填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[A]Itisalsousedtohelpstudentsgaintransitionskills:Studentswithautismordevelopmentaldelaycanvisitavirtualsupermarket,takepublictransportation,crossthestreet,ororganizehisorherday.Studentsinwheelchairscanlearnhowtonavigatebuildings.Andthebeautyis,thesestudentscanmakeanynumberofmistakeswithoutendangeringthemselves.[B]Forexample,virtualrealityhasbeenusedeffectivelytoassessstudents'depthperception,withtheresultsbeingquitedifferentfromthoseobtainedfromtraditionalpaperandpenciltests.[C]Thenwegraduallybeginshrinkingthesignandaddingotherenvironmentalelements.Oncethestudenthasmasteredthisvirtually,heorshetransferstheknowledgetotherealworld.Intheend,thisisthemostimportantfunctionofvirtualrealityprogramsforspecialstudents.[D]Virtualrealityevenallowsustotailortheworldtomeetachild'sneeds.Let'ssaywe'reteachingachildtocrossthestreetbypayingattentiontotrafficsigns.Educatorshavefoundthatitisoftendifficultforthechildtolocatethetrafficsigninabusyenvironment.Withvirtualreality,wecanblowupthe"walksign"sothestudentknowswhatitlookslike.[E]Anditisexpectedthatfutureteacherswillbeexposedtovirtualclasses,completewith"difficultstudents"tohelpthemmasterbehaviormanagementtechniques.[F]Infact,oneofthebiggestvirtuesofvirtualrealityisthatitallowsstudentstolearninasafeenvironment,andthisholdstrueforstudentswithbehaviordisorders.Afterastudenthaslearnedanappropriatebehaviororwayofcontrollinghisorheranger,thestudentisputinprogressivelymoredifficultvirtualsocialsituationswhereheorshecanpracticethenewtechnique.[G]Someoftoday'smostcutting-edgetechnologyisnowbeingusedtohelpstudentswithspecialneeds.Nolongerjusttheprovinceofgamesfor"videoneeds,"virtualrealityhascomeintoitsownasatoolforspecialeducationteachersandtherapists.Assuch,itisusedforassessment,teaching,andpractice,accordingtoSkipRizzo,researchassistant/professorattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Question 41—45, choose the most suitable one the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) We might marvel at the process made in every field of study, but the method of testing a person's knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It really is extraordinary that after all these years educationists have still failed to devise anything more efficient and reliable than examinations. 41. ______ They may be a good means of testing memory, or the knack of working rapidly under extreme pressure, but they can tell you nothing about a person's true ability and aptitude. 42. ______ Your whole future may be decided in one fateful day. It doesn't matter that you weren't feeling very well, or that your mother died. Little things like that don't count: the exam goes on. no one can give of his best when he is in mortal terror, or after a sleepless night, yet this is precisely what the examination system expects him to do. The moment a child begins school, he enters a world of vicious competition where success and failure are clearly defined and measured. Can we wonder at the increasing number of "dropouts": young people who are written off as utter failures before they have even embarked on a career? Can we be surprised at the suicide rate among students? 43. ______ Examinations do not motivate a student to read widely, but to restrict his reading; they do not enable him to seek more and more knowledge, but induce cramming. They lower the standards of teaching, for they deprive the teacher of all freedom. Teachers themselves are often judged by examination results and instead of teaching their subjects, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques which they despise. The most successful candidates are not always the best educated; they are best trained in the technique of working under duress. 44. ______ Examiners are only human. They get tried and hungry; they make mistakes. Yet they have to mark stacks of hastily scrawled scripts in a limited amount of time. They work under the same sort of pressure as the candidates. And their word carries weight. After a judge's decision you have the right of appeal, but not after an examiner's. 45. ______ Is it cynical to suggest that examinations are merely a profitable business for the institutions that run them? This is what it boils down to in the last analysis. The best comment on the system is this illiterate message recently scrawled on a wall: "I were a teenage drop-out and now I am a teenage millionaire." [A] A good education should, among other things, train you to think for yourself. The examination system does anything but that. What has to be learnt is rigidly laid down by a syllabus, so the students are encouraged to memorize. [B] The results on which so much depends are often nothing more than a subjective assessment by some anonymous examiner. [C] Examinations can be taken as a test of a student's knowledge about a particular subject which would tell the student where he stands among others, and how much he knows and how much he ought to know. [D] As anxiety-makers examinations are second to none. That is because so much depends on them. They are the mark of success or failure in our society. [E] The student appearing for the exam takes it under extreme tension and pressure because he knows that he has only one chance to prove his worth and if he fails, he will be left behind for the rest of his life. [F] For all the pious claim that examinations test what you know, it is common knowledge that they more often do the exact opposite. [G] There must surely be many simpler and more effective ways of assessing a person's true abilities.

填空题With its recession-friendly coffee prices, plentiful tables and available bathrooms, McDonald's restaurants all over the country, and even all over the world, have been adopted by a cost-conscious set as a coffeehouse for the people, a sort of everyman's Starbucks. (1) . But patrons have also brought the mores of cafe culture, where often a single purchase is permission to camp out with a laptop. Increasingly, they seem to linger over McCafe Lattes, sometimes spending a lot of time but little money in outlets of this chain, which rose to prominence on a very different business model: food that is always fast. And so restaurant managers and franchise owners are often frustrated by these people. (2) . In the past month, those tensions came to a boil in New York City. When management at a McDonald's in Flushing, Queens, called the police on a group of older Koreans, prompting outrage at the company's perceived rudeness, calls for a worldwide boycott and a truce mediated by a local politician, it became a famous case of a struggle that happens daily at McDonald's outlets in the city and beyond. (3) . If Mike Black's friends are looking for him, they know to check the McDonald's on Utica Avenue in Flatbush, Brooklyn, he said. That is where Mr. Black, who is in his 50s, spends hours opening and reading his junk mail. "We're pleased many of our customers view us as a comfortable place to spend time," Lisa McComb, a spokeswoman for the company, said in an email, citing free Wi-Fi and areas for children to play as part of the appeal. "McDonald's offers convenience and value in a fun and familiar atmosphere." But the leisurely cafe culture and the business plan behind fast food are in opposition. (4) . In a McDonald's near Astor Place, a sign explained that customers were entitled to just 30 minutes of sitting time. But Raymos Martinez, an artist, sat tucked into a dog-eared paperback of historical fiction, and said the anonymity of the place held some appeal. "McDonald's, it's more like a bus stop. Nobody notices you." Or maybe they do. On the other side of the restaurant, in her uniform cap with the Golden Arches, Samantha Reyes, 39, swept discarded burger wrappers offthe floor. (5) . A. Spending the day nursing a latte is part of modern cafe culture, behavior reinforced by franchises like Starbucks and others that seem to actively cultivate the endless sitting, lavishing free Wi-Fi on customers who park their laptops in the morning and do not leave until after dark. B. Is the customer always right, even the ensconced penny-pincher? The answer seems to be yes among those who do the endless sitting at McDonald's restaurants in Crown Heights, Brooklyn; Midtown Manhattan; Astoria, Queens; and the East Village. C. McDonald's is not alone in navigating this tricky territory. Last year, a group of deaf patrons sued Starbucks after a store on Astor Place in Lower Manhattan forbade their meet-up group to convene there, complaining they did not buy enough coffee. D. Although signs hang in many McDonald's stores instructing customers to spend half an hour or less at the tables, Ms. McComb said there was no national policy about discouraging longtime sitting. E. Such regulars hurt business, some say, and leave little room for other customers. Tensions can sometimes erupt. F. She refuses to kick out those who seem to find refuge in her McDonald's. "For myself, ! could be in the same situation," she said. "Tomorrow, it could be me." G. Behind the Golden Arches, older people seeking company and conversation, schoolchildren putting off homework time and homeless people escaping the cold have transformed the banquettes into headquarters for the kind of laid-back socializing once carried out on a park bench or brownstone stoop.

填空题For centuries

填空题Have you ever considered what makes a good boss good? The answer to that question is admittedly mercurial, as one person's view of a top-notch employer will differ from somebody else's. However, there are a number of traits, attitudes and abilities that are common to all good bosses. Moreover, the need for solid leadership skills is especially telling with smaller businesses. "Being a good boss is important in any organization, but it's particularly important for small business", says Rob Sheehan, director of executive education at the James MacGregor Bums Academy of Leadership at the University of Maryland. "With smaller businesses, you really have the opportunity to set the tone for the entire company." Bearing in mind the importance of good leadership to business, consider the following lineup of skills, strategies and attributes: 1. Be inclusive. With a smaller operation, it's essential that everyone feels like an equal and involved part of the team. A good employer is certain to treat each employee fairly, not only in terms of salary and other forms of compensation, but also in how that employee is involved in the daily function of the business. Encourage feedback, innovation and creativity so employees feel genuinely engaged. 2. Mission, not just money. Very few businesses operate out of sheer altruism, but that's not to say that turning a profit is the primary philosophical and practical focus. Rather, an effective boss establishes a genuine business mission. How that takes shape depends both on the business and on the overriding focus the boss wants to set. 3. Nothing to fear but fear itself. Many of us have had bosses who would be right at home with a knife next to their desk calendars. Make one mistake on the job and feel free to slip your head right in beneath the blade. Conversely, an effective boss encourages his or her employees not to be gun shy about occasional chaos along the road toward better job performance. 4. It's their careers, too. Don't forget that the people who work for you are looking to you to help them navigate and advance their careers. As I said, it's not all about money. But it is all about making your employees see how to improve and create meaningful careers for themselves. 5. Made, not necessarily born. One final aspect of being a good boss is recognizing that much of what goes into being an effective leader is, in fact, learned behavior. Of course, there always have been and will be bosses who seem to have a flawless touch in leading and motivating. But for every natural, there are just as many top-flight bosses who got that way by attending management classes and seminars, reading books on effective leadership and, just as important, understanding that a good employer naturally attracts first-rate employees. A. "It's important to use that different perspective to educate and encourage. But it's also important, like a good coach, to lead your team by example. For instance, while you should point out mistakes by your employees, be sure to admit when you yourself make a mistake," says Sheehan. B. "You need to create an environment of integrity, trust and respect to make absolutely certain that everyone is treated fairly, regardless of the differences they may have", says Sheehan. C. "People can definitely develop good leadership capabilities", says Sheehan. "To a certain degree, we all have innate traits that make us good bosses. All you really have to do is work to develop those traits to their utmost." D. If an employee has a goal of becoming a manager or running his or her own business someday, nurture that goal. Tell them the traits they need to work on to achieve their ultimate plans. E. For instance, a restaurant owner may push speedy lunchtime service as a way of serving the time-strapped business community. By contrast, a medical supply outfit may emphasize how its products improve customers' health. Not only can a clear mission (responsibility) serve to motivate employees, it can also infuse a sense of importance in their jobs. F. "This requires a mentality that encourages learning rather than being afraid of making a mistake. Try something new and different, but know we're not going to kill each other if things don't work out," says Sheehan. "I was a swimmer in college and I swam fast when I imagined a shark was after me. I swam just as fast when I imagined I was in the Olympics. It's a question of what you want to focus on./

填空题[A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost80years;doubleofwhatitwasinthelastcentury.Motherhoodcanbepostponedandintheorymarriagecanbepostponed.WomenintheUSarestudyingmorethanmenandtheymaybecomemainbreadwinnerinthenearfuture.[B]Manywomengothroughlifethinking,consciouslyorunconsciously,thatamanwillsolvealltheirproblems,"Oncewearemarried,everythingwillbeOK."Thisattitudeonlysetusupforfailure.Menarenotprincesreadytotakeanychallengetorescuetheprincesses;theyarehumanbeingswiththeirownneedsandfears.[C]Carriewaswonderinginherbedroomaboutthecommentthatherfriend,NewYorksocialiteCharlotteYork,made"Womenwanttoberescued."Carriewonders,"Isthattrue?Isthattheonlythingwomenwant?Rescuedbywhom?IftheprincedidnotkissSnowWhite,wouldshehavebeenfrozenforeverorwouldshehavewokenupanywayandmovedon?"SnowWhiteprobablyhadnootherchance,butwedo.[D]Nowonderoursocietyhaschanged.Ontheotherhand,ourvalueshavenotfastenoughandmanywomen,moresoHispanicwomen,arejustwaitingtoberescuedbytheprince.Thesewomenhavenotrealizedtheynolongerneedtoberescued;theyneedamanforotherreasons,nottotakecareofthem.[E]Womeninoursocietyhavesomanyoptionsthatwedonotneedanybodyelsetorescueus;wearetheonlyonesthatcanrescueourselves.Ifyouhaveareasofyourlifethatyouwanttoimprove,goahead;doitforyouandforyouonly,oracceptyourselfasyouare.Donotbesonaivethatyouthinksomeoneelsecantakecareofallyourproblems.Lifedoesnotworklikethat.Livelifetothefullest,behappywithwhoyouareandyouwillseethatifyouarehappywithyourself,youwillmakeothershappy,includingyourman.[F]Oursocietyhaschangedinaremarkablewayinthelast50yearsorso.Andtherearemanyreasonsforit.Atthebeginningofthe20thcenturywomen'slifespanwasabout40years.Therefore,lifeneededtostartearlierifawomanweregoingtoliveforonly40years;motherhoodwasapriority.Menusedtoworkandwomenstayedathomeandtookcareofthemandtheirkids.Womencouldnotsurvivewithoutaman;womenneededtoberescued.[G]Womenarecaregivers.Wearestrongandsmartandwehavetheabilitytotakecareofourselves;wedonotneedtoberescuedbyanyone.Whenwearegivingourpowertoothersinexchangeforsecurity,wearealsogivingupourfreedom.Areyouwaitingtoberescued?Doyoueverthinklikethat?Order:

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41--45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA--Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1.[A]Bycontrast,somewhatmorethan25percentoftheearth'spopulationcanbefoundintheindustrializedsocieties.Theyleadmodernlives.Theyareproductsofthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury,moldedbymechanizationandmasseducation,broughtupwithlingeringmemoriesoftheirowncountry'sagriculturalpast.Theyare,ineffect,thepeopleofthepresent.[B]Theremaining2or3percentoftheworld'spopulation,however,arenolongerpeopleofeitherthepastorthepresent.Forwithinthemaincentersoftechnologicalandculturalchange,inSantaMonica,CaliforniaandCambridge,Massachusetts,inNewYorkandLondon,andTokyo,aremillionsofmenandwomenwhocanalreadybesaidtobelivingthewayoflifeofthefuture.Trend-makersoftenwithoutbeingawareofit,livetodayasmillionswilllivetomorrow.Andwhiletheyaccountforonlyafewpercentoftheglobalpopulationtoday,theyarealreadyfromaninternationalnationofthefutureinourmidst.Theyaretheadvancedagentsofman,theearliestcitizensoftheworldwidesuper-industrialsocietynowinthethroesofbirth.[C]Itis,infact,nottoomuchtosaythatthepaceoflifedrawsalinethroughhumanity,dividingusintocamps,triggeringbittermisunderstandingbetweenparentandchild,betweenMadisonAvenueandMainStreet,betweenmenandwomen,betweenAmericanandEuropean,betweenEastandWest.[D]Whatmakesthemdifferentfromtherestofmankind?Certainly,theyarericher,bettereducated,moremobilethanthemajorityofthehumanrace.Theyalsolivelonger.Butwhatspecificallymarksthepeopleofthefutureisthefactthattheyarealreadycaughtupinanew,stepped-uppaceoflife.They"livefaster"thanthepeoplearoundthem.[E]Theinhabitantsoftheeartharedividednotonlybyrace,nation,religionorideology,butalso,inasense,bytheirpositionsintime.Examiningthepresentpopulationoftheglobe,wefindatinygroupwhostilllive,huntingandfood-foraging,asmendidmillenniaago.Others,thevastmajorityofmankind,dependnotonbear-huntingorberry-picking,butonagriculture.Theylive,inmanyrespects,astheirancestorsdidcenturiesago.Thesetwogroupstakentogethercomposeperhaps70percentofalllivinghumanbeings.Theyarethepeopleofthepast.[F]Somepeoplearedeeplyattractedtothishighlyacceleratedpaceoflife--goingfaroutoftheirwaytobringitaboutandfeelinganxious,tenseoruncomfortablewhenthepaceslows.Theywantdesperatelytobe"wheretheactionis."JamesA.Wilsonhasfound,forexample,thattheattractionforafastpaceoflifeisoneofthehiddenmotivatingforcesbehindthemuch-publicized"brain-drain"--themassmigrationofEuropeanscientistsandengineerswhomigratedtotheU.S.andCanada.Heconcludedthatitwasnohighersalariesorbetterresearchfacilitiesalone,butalsothequickertempothatlurethem.Themigrants,hewrites,"arenotputoffbywhattheyindicatedasthe'fasterpace~ofNorthAmerica;ifanything,theyappeartopreferthispacetoothers."[G]Thepaceoflifeisfrequentlycommentedonbyordinarypeople.Yet,oddlyenough,ithasreceivedalmostnoattentionfromeitherpsychologistsorsociologists.Thisisagapinginadequacyinthebehavioralsciences,forthepaceoflifeprofoundlyinfluencesbehavior,evokingstrongandcontrastingreactionsfromdifferentpeople.(578words){{B}}Notes:{{/B}}gaping是gape的现在分词；gapevi.裂开。nottoomuch一点也不多，一点也不过分。MadisonAvenue麦迪逊街(纽约一条街道的名字。美国主要广告公司、公共关系事务所集中于此。常用以表示此等公司之作风、做法等。)。MainStreet实利主义社会。food-foraging觅食的。millennium千年。trend-maker(=trend-setter)领导新潮的人。inthethroesof为……而苦干、搏斗。becaughtupin陷入。goingfaroutoftheirwaytobringitabout远远没有阻碍它的诞生。brain-drain(高科技)人才流动(从欧洲到美洲)。

填空题America's great labor market slump continues to cast its pall over the economy, leaving one lonely group in particular shrouded in shadows. Over 6m Americans, more than 40% of all those unemployed, have now been out of work for more than six months. Most of these, 4. 5m, haven't worked for a year or more. This crisis of long-term joblessness is unprecedented in the post-war period. Lacklustre growth is the main problem. The pace of new hiring crashed during the recession and has scarcely recovered since. Although America's unemployment rate is down a percentage point from its peak, this is little cause for cheer. (41) Many of the latter have given up hope. For the first time in decades, jobless workers are more likely to drop out of the labor force (and cease to be counted as unemployed) than to get a job. Bit by bit, a large mass of American workers is losing touch with the labor market. One might expect unemployment to carry less stigma after a deep recession—bad times, rather than personal shortcoming, being the more likely reason for a sacking. Yet a worker's lifetime earnings are hurt more by a job loss in a weak economy. (42) The unemployed increasingly face discrimination in the hiring queue, often enough that Barack Obama proposes to ban the practice. Such a rule might encourage employers not to hire at all, for fear of legal action. Still, there are some signs that the long-term jobless can be coaxed back into the working world. (43) The ranks of the unemployed are often replenished by those moving from outside the labor force—that is, from not looking for work at all—into active job seeking. The long-term unemployed pay close attention to the state of the job market and resume their job search in optimistic periods. A burst of optimism early this year, corresponding to a period when employment was growing by more than 200, 000 jobs a month, coincided with a surge of workers back into the labor force to seek work. This may have reversed in recent months. In July, just 10% of workers polled by Gallup said it was a good time to find a decent job, down from 17% in April. The horizon has only grown cloudier since then. Policymakers are slowly beginning to respond to the crisis. (44) Mr. Obama proposes to increase the program's flexibility. Benefits could be used to supplement wages at businesses that cut hours rather than lay off workers, for instance. The president also seems fond of state-level programs like "Georgia Works", which pay benefits to jobless workers engaged in training. Should Congress approve, such measures could light the path back to work for many jobless Americans. The Federal Reserve is also paying heed. At a speech in late August, Chairman Ben Bernanke warned that long-term unemployment could harm the economy's long-run growth prospects, though since then he has done little to help. (45) [A] Nothing would be so effective as a strong economy and a tight labor market. Despite growing interest in their troubles, that seems a distant prospect for those languishing on the edge of the working world. [B] An experienced worker laid off when unemployment is at 9% faces a reduction in lifetime earnings nearly twice that of someone sacked when the rate is 5%, according to new work by Steven Davis and Till von Wachter. [C] The unemployment rate in different sectors varies greatly. The department that suffers most is manufacturing and the fall in manufacturing in the past few years is a major factor behind growing wage inequality. [D] Barack Obama's proposed American Jobs Act would reauthorize for another year current emergency unemployment benefits, which help to support consumption among the jobless, reducing poverty and propping up demand. [E] Workers are escaping unemployment more slowly than at any time since 1948. The long term unemployed are struggling most; in the year to June, the newly jobless were three times more likely to find new work in a given month than the long-term unemployed. [F] Compared with workers newly laid off, the long-term unemployed have stronger motivation to take part in train programs and go back to the labor force for fear of losing the right to enjoy unemployment insurance benefits. [G] New research by economists Michael Elsby and Rob Valletta shows that movement in and out of the labor force is actually more fluid than has been previously assumed.