填空题The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000. Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today"s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health. 6 . Humanity has the necessary ago-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity. 7 . This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction. Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords "environmental change" or "climate change" have increased rapidly since 2004. 8 . When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And whether the community"s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful. The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. 9 . This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today"s economic climate. The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that the system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. 10 . That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems. A. It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs. B. However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords. C. The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change, food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies. D. The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones. E. These issues all have root causes in human behavior: all require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy. F. Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development. G. During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds—including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate—varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.

填空题 [A] Negotiation Is a Two-way Street [B] Correct Common Negotiation Mistakes [C] Do the Right Kind of Homework [D] Don’t Be Afraid to Have Difficult Conversations [E] Tactic Is Dictated by Situation [F] Try to Ask Good Questions [G] Deal with Issues up front “Most people think of negotiation only when they need to get something more”, says Tammy Lenski, a professional mediator who helps universities and businesses nationwide with conflict management. “The reality is that at work, pretty much every conversation is a negotiation. You’re negotiating deadlines, the quality level, what might be taken off your plate to make room for this priority project and what benefit you might get for taking on that project. The minute you walk into the workplace in the morning, you’re negotiating. “ Here are some of Lenski’s tips on becoming a good negotiator — and improving your situation at work: 41．______ People either are too confrontational or cave in because they’re afraid to ask some basic questions. “If people think of a negotiation more as a conversation than something that needs to be won, they’ll do much better, “ says Tammy Lenski. 42．______ Playing hardball in the office can backfire when you need to work with your coworkers every day. “You have an ongoing relationship with these folks, and you’re trying to not leave debris, “ Lenski says. “People need to stop thinking about negotiating as getting more of what I need, which means getting less of what you need. “ Instead, find out the other person’s needs, and try to come to a conclusion that helps both of you. “The best negotiating is using the really good human relation skills in an effective way, “ Lenski says. “It isn’t about pushing or convincing or manipulating the other person. It’s about having them figure out what they want and how you can help them get it. “ 43．_______ In negotiations, you know what you want. But you also need to find out what the other side wants in return. It’s most efficient if you just ask openly. When starting her private practice 10 years ago, Lenski presented her fee to provide conflict-management services to a company in turmoil. The department head asked her to slash her price 20 percent. Lenski said this was her bottom-line number, but the department head said everything is negotiable. Lenski then asked the essential question: “Why do you believe everything is negotiable?” The department head explained the head of finance would ask if she bargained and got a good deal. At that point, Lenski crossed out the original fee and wrote a new one that was about 25 percent higher. “Will this work?” she asked. The department head said, “Well, I’ll have to offer you 20 percent less than that. “ And they had a deal. 44．______ Instead of keeping quiet and thus becoming resentful, “negotiating is figuring out how to raise the things that are bothering you so they can be sorted out, ”Lenski says. Instead of just thinking about what might make it difficult to accomplish your goal, talk with your boss about those issues right away. “It’s much more helpful in general to think about under what conditions you might make it possible, and how can you help me do that, ” Lenski says. 45．______ Lenski says people tend to waste a lot of time worrying about scary negotiation scenarios. “They go into it thinking about all the ways it can go wrong, ” she says, even though the negotiation generally turns out much better than expected. “Instead, they should spend their time thinking of it from the perspective of the other person. What would make them want to join with you to figure things out? Not what will make them change their mind, but what will make them want to sort this out with me. Invite them into joint problem-solving. ”

填空题 The temperature of the Sun is over 5000 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface, but it rises to perhaps more than 16 million degrees at the center. The Sun is so much hotter than the Earth that matter can exist only as a gas, except at the core. In the core of the Sun, the pressures are so great against the gases that, despite the high temperature, there may be a small solid core. 41) __________. Solar astronomers do know that the Sun is divided into five layers or zones. Starting at the outside and going down into the Sun, the zones are the corona, chromosphere, photosphere, convection zone, and finally the core. 42) __________. But since' the Sun has no solid surface, it is hard to tell where the atmosphere ends and the main body of the Sun begins. 43) __________. This is the only part of the Sun that can be seen during an eclipse such as the one in February 1979. At any other time, the corona can be seen only when special instruments are used on cameras and telescopes to shut out the glare of the Sun's rays. 44) __________. Its beautiful rays are a sensational sight during an eclipse. The corona's rays flash out in a brilliant fan that has wispy spike like rays near the Sun's north and south poles. The corona is thickest at the Sun's equator. The corona rays are made up of gases streaming outward at tremendous speeds and reaching a temperature of more than 2 million degrees Fahrenheit. The rays of gas thin out as they reach the space around the planets. 45) __________.[A] By the time the Sun's corona rays reach the Earth, they are weak and invisible.[B] The Sun's outermost layer beings about 10000 miles above the visible surface and goes outward for millions of miles.[C] If a person were to stand on the sun's corona they wouldn't burn, they would freeze in the near vacuum of the corona.[D] The corona is a brilliant, pearly white, filmy light, about as bright as the full Moon.[E] The first three zones are regarded as the Sun's atmosphere.[F] However, no one really knows, since the center of the Sun can never be directly observed.[G] You can probably guess that the Sun is very hot, compared with familiar things on the Earth.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Question 41--45, choose the most suitable one the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. It has often been remarked that the saddest thing about youth is that it is wasted on the young. Reading a recent newspaper report on a survey conducted among college freshmen, I recalled the regret, "If only I knew then what I know now." The survey disclosed what I had already suspected from informal polls of students. According to the survey, which was based on the responses of over 188,000 students, today's traditional-age college freshmen are" more materialistic and less altruistic". 41. ______. It follows then that today the most popular course is not literature or history but accounting. Interest in teaching, social service and the" altruistic" fields is at a low, along with ethnic and women's studies. On the other hand, enrollment in business programs, engineering and computer science is way up. 42. ______. Frankly, I'm proud of the young lady (not her attitude but her success). But why can't we have it both ways? Can't we educate people for life as well as for a career? I believe we can. If we're not, then that is a fault of our educational system--elementary, secondary and higher. In a time of increasing specialization, a time when 90 percent of all the scientists who have ever lived are currently alive, more than ever we need to know what is truly important in life. 43. ______. Most of us finally come to realize that quality of life is not entirely determined by how much we earn. Sure, everyone wants to be financially comfortable, but we also want to feel that we have a perspective on the world beyond the confines of our occupation; we want to be able to render service to our fellow man and to the world. 44. ______. It is equally true that, in studying the diverse wisdom of others, we learn how to think. More important, perhaps, education teaches us to see the connections between things, as well as to see beyond our immediate needs. 45. ______. In the long run that's what education really ought to be about. And I think it can be. That's the way it should be. Oscar Wilde had it right when he said that we ought to give our ability to our work but our genius to our lives. Let's hope our educators answer the students cries for career education, but at the same time, let's ensure that the students are prepared for the day when they realize their folly. There's a lot more to life than a job.[A] Academic emphasis on competition, rationality and externals acknowledges only one kind of knowing. It makes students devalue their inner selves or larger social purposes.[B] Not surprising in these hard times, the student's major objective" is to be financially well off." Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.[C] Education must meet the needs of the human spirit. It must assist students to develop a satisfactory personal philosophy and sense of values; to cultivate tastes for literature, music and the arts; to grow in ability to analyze problems and arrive at thoughtful conclusions.[D] That's no surprise either. A friend of mine (a sales representative for a chemical company)was making twice the salary of her college instructors during her first year on the job. And that was four years ago; She must be earning much more now.[E] Most people, somewhere between the ages of 30 and 50, finally arrive at the inevitable conclusion that they could do more than serving a corporation, a government agency, or whatever.[F] But the most important argument for a broad education is that in studying the accumulated wisdom of the ages, we improve our moral sense.[G] While it's true that we all need a career, preferably a profitable one, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge -- be it scientific or artistic.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}In the following article, me sentences have been removed. For Questions 41～45, choose the most suitable one from the list A～G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. A common problem in human relations is the lack of assertiveness in other words, the inability to express yourself and claim your rights without violating the fights of others. Do not confuse assertiveness with aggressiveness.41)__________. Learning to communicate assertively involves learning to be honest, open and direct. You can learn to speak up, make requests, ask for favors and accept compliments, and also to express negative thoughts (complaints, resentment, criticism, disagreement), reject intimidation, refuse requests, and demand to be left alone.42)__________. In most cultures higher status has traditionally been given to the masculine gender. Over the centuries, women in many societies learned to remain non-assertive, to stay out of the public eye, to keep their voices down, to be discreet and indirect, not to push, and in the end not even to dare to desire. The vast majority of opportunities for public influence—the ability to forge useful relationships other than friendship, speak up in public, create organizations, use force, and hold important positions in government, business, academia, and in the medical and legal field—were long recognized as men's privilege and right. 43)__________. Back in the 1960s modem feminists noted that most American women (and also a fair number of men) were unable to speak up for themselves in the workplace or in personal relationships; they needed help in learning to be assertive. To fill this gap in communication skills, certain colleges, mental health centers and private consultants began to hold "assertiveness training workshops". These early programs were often part of employer-sponsored professional development training that aimed, among other things, to make employees more effective in communicating with customers, with representatives of other firms and with each other. What does assertiveness training inculcate? The idea at its core is to stop being, or sounding, "wishy-washy". Do not apologize needlessly, make excuses, give long explanations or generally beat around the bush. Very often these weak communicative strategies cause the listener to receive a mixed, unclear or sometimes .just plain wrong message. Assertiveness trainers teach you to identify what is really important for you. Then you must work out in advance (if possible) the point you need to make and how best to make it. Deliver the message dearly and directly (but without memorizing sentences, never a good tactic). 44)__________. Remember also that you axe entitled to your feelings. Your true feelings need no justification. However, at the same time, be a good listener listen more often than you speak. Also pay attention to your listener when you are speaking. Be positive. Notice and appreciate the efforts of others. Give credit where credit is due. You are being legitimately assertive when you stand up for your rights in such a way that the rights of others are not violated. Beyond just demanding your fights, you must learn that you can talk about yourself, your feelings, opinions and interests, without being self-conscious. You can accept compliments without embarrassment. You can ask for clarification.45)__________. After all, how does letting bad decisions go unchallenged contribute to making anything better? A. Some people think that assertiveness training turns nice, accommodating people into complainers or calculating manipulators. Not so: it's your right to protect yourself when something seems unfair. Only you know your true discomfort level and emotional needs. No one should be allowed to get away with presuming to think or feel for you. B. Being aggressive is acting in a self-centered, inconsiderate, arrogantly demanding and hostile manner; this is often counterproductive, since many people react by shutting their minds to your ideas. C. You can disagree with someone openly and say no to requests without feeling guilty. You can ask why and question authority, not in order to rebel, but to assume responsibility for your share in controlling a situation. D. This situation began to change significantly in the West about two hundred years ago. Over the past 40 years, the US Congress has made numerous laws forbidding discrimination based on gender. E. The fewer words you use, the greater will be the impact of what you say. Powerful people communicate succinctly and in measured tones, not stridently. Raising your voice makes you sound defensive and angry, not strong. F. Underlying assertiveness training, obviously, is the belief that we are all created equal and should treat each other as equals. If you were taught as a child to assume that your perceptions, opinions, feelings and wants were less important than those of others, you can either go on behaving according to those assumptions or become an assertive adult. G. Many people have difficulty saying "no" to requests or demands. Assertiveness training provides an antidote to fear, shyness, passivity and—ironically even anger, so there is a wide range of situations in which this training can be helpful.

填空题Today, some 30% of small business owners don't have a Web presence at all, while the vast majority who do are watching their sites sit stale, waiting and wanting for business. Where did things go wrong? There are common principles followed by those whose dreams of online success have become reality. (41) Build your site around your customer: Thinking of your site as your online storefront, built around delivering the highest-quality customer experience from the moment your customer steps through the "door". (42) Just because you built it doesn't mean they'll come: If you aren't seeing a large volume of targeted traffic to your site, it's time to up the ante. (43) Integrate customer loyalty programs and promotions: Methods contain discounts, news, or friendly service reminders. Use discount promotional offers to stay in touch with past visitors to your site. (44) Justify your monthly spending through product bundling: While pay-per-click Internet advertising is much more cost-effective than traditional media channels, bundling products together will not only increase your sales revenue, but also enable you to get more out of your per-click ad rates. (45) Measure your progress: Your site may be live, but how is it performing? Armed with these simple lessons, vow to make your business realize the true promise of the Internet. A. A manufacturing company selling $50 items was having trouble justifying the cost of online keyword ads. By bundling products to create packages of $100 or more and advertising to wholesale customers looking to buy in bulk, the manufacturer dropped its sales representative agencies and focused on large volume buyers, such as Wal-Mart and Target. Needless to say, the company had no trouble exceeding its yearly sales quota. B. One of my past clients had a well-designed physical storefront, solid prices, and quality offerings. However, he wasn't able to drive enough store traffic despite targeted advertising efforts in print publications and other offline venues. We decided to shift those ad dollars to an online pay-per-click campaign—in which the advertiser pays whenever someone clicks on its entry posted during the course of a site search based on keywords relevant to his business. The immediate impact was staggering. Online revenue soared tenfold to $1 million from $100,000 within only a few months. C. With today's technology, your return can be easily measured. If you rely on your Web site as a sales tool, you can't afford not to invest in site analytics. Make sure your Web solution includes an easy-to-use reporting tool that presents this information in a clear, concise format. After all, while metrics are a critical part of the Web equation, you don't have the time to spend hours digging through reams of data. D. Years ago, I worked with a woman who sold purses online through a home-built site that lacked critical e-commerce components. After a simple redesign including product descriptions, comprehensive navigation, and a secure, user-friendly ordering system, her revenue increased fivefold. And she began receiving rave reviews from customers impressed with the ease and convenience of the online shopping experience. E. Online success demands more than simple presence. Your Internet investment should pay for itself with new customers and increased sales. Find a trusted partner who can help you navigate today's (and tomorrow's) technology and who understands the bottom-line realities of your business. F. One villa rental company had a Web site that generated very few calls and online bookings. I helped the company set up a "last minute deals" distribution list. By subscribing, site visitors would receive weekly e-mails offering 11th-hour discounts on villa rentals. As a result, the company captured contact information for thousands of possible customers, reduced its unused inventory to almost zero, and increased revenue significantly.