填空题For more than fifty years we have known, or could have known, that there is an unconsciousness to counterbalance consciousness. Medical psychology has furnished all the necessary empirical and experimental proofs of this. There is an unconscious psychic reality which demonstrably influences consciousness and behavior. All this is known, but no practical conclusions have been drawn from it. We still go on thinking and acting as before, as if we were simplex and not duplex. Accordingly, we imagine ourselves to be innocuous, reasonable and humane. 46 ) We do not think of distrusting our motives or of asking ourselves how the inner man feels about the things we do in the outside world, but actually it is frivolous, superficial, and unreasonable of us, as well as psychically unhygienic, to overlook the reaction and viewpoint of the unconscious. 47) One can regard one's stomach or heart as unimportant or even worthy of contempt, nevertheless overeating and over exertion have consequences which affect the whole man. Yet we think that psychic mistakes and their consequences can be erased by mere words, for "psychic" means less than air to most people. 48) All the same, nobody can deny that without the psyche there would be no world at all and still less a human world. Virtually everything depends on the human soul and its functions. 49) It is worthy of all the attention we can give it, especially today when everyone admits that the weal or woe of the future will be decided neither by attacks of wild animals, nor by natural catastrophes nor by the danger of world-wide epidemics, but rather by the psychic changes in man. Only an almost imperceptible disturbance of equilibrium in a few of our rulers' heads could plunge the world into blood, fire, and radioactivity. The technical means to this destruction are available to both sides. And certain conscious deliberations, uncontrolled by an inner opponent, can be all too easily indulged, as we have already seen from the example of one "leader". The consciousness of modem man still clings so much to outward objects that he believes them exclusively responsible, as if it were on them that decisions depended. 50 ) That the psychic state of certain individuals could free itself for once from the behavior of objects is something that is considered far too little although irrationalities of this sort are observed every day and can happen to everyone.

填空题 In the late 1960's many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. 41) __________. Skyscrapers are also lavish comsumers, and wasters of electric power. In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120 000 kilowatts—enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day. 42) __________. The heat loss(or gain) through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry wall filled with insulation board. To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment, builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double glazed panels of glass, and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings. 43) __________. If fully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year—as much as a city the size of Stanford, Connecticut, which has a population of more than 109000. Skyscrapers also interfere with television reception, block bird flyways, and obstruct air traffic. 44) __________. 45) __________.[A] Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful.[B] Tall buildings are an inevitable building form and part of the contemporary landscape.[C] In Boston in the late 1960's, some people even feared that shadows from skyscrapers would kill the grass on Boston Common.[D] Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city's sanitation facilities, too.[E] Still, people continue to build skyscrapers for all the reasons that they have always built them—personal ambition, civic pride, and the desire of owners to have the largest possible amount of rentable space.[F] Some of these ideas may soon appear in the city as a more holistic approach is taken in balancing environmental and social factors with the economics of building development.[G] Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41 - 45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. [A] In our time women have an average lifespan of almost 80 years; double of what it was in the last century. Motherhood can be postponed and in theory marriage can be postponed. Women in the USA are studying more than men and they may become main breadwinner in the near future.[B] Many women go through life thinking, consciously or unconsciously, that a man will solve all their problems, "Once we are married, everything will be OK." This attitude only set us up for failure. Men are not princes ready to take any challenge to rescue the princesses, they are human beings with their own needs and fears.[C] Carrie was wondering in her bedroom about the comment that her friend, New York socialite Charlotte York, made "Women want to be rescued." Carrie wonders, "Is that true? Is that the only thing women want? Rescued by whom? If the prince did not kiss Snow White, would she have been frozen forever or would she have woken up anyway and moved on?" Snow White probably had no other chance, but we do.[D] No wonder our society has changed. On the other hand, our values have not changed fast enough and many women, more so Hispanic women, are just waiting to be rescued by the prince. These women have not realized, they no longer need to be rescued; they need a man for other reasons, not to take care of them.[E] Women in our society have so many options that we do not need anybody else to rescue us; we are the only ones that can rescue ourselves. If you have areas Of your life that you want to improve, go ahead; do it for you and for you only, or accept yourself as you are. Do not be so naive that you think someone else can take care of all your problems. Life does not work like that. Live life to the fullest, be happy with who you are and you will see that if you are happy with yourself, you will make others happy, including your man.[F] Our society has changed in a remarkable way in the last 50 years or so. And there are many reasons for it. At the beginning of the 20th century women's life span was about 40 years. There- fore, life needed to start earlier if a woman were going to live for only 40 years; motherhood was a priority. Men used to work and women stayed at home and took care of them and their kids. Women could not survive without a man; women needed to be rescued.[G] Women are caregivers. We are strong and smart and we have the ability to take care of ourselves; we do not need to be rescued by anyone. When we are giving our power to others in exchange for security, we are also giving up our freedom. Are you waiting to be rescued? Do you ever think like that?{{B}}Order:{{/B}}

填空题An English schoolboy would only ask his friend: "Wassa time, then?" To his teacher he would be much more likely to speak in a more standardized accent and ask: "Excuse me, sir, may I have the correct time please?" 46) People are generally aware that the phrases and expressions they use are different from those of earlier generations; but they concede less that their own behavior also varies according to the situation in which they find themselves. People have characteristic ways of talking, which are relatively stable across varying situations. Nevertheless, distinct contexts and different listeners demand different patterns of speech from one and the same speaker. Not only this, but in many cases, the way someone speaks affects the response of the person to whom he is speaking in such a way that "modeling" is seen to occur. This is what Michael Argyle has called "response matching". 47) Several studies have shown that the more one reveals about oneself in ordinary conversation, and the more intimate these details are, the more personal secrets the other person will divulge. Response matching has, in fact, been noted between two speakers in a number of ways, including how long someone speaks, the length of pauses, speech rate and voice loudness. 48) The correspondence between the length of reporters" questions when interviewing President Kennedy, and the length of his replies has been shown to have increased over the duration of his 1961-1963 news conferences. Argyle says this process may be one of "imitation". Two American researchers, Jaffe and Feldstein, prefer to think of it as the speaker"s need for equilibrium. Neither of these explanations seems particularly convincing. 49) It may be that response matching can be more profitably considered as an unconscious reflection of speakers" needs for social integration with one another. This process of modeling the other person"s speech in a conversation could also be termed speech convergence. It may only be one aspect of a much wider speech change. 50) In other situations, speech divergence may occur when certain factors encourage a person to modify his speech away from the individual he is dealing with. For example, a retired brigadier"s wife, renowned for her incessant snobbishness, may return her vehicle to the local garage because of inadequate servicing, voicing her complaint in elaborately phrase, yet mechanically unsophisticated language, with a high soft-pitched voice. These superior airs and graces may simply make the mechanic reply with a flourish of almost incomprehensible technicalities, and in a louder, more deeply-pitched voice than he would have used with a less irritating customer.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}You are going to read a list of headings and a text about laughing. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A -F for each numbered paragraph (41 -45). The first paragraph of the text is not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) [A] What have they found? [B] Is it true that laughing can make us healthier? [C] So why do people laugh so much? [D] What makes you laugh?[E] How did you come to research it?[F] So what's it for? Why are you interested in laughter? It's a universal phenomenon, and one of the most common things we do. We laugh many times a day, for many different reasons, but rarely think about it, and seldom consciously control it. We know so little about the different kinds and functions of laughter, and my interest really starts there. Why do we do it? What can laughter teach us about our positive emotions and social behaviour? There's so much we don' t know about how the brain contributes to emotion and I think we can get at understanding this by studying laughter.41. ______ Only 10 or 20 per cent of laughing is a response to humour. Most of the time it's a message we send to other people--communicating joyful disposition, a willingness to bond and so on. It occupies a special place in social interaction and is a fascinating feature of our biology, with motor, emotional and cognitive components. Scientists study all kinds of emotions and behaviour, but few focus on this most basic ingredient. Laughter gives us a clue that we have powerful systems in our brain which respond to pleasure, happiness and joy. It's also involved in events such as release of fear.42. ______ My professional focus has always been on emotional behaviour. I spent many years investigating the neural basis of fear in rats, and came to laughter via that route. When I was working with rats, I noticed that when they were alone,, in an exposed environment, they were scared and quite uncomfortable. Back in a cage with others, they seemed much happier. It looked as if they played with one another--real rough-and-tumble--and I wondered whether they were also laughing. The neurobiologist Jaak Panksepp had shown that juvenile rats make short vocalisations, pitched too high for humans to hear, during rough-and-tumble play. He thinks these are similar to laughter. This made me wonder about the roots of laughter.43. ______ Everything humans do has a function, and laughing is no exception. Its function is surely communication. We need to build social structures in order to live well in our society and evolution has selected laughter as a useful device for promoting social communication. In other words, it must have a survival advantage for the species.44. ______ The brain scans are usually done while people are responding to humorous material. You see brainwave activity spread from the sensory processing area of the occi15ital lobe, the bit at the back of the brain that processes visual signals, to the brain's frontal lobe. It seems that the frontal lobe is involved in recognising things as funny. The left side of the frontal lobe analyses the words and structure of jokes while the right side does the intellectual analyses required to "get" jokes. Finally, activity spreads to the motor areas of the brain controlling the physical task of laughing. We also know about these complex pathways involved in laughter from neurological illness and injury. Sometimes after brain damage, tumours, stroke or brain disorders such as Parkinson' s disease, people get "stonefaced syndrome" and can't laugh.45. ______ I laugh a lot when I watch amateur videos of children, because they're so natural. I'm sure they're not forcing anything funny to happen. I don't particularly laugh hard at jokes, but rather at situations. I also love old comedy movies such as Laurel and Hardy and an extremely ticklish. After starting to study laughter in depth, I began to laugh and smile more in social situations, those involving either closeness or hostility. Laughter re-ally creates a bridge between people, disarms them, and facilitates amicable behaviour.

填空题As more and more material from other cultures became available, European scholars came to recognize even greater complexity in mythological traditions. Especially valuable was the evidence provided by ancient Indian and Iranian texts such as the Bhagavad-Gita and the Zend-A-vesta From these sources it became apparent that the character of myths varied widely, not only by geographical region but also by historical period. (41) __________________ He argued that the relatively simple Greek myth of Persephone reflects the concerns of a basic agricultural community, whereas the more involved and complex myths found later in Homer are the product of a more developed society. Scholars also attempted to tie various myths of the world together in some way. From the late 18th century through the early 19th century, the comparative study of languages had led to the reconstruction of a hypothetical parent language to account for striking similarities among the various languages of Europe and the Near East. These languages, scholars concluded, belonged to an Indo-European language family. Experts on mythology likewise searched for a parent mythology that presumably stood behind the mythologies of all the European peoples. (42) __________________. For example, an expression like "maiden dawn" for "sunrise" resulted first in personification of the dawn, and then in myths about her. Later in the 19th century the theory of evolution put forward by English naturalist Charles Darwin heavily influenced the study of mythology. Scholars researched on the history of mythology, much as they would dig fossil-bearing geological formations, for remains from the distant past. (43) __________________ Similarly, British anthropologist Sir James George Frazer proposed a three-stage evolutionary scheme in The Golden Bough. According to Frazer's scheme, human beings first attributed natural phenomena to arbitrary supernatural forces (magic), later explaining them as the will of the gods (religion), and finally subjecting them to rational investigation (science). The research of British scholar William Robertson Smith, published in Lectures on the Religion of the Semites (1889), also influenced Frazer. Through Smith's work, Frazer came to believe that many myths had their origin in the ritual practices of ancient agricultural peoples, for whom the annual cycles of vegetation were of central importance. (44) __________________. This approach reached its most extreme form in the so called functionalism of British anthropologist A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, who held that every myth implies a ritual, and every ritual implies a myth. Most analyses of myths in the 18th and 19th centuries showed a tendency to reduce myths to some essential core--whether the seasonal cycles o5 nature, historical circumstances, or ritual. That core supposedly remained once the fanciful elements of the narratives had been stripped away. In the 20th century, investigators began to pay closer attention to the content of the narratives themselves. (45) __________________[A] German-born British scholar Max Muller concluded that the Rig-Veda of ancient India--the oldest preserved body of literature written in an Indo-European language--reflected the earliest stages of an Indo-European mythology. Muiler attributed all later myths to misunderstandings that arose from the picturesque terms in which early peoples described natural phenomena[B] The myth and ritual theory, as this approach came to be called, was developed most fully by British scholar Jane Ellen Harrison. Using insight gained from the work of French sociologist Emile Durkheim, Harrison argued that all myths have their origin in collective rituals of a society.[C] Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud held that myths--like dreams--condense the material of experience and represent it in symbols.[D] This approach can be seen in the work of British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor. In Primitive Culture (1871), Tylor organized the religious and philosophical development of humanity into separate and distinct evolutionary stages.[E] The studies made in this period were consolidated in the work of German scholar Christian Gottlob Heyne, who was the first scholar to use the Latin term myths (instead of fabula, meaning "fable" ) to refer to the tales of heroes and gods.[F] German scholar Karl Otfried Mailer ,followed this line of inquiry in his Prolegomena to a Scientific Mythology, t825.

填空题Until about two million years ago Africa's vegetation had always been controlled by the interactions of climate; geology, soil, and groundwater conditions; and the activities of animals. The addition of humans to the latter group, however, has increasingly rendered unreal the concept of a fully developed "natural" vegetation-- i. e. , one approximating the ideal of a vegetational climax. (41) _____________________. Early attempts at mapping and classifying Africa's vegetation stressed this relationship: sometimes the names of plant zones were derived directly from climates. In this discussion the idea of zones is retained only in a broad descriptive sense. (42) _____________________. In addition, over time more floral regions of varying shape and size have been recognized. Many schemes have arisen successively, all of which have had to take views on two important aspects: the general scale of treatment to be adopted, and the degree to which human modification is to be comprehended or discounted. (43) _____________________. Quite the opposite assumption is now frequently advanced. An intimate combination of many species--in complex associations and related to localized soils, slopes, and drainage--has been detailed in many studies of the African tropics. In a few square miles there may be a visible succession from swamp with papyrus,, the grass of which the ancient Egyptians made paper and from which the word "paper" originated, through swampy grassland and broad-leaved woodland and grass to a patch of forest on richer hillside soil, and finally to juicy fleshy plants on a nearly naked rock summit. (44) _____________________. Correspondingly, classifications have differed greatly in their principles for naming, grouping, and describing formations: some have chosen terms such as forest, woodland, thorn bush, thicket, and shrub for much of the same broad tracts that others have grouped as wooded savanna (treeless grassy plain) and steppe (grassy plain with few trees). This is best seen in the nomenclature, naming of plants, adopted by two of the most comprehensive and authoritative maps of Africa's vegetation that have been published: R. W. J. Keay's Vegetation Map of Africa South of the Tropic of Cancer and its more widely based successor, The Vegetation Map of Africa, compiled by Frank White. In the Keay map the terms "savanna" and "steppe" were adopted as precise definition of formations, based on the herb layer and the coverage of woody vegetation; the White map, however, discarded these two categories as specific classifications. Yet any rapid absence of savanna as in its popular and more general sense is doubtful. (45) _____________________. However, some 100 specific types of vegetation identified on the source map have been compressed into 14 broader classifications.[A] As more has become known of the many thousands of African plant species and their complex ecology, naming, classification, and mapping have also be e0me more particular, stressing what was actually present rather than postulating about climatic potential.[B] In regions of higher rainfall, such as eastern Africa, savanna vegetation is maintained by periodic fires. Consuming dry grass at the end of the rainy season, the fires burn back the forest vegetation, check the invasion of trees and shrubs, and stimulate new grass growth.[C] Once, as with the scientific treatment of African soils, a much greater uniformity was attributed to the vegetation than would have been generally accepted in the same period for treatments of the lands of western Europe or the United States.[D] The vegetational map of Africa and general vegetation groupings used here follow the White map and its extensive annotations.[E] African vegetation zones are closely linked to climatic zones, with the same zones occurring both north and south of the equator in broadly similar patterns. As with climatic zones, differences in the amount and seasonal distribution of precipitation constitute the most important influence on the development of vegetation.[F] Nevertheless, in broad terms, climate remains the dominant control over vegetation. Zonal belts of precipitation, reflection latitude and contrasting exposure to the Atlantic and Indian oceans and their currents, give some reality to related belts of vegetation.[G] The span of human occupation in Africa is believed to exceed that of any other continent. All the resultant activities have tended, on balance, to reduce tree cover and increase grassland; but there has been considerable dispute among scholars concerning the natural versus human-caused development of most African grasslands at the regional level.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are going to read a list of headings and a text about the Deep Impact by NASA; Choose the most suitable heading from the list A- F for each numbered paragraph (41 --45). The first paragraph and the last two paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you don't need to use. Mark your answers on Answer Sheet 1. A. Revelation of the nature of comets B. A perfect representative of the comets C. Hoping for the best D. Right time and right place for the Impact E. What to expect of this Deep Impact? F. Mystery in the heavens On Monday at 1:52 a.m. ET, a probe deployed by a NASA spacecraft 83 million miles from home will smash at 23,000 mph into an ancient comet the size of Manhattan, blasting a hole perhaps 14 stories deep. 41. ( ) Launched in January, NASA's $333 million Deep Impact mission is designed to answer questions that scientists have long had about comets, the ominous icebergs of space. This is the first time any space agency has staged such a deliberate crash. Scientists hope images transmitted by the probe and its mother ship will tell them about conditions in the early solar system, when comets and planets, including Earth, were formed. The team hopes to release photos of the impact as soon as they are received from the craft. NASA and observatories across the nation will be releasing webcasts. 42. ( ) At the very least, NASA says, knowing how deep the probe dives into the comet could settle the debate over whether comets are compact ice cubes or porous snow cones. "We need to dig as deep a hole as possible," says mission science chief Michael A'Hearn of the University of Maryland. Until now, the closest scientists have come to a comet was when NASA's Stardust mission passed within 167 miles of the comet Wild 2 last year, collecting comet dust that is bound for a return to Earth in January. The most famous date with a comet occurred when an international spacecraft flotilla greeted Halley's comet in 1986. But these quick looks examined only the comets' dust and Surface; 43. ( ) To the ancients, comets were harbingers of doom, celestial intruders on the perfection of the heavens that presaged disaster. Modern astronomers have looked on them more favorably, at least since Edmond Halley's celebrated 1705 prediction of the return of Halley's comet in 1758 and every 75 years thereafter. Today, scientists believe Tempel 1 (named for Ernst Wilhelm Leberecht Tempel, who first spotted it in 1867 while searching for comets in the sky over Marseilles, France) and other comets are windows to the earliest days of the solar system, 4. 6 billion years ago, when planets formed from the dust disk surrounding the infant sun. 44. ( ) Deep Impact's copper-plated "impactor"--a 39-inch long, 820-pound beer-barrel-shaped probe--will be "run over like a penny on a train track" when it crashes, A'Hearn says. The impactor is equipped with a navigation system to make sure it smacks into the comet in the right location for the flyby craft's cameras. On Sunday, the flyby spacecraft will release the probe. Twelve minutes later, it will beat a hasty retreat with a maneuver aimed at allowing a close flyby, from 5,348 miles away, with cameras pointed. Fourteen minutes after the impact, the flyby spacecraft will scoot to within a mere 310 miles for a close-up of the damage. 45. ( ) Ideally, everything will line up, and the flyby spacecraft will take images of the crater caused by the impact. It will go into a "shielded" mode as ice and dust batter the craft, then emerge to take more pictures. "The realistic worst case is hitting (the comet) but not having the flyby in the right place," A'Hearn says. "Basically, we have a bullet trying to hit a second bullet with a third bullet in the right place at the right time to watch. I'd love to have a joystick(操纵杆) to control the impactor." Planetary scientists have "no idea" what sort of crater will result, McFadden says. Predictions range from a deep but skinny shaft driven into a porous snow cone to a football stadium-sized excavation in a hard-packed ice ball. But astronomers should have their answer shortly after impact, which should settle some questions about the comet's crust and interior. Analysis of the chemistry of that interior, based on the light spectra given off in the impact's aftermath, could take much longer.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41--45, choose the most suitable one from the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Nonverbal communication is hugely important: in any interaction with others; its importance is multiplied across cultures. This is because we tend to look for nonverbal cues when verbal messages are unclear or ambiguous, as they are more likely to be across cultures. (41)_____________________. Low-context cultures like the United States and Canada tend to give relatively less emphasis to nonverbal communication. This does not mean that nonverbal communication does not happen, or that it is unimportant, but that people in these settings tend to place less importance on it than on the literal meanings of words themselves. In high-context settings such as Japan or Colombia, understanding the nonverbal components of communication is relatively more important to receiving the intended meaning of the communication as a whole. (42)_____________________. For instance, it may be more socially acceptable in some settings in the United States for women to show fear, but not anger, and for men to display anger, but not fear. At the same time, interpretation of facial expressions across cultures is difficult. In China and Japan, for example, a facial expression that would be recognized around the world as conveying happiness may actually express anger or mask sadness, both of which are unacceptable to show overtly. (43)_____________________. For a Westerner who understands smiles to mean friendliness and happiness, this smile may seem out of place and even cold, under the circumstances. Even though some facial expressions may be similar across cultures, their interpretations remain culture specific. It is important to understand something about cultural starting-points and values in order to interpret emotions expressed in cross-cultural interactions. (44)_____________________. In a comparison of North American and French children on a beach, a researcher noticed that the French children tended to stay in a relatively small space near their parents, while US children ranged up and down a large area of the beach. (45)_____________________. These examples of differences related to nonverbal communication are only the tip of the iceberg. Careful observation, ongoing study from a variety of sources, and cultivating relationships across cultures will all help develop the cultural fluency to work effectively with nonverbal communication differences.[A] These differences of interpretation may lead to conflict. Suppose a Japanese person is explaining her absence from negotiations due to a death in her family. She may do so with a smile, based on her cultural belief that it is not appropriate to inflict the pain of grief on others.[B] Another variable across cultures has to do with ways of relating to space. Crossing cultures, we encounter very different ideas about polite space for conversations and negotiations. North Americans tend to prefer a large amount of space, perhaps because they are surrounded by it in their homes and countryside. Europeans tend to stand more closely with each other when talking, and are accustomed to smaller personal spaces.[C] Americans are serious about standing in lines, in accordance with their beliefs in democracy and the principle of "first come, first served." The French, on the other hand, have a practice of line jumping, that irritates many British and U S Americans.[D] Since nonverbal behavior arises from our cultural common sense, we use different systems of understanding gestures, posture, silence, spatial relations, emotional expression, touch, physical appearance, and other nonverbal cues. Cultures also attribute different degrees of importance to verbal and nonverbal behavior.[E] The difficulty with space preferences is not that they exist, but the judgments that get attached to them. If someone is accustomed to standing or sitting very close when they are talking with another, they may see the other's attempt to create more space as evidence of coldness, or a lack of interest.[F] It is said that a German executive working in the United States became so upset with visitors to his office moving the guest chair to suit themselves that he had it bolted to the floor.[G] Some elements of nonverbal communication are consistent across cultures. For example, research has shown that the emotions of enjoyment, anger, fear, sadness, disgust, and surprise are expressed in similar ways by people around the world. Differences surface with respect to which emotions are acceptable to display in various cultural settings, and by whom.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are going to read a list of headings and a text about network etiquette. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A -- F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you don't need to use. Mark your answers on Answer Sheet 1. The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of primitive weapons and the discovery of fire, although nobody knows exactly when he acquired the use of the latter. 41)______Animals have a few cries that serve as signals, but even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words, even with the most intensive professional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently a necessity for the mastering of speech. When man became sufficiently intelligent, we must suppose that he gradually increased the number of cries for different purposes. It was a great day when he discovered that speech could be used for narrative. There are those who think that in this respect picture language preceded oral language. A man could draw a picture on the wall of his cave to show in which direction he had gone, or what prey he hoped to catch. 42)______ Two important stages came not so long before the dawn of written history. The first was the domestication of animals; the second was agriculture. Agriculture made possible an immense increase in the number of the human species in the regions where it could be successfully practiced. 43)______ 44)______ These inventions and discoveries—fire, speech, weapons domestic animals, agriculture, and writing made the existence of civilized communities possible. From about 3000 B. C. until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution less than two hundred years ago there was no technical advance comparable to these. During this long period man had time to become accustomed to his technique, and to develop the beliefs and political organizations appropriate to it. There was, of course, an immense extension in the area of civilized life. At first it had been confined to the Nile, the Euphrates, the Tigris, and the Indus, but at the end of the period in question it covered much the greatest part of the inhabitable globe. I do not mean to suggest that there was no technical progress during the time. 45)______A. Probably picture language and oral language developed side by side. I am inclined to think that language has been the most important single factor in the development of man.B. Another fundamental technical advance was writing, which, like spoken language, developed out of pictures, but as soon as it had reached a certain stage, it was possible to keep records and transmit information to people who were not present when the information was given.C. With the development of civilization, primitive people who lived in caves at that time badly needed a language, which would help them to communicate with one another.D. The origin of language is also obscure. No doubt it began very gradually.E. In fact, there was progress--there were even two inventions of very great importance, namely, gunpowder and the mariner's compass--but neither of these can be compared in their revolutionary power to such things as speech and writing and agriculture.F. These were, at first, only those in which nature fertilized the soil after each harvest. Agriculture met with violent resistance from the pastoral nomads, but the agricultural way of life prevailed in the end because of the physical comforts it provided.G. But industry was a step in human progress to which subsequently there was nothing comparable until our own machine age.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}You are going to read a text about the state of college students' mental health, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. The state of college students' mental health continues to decline. What's the solution? In the months before Massachusetts Institute of technology sophomore Elizabeth Shin died, she spoke with seven psychiatrists and one social worker. The psychiatrists diagnosed major depression; the therapist recommended hospitalization. Shin told a dean that she was cutting herself and let a professor know that she wanted to commit suicide. The housemaster of her dorm and two of her friends stayed up nights to watch her. But it wasn't enough. On April 10, 2000, Elizabeth Shin locked her dorm room door and set her clothes on fire. Four days later, she was dead. {{B}}41. Many colleges are running into thorny situation.{{/B}} Her parents, Kisuk and Cho Hyun Shin, filed suit against MIT, charging its employees with gross negligence and wrongful death. It's an extreme case, but it illustrates a problem facing many other schools, as more and more students line up at counseling centers requiring increasingly intensive therapy or medication or both. {{B}}42. Students with substantial personality problems.{{/B}} The number of freshmen reporting less than average emotional health has been steadily rising since 1985, according to the newest data from an annual nationwide survey by the University of California-Los Angeles. Reasons for the decline of college students' mental health College therapists cite several reasons for the apparent deterioration in student mental health. Not only has this generation grown up in the much-maligned era of the disintegrating American family, it is also more used to therapy and so more likely to seek help. As competition to get into college gets tougher, students burn out before they even get there. And kids with severe psychological problems, who in the past wouldn't even have made it. to college, now take psychotropic drugs that help them succeed. {{B}}43. The soaring number of visitors to college psychiatrists.{{/B}} Colleges first created counseling centers for students who needed career and academic advice, says Robert Gallagher, author of the counseling center survey and former director of the University of Pittsburghs' services. As psychological counseling took over, the centers' other advising functions were packed off to other parts of the campus. {{B}}44. Inadequacies of college therapy services.{{/B}} The ballooning caseloads mean there isn't the time or the staff to offer long-term therapy to any but the most troubled. "You can't just load up with the first 100 students and see them regularly without having openings for new people," says Gallagher. Instead, colleges focus on getting students over immediate crises. {{B}}45. What's the solution?{{/B}} Some schools have tried filling the gap by getting more involved in students' lives. The University of South Carolina, the University of Nevada-Reno, and Texas A 30 percent reported at least one student suicide on their campus last year. [C] "If a student tells you she took five extra pills over the weekend," says Gertrude Carter, director of psychological services at Bennington College in Vermont, "it's hard to tell if that's a grab for attention or an actual threat." [D] New statistics show that many freshmen arrive on campus depressed and anxious and feel worse as the year progresses. At the same time, colleges must also negotiate the legal and emotional pitfalls of caring for their charges, not children but not yet fully adults. [E] In response to the task force report, MIT is putting together support teams of physicians, other health-care professionals, and experienced counselors to spend time in the dorms; socializing with the students and keeping an eye on them. [F] One Yale student suffering from anxiety during his sophomore year rarely saw the same counselor twice. "It felt like the person I was talking to wasn't really there," he says. After five sessions, he stopped going. "I wouldn't want to go there again," he says, "but what else is there?"