwitheconomicdecline.Attheextremesitmaywellbetheresultofeconomicfactors:pessimismmaydepressthebirthrateandpushupratesofsuicideandalcoholism.But,inthemain,demographicdeclineistheconsequenceofthelowfertilitythatgenerallygoeswithgrowingprosperity.InJapan,forinstance,birthratesfellbelowthereplacementrateof2.1childrenperwomaninthemid-1970sandhavebeenparticularlylowinthepast15years.[B]Duringthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury,theglobalpopulationexplosionwasthebigdemographicannoyance.RobertMcNamara,presidentoftheWorldBankinthe1970s,comparedthethreatofunmanageablepopulationpressureswiththedangerofnuclearwar.Nowthatworryhasevaporated,andthiscenturyisfrighteningitselfwiththeoppositefear:theonsetofdemographicdecline.[C]GovernmentshatetheideaofashrinkingpopulationbecausetheabsolutesizeofGDPmattersforgreat-powerstatus.Thebiggertheeconomy,thebiggerthemilitary,thegreaterthegeopoliticalclout:annualGDPestimateswerefirstintroducedinAmericainthe1940saspartofitswareffort.Companiesworry,too:theydonotliketheideaoftheirdomesticmarketsshrinking.Peopleshouldnotmind,though.WhatmattersforeconomicwelfareisGDPperperson.[D]Peoplelovetoworry--maybeit'sasymptomofageingpopulations--butthegloomsurroundingpopulationdeclinesmissesthemainpoint.Thenewdemographicsthatarecausingpopulationstoageandtoshrinkaresomethingtocelebrate.Humanitywasoncecaughtinthetrapofhighfertilityandhighmortality.Nowithasescapedintothefreedomoflowfertilityandlowmortality.Women'scontroloverthenumberofchildrentheyhaveisanunqualifiedgood--asistheaverageperson'senjoyment,inrichcountries,oftenmoreyearsoflifethantheyhadin1960.Politiciansmayfearthedeclineoftheirnations'economicpower,butpeopleshouldcelebratethenewdemographicsasheraldingagoldenage.[E]TheshrinkageofRussiaandeasternEuropeisfamiliar,thoughnotperhapsthescaleofit:Russia'spopulationisexpectedtofallby22%between2005and2050,Ukraine'sbyastaggering43%.Nowthephenomenoniscreepingintotherichworld:Japanhasstartedtoshrinkandothers,suchasItalyandGermany,willsoonfollow.EvenChina'spopulationwillbedecliningbytheearly2030s,accordingtotheUN,whichprojectsthatby2050populationswillbelowerthantheyaretodayin50countries.[F]Butifdemographicdeclineisnotgenerallyaconsequenceofeconomicdecline,surelyitmustbeacause?Inacrudesense,yes.Aspopulationsshrink,GDPgrowthwillslow.Someeconomiesmayevenstarttoshrink,too.Theresultwillbealossofeconomicinfluence.[G]ThecrucialquestionisthereforewhattheeffectofdemographicdeclineisonthegrowthofGDPperperson.Thebadnewsisthatthislookslikelytoslowbecauseworking-agepopulationsWilldeclinemorerapidlythanoverallpopulations.Yetthisneednothappen.ProductivitygrowthmaykeepupgrowthinGDPperperson:aslabourbecomesscarcer,andpressuretointroducenewtechnologiestoboostworkers'efficiencyincreases,sotheproductivityoflabourmayrisefaster.Anyway,retirementagescanbeliftedtoincreasethesupplyoflabourevenwhenthepopulationisdeclining.

填空题[A]Bycontrast,somewhatmorethan25percentoftheearth'spopulationcanbefoundintheindustrializedsocieties.Theyleadmodernlives.Theyareproductsofthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury,moldedbymechanizationandmasseducation,broughtupwithlingeringmemoriesoftheirowncountry'sagriculturalpast.Theyare,ineffect,thepeopleofthepresent.[B]Theremaining2or3percentoftheworld'spopulation,however,arenolongerpeopleofeitherthepastorthepresent.Forwithinthemaincentersoftechnologicalandculturalchange,inSantaMonica,CaliforniaandCambridge,Massachusetts,inNewYorkandLondon,andTokyo,aremillionsofmenandwomenwhocanalreadybesaidtobelivingthewayoflifeofthefuture.Trend-makersoftenwithoutbeingawareofit,livetodayasmillionswilllivetomorrow.Andwhiletheyaccountforonlyafewpercentoftheglobalpopulationtoday,theyarealreadyfromaninternationalnationofthefutureinourmidst.Theyaretheadvancedagentsofman,theearliestcitizensoftheworldwidesuper-industrialsocietynowinthethroesofbirth.[C]Itis,infact,nottoomuchtosaythatthepaceoflifedrawsalinethroughhumanity,dividingusintocamps,triggeringbittermisunderstandingbetweenparentandchild,betweenMadisonAvenueandMainStreet,betweenmenandwomen,betweenAmericanandEuropean,betweenEastandWest.[D]Whatmakesthemdifferentfromtherestofmankind?Certainly,theyarericher,bettereducated,moremobilethanthemajorityofthehumanrace.Theyalsolivelonger.Butwhatspecificallymarksthepeopleofthefutureisthefactthattheyarealreadycaughtupinanew,stepped-uppaceoflife.They"livefaster"thanthepeoplearoundthem.[E]Theinhabitantsoftheeartharedividednotonlybyrace,nation,religionorideology,butalso,inasense,bytheirpositionintime.Examiningthepresentpopulationoftheglobe,wefindatinygroupwhostilllive,huntingandfood-foraging,asmendidmillenniaago.Others,thevastmajorityofmankind,dependnotonbear-huntingorberry-picking,butonagriculture.Theylive,inmanyrespects,astheirancestorsdidcenturiesago.Thesetwogroupstakentogethercomposeperhaps70percentofalllivinghumanbeings.Theyarethepeopleofthepast.[F]Somepeoplearedeeplyattractedtothishighlyacceleratedpaceoflife--goingfaroutoftheirwaytobringitaboutandfeelinganxious,tenseoruncomfortablewhenthepaceslows.Theywantdesperatelytobe"wheretheactionis."JamesA.Wilsonhasfound,forexample,thattheattractionforafastpaceoflifeisoneofthehiddenmotivatingforcesbehindthemuch-publicized"brain-drainthemassmigrationofEuropeanscientistsandengineerswhomigratedtotheU.S.andCanada.Heconcludedthatitwasnohighersalariesorbetterresearchfacilitiesalone,butalsothequickertempothatlurethem.Themigrants,hewrites,"arenotputoffbywhattheyindicatedasthe'fasterpace'ofNorthAmerica;ifanything,theyappeartopreferthispacetoothers."[G]Thepaceoflifeisfrequentlycommentedonbyordinarypeople.Yet,oddlyenough,ithasreceivedalmostnoattentionfromeitherpsychologistsorsociologists.Thisisagapinginadequacyinthebehavioralsciences,forthepaceoflifeprofoundlyinfluencesbehavior,evokingstrongandcontrastingreactionsfromdifferentpeople.Order:

填空题A Perpetual Motion Machine is a fascinating and long-discussed topic that moves well beyond the scope of physics. In short, a perpetual motion machine can be likened to a magic cow that continues to live and breathe and yet needs no sustenance. A perpetual motion engine installed in a ear would continue to run indefinitely but would need neither gas tank nor petrol. Of course, as a perpetual motion machine is in violation of natural laws, it will likely never move out of the realm of imagination and into reality. When the phrase "perpetual motion machine" is entered into Google's search engine, 34,400 items are returned. Of these 34,400 items, the forty-first to the forty-fifth hold reasonable interest and will be further discussed herein. 41. Myths and legends Long before the advent of the steam engine, human beings have ruminated on the possibility of a perpetual motion machine. Throughout history, many have attempted to invent such a device, though none have thus far been successful. 42. Fame and glory Some people hold that any inventor attempting to create a perpetual motion machine must only be in it for credit and accolades, wishing to be the first in his field to discover the much-coveted secret. 43. Wealth and riches It is also suspected by some that those seeking to unlock the mystery of perpetual motion machine must be motivated by the monetary rewards. If such a device were to fall into popular use, the inventor would be a wealthy man indeed. 44. Antics and capers Even some of those who are aware of the impossibility of perpetual motion machine have invented something similar under the guise of perpetual motion machine in order to tease us. 45. Deception and trickery Some people, though fully aware that they are incapable of inventing a perpetual motion machine, persist in arguing that they can with the intention of scamming us. Though the perpetual motion machine is a dream long-sought after by the scientific community, it is improbable that it will ever be realized. We can, however, pour our resources into researching more practical energy conserving forms of power such as geothermal, hydroelectric, and solar power solutions. A. In ancient China there was an extremely adroit man by the name of Zhu Geliang. It is said that he constructed a wooden horse which could walk unaided and could be used in the transportation of military supplies. As no records of this occurrence have been found, this tale has passed into legend. B. Inventor F told me excitedly, "some complex details are currently under discus-sion to unearth the key to perpetual motion. If my experiment proves to be effectual, I will become a Nobel Prize winner. You know, the ceremony is held annually in Sweden and is broadcasted live to every corner of the globe." It is no great wonder that Inventor F espoused enthusiasm. A functional perpetual motion machine is a wonder that would be marveled at for generations to come. C. Inventor K declared, "the experiments with perpetual motion are on the verge of success. My products will soon be distributed throughout the world and used in a wide range of industrial applications. When that happens, my company will expand exponentially. I'll make a fortune!" D. One of the closest things to a perpetual motion engine was the one installed on the Traveler 1 spacecraft, the first spaceship in human history to fly beyond the edges of our solar system. Though Traveler's engine is able to run without maintenance for many years, it still requires energy—nuclear energy. So, strictly speaking, Traveler 1 does not run on a perpetual motion engine, but in fact needs energy as do all other machines. E. Mr. Goofy announced that he had effectively diagrammed the first perpetual motion machine. When a private corporate party purchased the patent, they found to their dismay that manufacturing it according to the design layout was technically infeasible. Furious, they sued Mr. Goofy for fraud, but even in the courtroom, Mr. Goofy would not be shamed. He simply retorted, "I'm just joking around." F. Tom, proudly proclaiming that he had invented a clock that ran on perpetual motion, and had it placed in the central square of his town. The clock, he said, would work perfectly despite a lack of springs in the internal mechanism. A scientist later ascertained the secret and revealed it to the townspeople: the clock had been cleverly devised to run on temperature differentials.

填空题America"s great labor market slump continues to cast its pall over the economy, leaving one lonely group in particular shrouded in shadows. Over 6m Americans, more than 40% of all those unemployed, have now been out of work for more than six months. Most of these, 4. 5m, haven"t worked for a year or more. This crisis of long-term joblessness is unprecedented in the post-war period. Lacklustre growth is the main problem. The pace of new hiring crashed during the recession and has scarcely recovered since. Although America"s unemployment rate is down a percentage point from its peak, this is little cause for cheer. 1 Many of the latter have given up hope. For the first time in decades, jobless workers are more likely to drop out of the labor force (and cease to be counted as unemployed) than to get a job. Bit by bit, a large mass of American workers is losing touch with the labor market. One might expect unemployment to carry less stigma after a deep recession—bad times, rather than personal shortcoming, being the more likely reason for a sacking. Yet a worker"s lifetime earnings are hurt more by a job loss in a weak economy. 2 The unemployed increasingly face discrimination in the hiring queue, often enough that Barack Obama proposes to ban the practice. Such a rule might encourage employers not to hire at all, for fear of legal action. Still, there are some signs that the long-term jobless can be coaxed back into the working world. 3 The ranks of the unemployed are often replenished by those moving from outside the labor force—that is, from not looking for work at all—into active job seeking. The long-term unemployed pay close attention to the state of the job market and resume their job search in optimistic periods. A burst of optimism early this year, corresponding to a period when employment was growing by more than 200, 000 jobs a month, coincided with a surge of workers back into the labor force to seek work. This may have reversed in recent months. In July, just 10% of workers polled by Gallup said it was a good time to find a decent job, down from 17% in April. The horizon has only grown cloudier since then. Policymakers are slowly beginning to respond to the crisis. 4 Mr. Obama proposes to increase the program"s flexibility. Benefits could be used to supplement wages at businesses that cut hours rather than lay off workers, for instance. The president also seems fond of state-level programs like "Georgia Works", which pay benefits to jobless workers engaged in training. Should Congress approve, such measures could light the path back to work for many jobless Americans. The Federal Reserve is also paying heed. At a speech in late August, Chairman Ben Bernanke warned that long-term unemployment could harm the economy"s long-run growth prospects, though since then he has done little to help. 5 [A] Nothing would be so effective as a strong economy and a tight labor market. Despite growing interest in their troubles, that seems a distant prospect for those languishing on the edge of the working world. [B] An experienced worker laid off when unemployment is at 9% faces a reduction in lifetime earnings nearly twice that of someone sacked when the rate is 5%, according to new work by Steven Davis and Till von Wachter. [C] The unemployment rate in different sectors varies greatly. The department that suffers most is manufacturing and the fall in manufacturing in the past few years is a major factor behind growing wage inequality. [D] Barack Obama"s proposed American Jobs Act would reauthorize for another year current emergency unemployment benefits, which help to support consumption among the jobless, reducing poverty and propping up demand. [E] Workers are escaping unemployment more slowly than at any time since 1948. The long term unemployed are struggling most; in the year to June, the newly jobless were three times more likely to find new work in a given month than the long-term unemployed. [F] Compared with workers newly laid off, the long-term unemployed have stronger motivation to take part in train programs and go back to the labor force for fear of losing the right to enjoy unemployment insurance benefits. [G] New research by economists Michael Elsby and Rob Valletta shows that movement in and out of the labor force is actually more fluid than has been previously assumed.

填空题There are still significant gaps between women and men in terms of their involvement in family life, the tasks they perform and the responsibilities they take. Yet, at least in developed Western countries, both women and men express a desire for greater equality in family life. It is evident that in terms of attitudes and beliefs, the problem cannot simply be thought of in terms of women wanting men to share more equally and men being reluctant to do so. The challenge now is to develop policies and practices based on a presumption of shared responsibility between men and women, and a presumption that there are potential benefits for men and women, as well as for families and the community, if there is greater gender equality in the responsibilities and pleasures of family life. These are becoming key concerns of researchers, policy makers, community workers and, more importantly, family members themselves.41. ______Despite the significant increase in the number of women with dependent children who are in the paid workforce, Australian research studies over the last 15 years are consistent in showing that divisions of labour for family work are very rigid indeed (Watson 1991). In terms of time, women perform approximately 90 percent of child care tasks and 70 percent of all family work, and only 14 percent of fathers are highly participant in terms of time spent on family work (Russell 1983). Demo and Acock (1993), in a recent US study, also found that women continue to perform a Constant and major proportion of household labour (68 percent to 95 percent) across all family types (first marriage, divorced, step-family or never married), regardless of whether they are employed or non-employed in paid work.42. ______ Divisions of labour for family work are particularly problematic in families in which both parents are employed outside the home (dual-worker families). Employed mothers adjust their jobs and personal lives to accommodate family commitments more than employed fathers do. Mothers are less likely to work overtime and are more likely to take time off work to attend to children's needs (VandenHeuvel 1993). Mothers spend less time on personal leisure activities than their partners, a factor that often leads to resentment (Demo and Acock 1993).43. ______ The parental role is central to the stress-related anxiety reported by employed mothers, and a major contributor to such stress is their taking a greater role in child care (VandenHenvel 1993). Edgar and Giezer (1992) found that close to 90 percent of both husbands and wives agreed that the man should share equally in child care, yet 55 percent of husbands and wives claimed that the men actually did this. (These claims are despite the findings mentioned earlier that point to a much lower participation rate by fathers.) A mother's wanting her partner to do more housework and child care is a better predictor of poor family adjustment than is actual time spent by fathers in these tasks (Demo and Acock 1993). It is this desire, together with its lack of fulfillment in most families, that bring about stress in the female parent. 44. ______ Family therapists and social work researchers are increasingly defining family problems in terms of a lack of involvement and support from fathers and are concerned with difficulties involved in having fathers take responsibility for the solution of family and child behaviour problems (Edgar and Glezer 1986). Yet, a father accepting responsibility for behaviour problems is linked with positive outcomes.45. ______ Research studies lend strong support to the argument that there are benefits for families considering a change to a fairer or more equitable division of the pleasures and pains of family life. Greater equality in the performance of family work is associated with lower levels of family stress and higher self-esteem, better health, and higher marital satisfaction for mothers. There is also higher marital satisfaction of fathers, especially when they take more responsibility for the needs of their children--fathers are happier when they are more involved (Russell 1984).[A] Origins of anxiety in working mothers[B] The presumptions of policy makers[C] The experts' view of the male parent's role[D] Comparison of employed and non-employed mothers[E] The benefits of balanced responsibility[F] The unchanged role of the female parent[G] The impact of dual employment

填空题There is nothing illogical or synthetic about the humility ( modesty ) of great bookmen in calling attention to the limitations of the book. No book can　1　us to know everything that is to be known, or feel everything that is to be felt. A book is part of life, not a substitute 　2　it. It is not a fit　3　for worship or enshrinement. It loses its charm and much of its value when accepted　4　No one would have been more　5　than Aristotle if he could have known of the excessive and　6　veneration that would be given to his ideas in centuries to　7　. When his works became the　8　words of advance knowledge,　9　knowledge became neither advanced nor vital. The particular occasion for these remarks is that there are　10　here and there that some of us in the book world may be　11　ourselves too seriously. In the effort to increase book reading some　12　things are being said about books. It is made to　13　that nothing is happening now that has not happened before, and that the only true approach to understanding is　14　books. We do neither service nor justice to books by　15　upon them such omnipotence and omniscience. Many of the answers we need today are not necessarily to be found between　16　There are elements of newness in the present　17　of man that will not readily be　18　of by required reading or ready reference. Books are not slide rules or blueprints for　19　automatic answers. What is needed is a mighty blend of the wisdom of the ages　20　fresh, razor-edged analytical thought.

填空题[A]THINGShavenotbeengoingwellforSonylately.LastmonthseniorexecutivesattheJapaneseelectronicsgiantissuedanunprecedentedapologyafterdiscoveringthat9.6mlaptopbatteries,suppliedtoothercomputer-makers,werefaultyandwouldhavetoberecalledatacostof$436m.Sony'sBlue-rayhigh-definitiontechnology,launchedthissummer,hassufferedfromdelaysandcomponentshortages."Theyreallyneedsomegoodnews,"saysPaulJacksonofForrester,aconsultancy.[B]Ingaming,SonyfacesfarstrongercompetitionthanitdidwhenitlaunchedthePlayStation2in2000.ThePS2wentontosellover100munits,givingSony70%ofthemarket.Butgamingisacyclicalbusiness,andsuccessinonerounddoesnotguaranteesuccessinthenext.Microsofthasalreadysoldover6mofitsXbox360consoles,launchedayearago,andexpectstohavesold10mbytheendof2006.ManufacturingproblemsdelayedthePS3'slaunchfromMayandmeantthatonly93000consoleswereavailablefortheJapaneselaunch,Sonyhopestosell2mbytheendoftheyear,butevenifitdoesso,itwillstarttheraceinthirdplace.[C]YetitwillbesometimebeforeitispossibletotellwhetherthePS3canrescueSony.Beneaththeshort-termtroubles,thecompanyisplayingalonggame.SonyisbettingthatthePS3'sadvancedtechnologywillsustainthecompanyforadecadebyextendingthePlayStationfranchisebeyondgaming.[D]Finally,thePS3isalitmustestforSirHoward'sturnaroundeffort,oneoftheaimsofwhichistogetSony'svariousdivisionstoco-operatemorefully.Sonyhasimprovedmarginsinitselectronicsbusinessandreducedheadcountby10000aheadofschedule.SirHowardevensuggestedthisweekthatthebatteryfiascohadhelpedbymakingiteasierforhimtoconvincedoubterswithinSonyoftheneedtochange.[E]SonyneedsthePS3tosucceedforthreereasons:tomaintainitslucrativedominanceofthegamesindustry;toseedthemarketforBlue-rayandestablishSonyintheemergingmarketforinternetvideodownloads;andtodemonstratethattheturnaroundbeingledbyHowardStringer,whotookoveraschiefexecutivein2005,isworkingandthatSony'sgaming,electronicsandcontentdivisionsreallycanworktogether.DespitetheenthusiasmofthePS3'searlybuyers,successineachoftheseareasisfarfromassured.[F]Americanregulatorsbeganinvestigatingthecompanylastmonthaspartofaninquiryintoallegationsofprice-fixinginthememory-chipmarket.Andhavingbragbeentheworld'smostvaluableelectronicsfirmbystockmarketvalue,Sony'smarketcapitalisationhasfallentolessthanhalfthatofSamsung,itsSouthKoreanrival.[G]SoalotisridingonthePlayStation3(PS3),thelatestincarnationofSony'sindustry-leadinggamesconsole,whichwaslaunchedwithmuchfanfareinJapanonNovember11th.AttheYurakuchoflagshipstoreofBicCamera,oneofJapan'slargestelectronicsretailers,hundredsofgarnersqueuedthroughacoldnight.KenKutaragi,whorunsSony'sgamingdivision,wastheretowelcometheminthemorning.[H]ThePS3isalsomeanttoensurethatBlue-raytriumphsoverHD-DVDasthehigh-definitionsuccessortotheDVDvideoformat.TheideaisthatmillionsofPS3sboughtbygarnerswillseedthemarketforBlue-ray,providingitwithcriticalmassandensuringthatHollywoodstudios,whicharereluctanttobacktworivalstandards,plumpforBlue-rayoverHD-DVD.ButinsteadofridingthePS3asaTrojanhorse,Blue-rayhasinsteadhobbleditbyincreasingitspriceanddelayingitsintroduction.[I]Soafewteethingproblemsintheearlydaysarenothingtoworryabout;besides,thePS2wasalsocriticisedforbeingexpensive,over-engineeredandunreliablewhenitfirstappeared.Buthavingachieved70%marketsharelasttimearound,Sonyiscertaintolosegroundthistime.Theonlyquestionishowmuch.

填空题Life, at least for a seed, is better out in the world. (1) . Seeds know how to get around. (2) . But they all have the same goal: to take root and give rise to the next generation. Scientists can understand what type of dispersal strategy a plant employs by looking at its environment. For example, dispersal by sea currents is important for plants that grow on seashores, and wind is important in open grasslands. And for each type of dispersal, there is a type of design. (3) . "Among species with seeds dispersed internally by animals, the size of the seed or fruit, its color, and the presence of protective husks will reflect the swallowing, visual, and processing abilities of the seed disperser," Birkinshaw said. For example, seeds spread by small birds will be small in size, covered with plant flesh (to give the birds a reward for eating it), huskless (since most birds are ill equipped to remove such an outer shell), and brightly colored (since birds have good color vision). Some seeds have no specific dispersal strategy, like the coco-de-mer, a palm tree that only grows in the Seychelles, an island chain in the Indian Ocean. These palms have the largest seeds of any plant and lack any seed dispersal method other than gravity, Birkinshaw said. In other cases, as with the rare Madagascan palms Satranala decussilvae and Voanioala gerardii, the seeds collect in piles beneath their parent trees. (4) . According to John Dransfield, an expert on Madagascan palms with the United Kingdom's Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, both of these palms have very large seeds that animals alive today are incapable of moving. "You start dreaming up stories that it could have been distributed by a now extinct animal", he said. Possible extinct dispersers of the palms are large lemurs that once roamed Madagascar or flightless elephant birds, which were the largest birds known to have lived in Madagascar. There are only a few of these Madagascan palms left standing. (5) . Donald Drake is a botanist with the University of Hawaii in Honolulu who studies how plant and animal interaction affects reproduction of native plants and food for native animals in the Pacific Ocean islands. He said loss of animals to disperse seeds certainly impacts a plant's viability, but "hard, conclusive data are difficult to come by." He and colleague Kim McConkey are currently engaged in research that suggests animals may stop performing ecological functions such as seed dispersal long before they go extinct. "We found this to be the case with flying foxes", Drake said. Flying foxes are among the few remaining large animals that disperse seeds on islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. "Many flying foxes are either rare or extinct", Drake said, "If they cease to be effective dispersers long before reaching that stage, there is a possibility that the results we found are of wide applicability." A. Wind-dispersed seeds are generally lightweight and have adaptations such as wings and parachutes so they can catch a ride on the breeze. Water-dispersed seeds, such as coconuts, are buoyant. Seeds dispersed by animals usually offer a nutritional reward so that they are eaten, or they are sticky or barbed so they can latch on to passing bodies. B. If researchers can confirm that indeed the animal disperser of the palms, seeds are extinct, then the only way to prevent the trees themselves from becoming extinct may be to reintroduce seedlings into the forest with a controlled program of replanting, Dransfield said. C. In order to maintain effective seed-dispersing populations, the researchers say it is important to take conservation actions before seed-dispersing animal species drop below this threshold. D. Some fly with the wind, others go with the flow. Many hitch a ride with unsuspecting animals. E. Some animals cease being effective seed dispersers when their population densities fall below a point that induces them to compete over food resources—they stop bothering to scatter and hide their food stores. F. In general, seed dispersal away from the parent plant increases the chances that a seed will reach maturity. G. Researchers believe that perhaps their animal dispersers are long extinct.