填空题Today's new Labor Department report showing that the economy lost jobs last month, the first loss this year, seems in stark contrast to where the president and the Congress are focusing their attentions. Congress has recessed without extending unemployment benefits, in large measure due to repeated Republican obstruction. The economy is now presenting a strange dichotomy. The corporate sector has returned to rude health, with improved balance sheets and tons of cash. It has helped lead the recovery. (41) . And yet Washington's response seems to be a collective throwing up of hands. There are a few things the government can do about persistent long-term unemployment. First, it can lessen the pain it causes by expanding the safety net, extending unemployment-insurance benefits so that the long-term unemployed have a source of cash to help them stay current on rent, mortgage, and credit card bills. Second, it can respond to persistent long-term unemployment by enacting policies aimed at creating and preserving jobs. (42) . But so far? Nothing. And the question is why. First, there's the matter of the uncertain trumpet at the Federal Reserve. Chairman Ben Bernanke seemd to do nothing about high unemployment. At the very least, he could have lent moral support to the need for further stimulus—ff only out of self-interest. (43) . And politics clearly has a lot to do with it. On the fringes of the Republican right, there's some stupid behaviors—i, e. , Nevada Senate candidate Sharron Angle arguing that laziness and a desire to live large off unemployment checks is responsible for her state's 14 percent unemployment rate. There's some narrow-mindedness. Sen. Ben Nelson, a Democrat from Nebraska, a state where the unemployment rate is about half the national average, joined the Republican obstruction of an extension of unemployment benefits—his constituents don't need it. In the broad center, there's a lot of serious hypocritical nonsense. (44) . Funny how such integrity never surfaces when legislators vote to spend much larger sums on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, on the Medicare prescription drug benefit, and on the Bush tax cuts. (45) . These efforts have exhausted the policy team and its congressional allies. And perhaps high unemployment is something we'll have to live with, given the way the economy has recovered from recent recessions. The president's budget notes "even with healthy economic growth there is likely to be an extended period of higher-than-normal unemployment lasting for several years." A. In the White House, there's probably a level of exhaustion and Zen-like acceptance—it pushed through a large stimulus package and monumental health care reform, two heroic measures that are working and whose benefits will continue to phase in over time. B. For Democrats, there's no way to cut the deficit or find revenue for new initiatives unless they grow. Should Republicans retake control of the House and Senate next year, their first order of business would be to preserve the Bush tax cuts that are set to expire—a move that would make already large deficits even larger and thus render significant tax-reduction impossible. C. Maybe he wants to be remembered as the Fed chairman who presided over an era of European level unemployment, when skills eroded, and several graduating classes entered a glutted workforce. D. Along with many other senators, Nelson opposed the recent benefit extension on the grounds that it was immoral and wrong to enact a $19 billion spending package without offsetting tax increases or spending cuts. E. But without the mighty American consumer, who generates 70 percent of economic activity, participating to the fullest degree, the recovery will seem weak. Without a healthy jobs market, the recession-shocked consumer won't spend. F. And he's probably right. Republicans have made the calculation that the weaker the economy and the employment market are in the next few months, the better their prospects for 2010 and 2012 are— and they're right, too. G. These can take the form of summer jobs programs, enhanced public works programs, aid to strapped municipalities so they can avoid layoffs, and tax cuts and credits for investment and hiring.

填空题A.YoumayhavetoimpressthecompanyHRrepresentativesaswell.HRrepsaretypicallytrainedtoaskveryspecificandpersonalquestions,likewhatsalaryyouexpectandwhatyou'vemadeinthepast.Theymightaskyouaboutyourimpressionsofthecompanyandthepeoplewhointerviewedyou.Theymightalsoaskifyouhaveotheroffers.Ifso,chancesaregoodthattheyarewillingtocompeteforyou.Butifyousaythatyouhaveotheroffers,bepreparedtobackitupwiththeWHO,WHATandWHEN,becausetheymightchallengeyou.TheHRrepsarealsothepeoplewhowillconductorarrangereferenceandbackgroundchecks.Theymighthavethefinalsay.B.Besidesmanagement,youmightalsointerviewwithoneormoreofyourfuturecoworkers.Regardlessofthequestionstheyask,whattheymostreallywanttoknowishowwellyou'llfitintotheteam,ifyou'llcausethemmoreworkinsteadofless,andiftheyshouldfeelthreatenedbyyou.Whenanswering,beeagerenoughtoshowthatyouareagoodteamplayerandwillpullyourload,butnotsoeagerastoappeartobeaback-stabbingladderclimber!C.Alwaysresearchacompanybeforeyouinterview,andrememberthatattire,bodylanguageandmannerscount,bigtime.Trytoavoidcommonmistakes.Youmaythinkthatthisiscommonsense,butcrazystuffreallyhappens!D.JobinterviewingisoneofthemostpopularcareertopicsontheWeb.Butnocareeradvisorcantellyouexactlywhattosayduringajobinterview.Interviewsarejusttooup-closeandpersonalforthat.Aboutthebestthatcareeradvisorscando,istogiveyousometipsaboutthetypicalquestionstoexpect,soyoucanpracticeansweringthemaheadoftime.But,whiletherearemanycannedinterviewquestions,therearefewcannedanswers.Therestisuptoyou.E.Bepreparedtoattendasecondinterviewatthesamecompany,andmaybeevenathirdorfourth.Ifyou'recalledbackformoreinterviews,itmeansthatthey'reinterestedinyou.But,itdoesn'tmeanyou'reashoo-in.Mostlikely,theyarenarrowingthecompetition,sokeepupthegoodwork!F.Toputyousomewhatatease,manyinterviewersreallydon'tknowhowtointervieweffectively.Frontlineinterviewersaretypicallymanagersandsupervisorswhohaveneverbeenorarebarelytrainedininterviewingtechniques.They'realittlenervoustoo,justlikeyou.Somedon'tevenprepareinadvance.Thismakesiteasierforyoutotakecontroloftheinterview,ifyouhaveprepared.Butincontrollinganinterview,it'snotagoodideatotrytodominate.Instead,trytosteerittowardlandingthejob.G.Afterinterviewing,immediatelysendathankyoulettertoeachofyourinterviewers.It'sprofessionalandexpected,andmightevenbethedecidingfactorinyourfavor.H.Remember,it'satwo-waystreet.It'stheemployer'schancetojudgeyou,butit'salsoverymuchyourchancetojudgetheemployer.Infact,ifyouhandleyourselfwellandasktherightquestions,you'llputtheinterviewerinthepositionofsellingthecompanytoyou.Ifthishappens,you'reprobablydoingwell.Order:

填空题Music comes in many forms; most countries have a style of their own. Poland has its polkas. Hungary has its czardas, Brazil is famous for the bossa nova, Caribbean countries for the merengue, and Argentina for the tango. The U. S. is known for jazz, a completely original type of music that has gained world-wide popularity. (41) . Brash, uninhibited, exciting, it has a modem sound. In the 1920's jazz sounded like America. And so it does today. The origins of this music are as interesting as the music itself. Jazz was invented by American Negroes, or blacks, as they are called today, who were brought to the Southern states as slaves. (42) . A band often accompanied the procession. On the way to the cemetery the band played slow, solemn music suited to the occasion. But on the way home the mood changed. Spirits lifted. Everybody was happy. This music made everyone want to dance. It was an early form of jazz. But there were other influences, too. Music has always been important in Negro life. (43) . As these people settled into their new life in the plantations of the South, music retained its importance. In the fields, they made up work songs. Singing made the hard work go faster. And as the people were converted to Christianity, they composed lovely spirituals which have become a permanent part of American music. (44) In fact, there was hardly any activity or social event that could not be set to music. Weddings, births, christenings, funerals, picnics, parades—all had their musical accompaniment. After the American Civil War (1861-1865), the Negroes had gained their freedom and were ready for a new type of music, one that would preserve their musical traditions but be fast and happy to express their new-found freedom. They wanted something they could play as professional musicians for both black and white audiences. (45) . To be good, a musician had not only to remember his part but also to be able to invent new variations on the spur of the moment.[A] Coming mainly from West Africa, the blacks who were brought to America already possessed a rich musical tradition. This music centered on religious ceremonies in which dancing, singing, clapping, and stamping to the beat of a drum were important forms of musical and rhythmic expression.[B] Jazz was the answer. It combined themes from Negro work songs, spirituals and blues, set to a fast beat, with the musicians improvising as they went along, like the funeral marching bands.[C] They were sold to plantation owners and forced to work long hours in the cotton and tobacco fields. This work was hard and life was short. When a Negro died his friends and relatives formed a Sprocession to carry the body to the cemetery.[D] Jazz belongs to the people, but popular taste is changeable. Jazz had to keep up to date. Over the last half century it has changed many times in form, style, and tempo. Each change added something new.[E] Another musical form which contributed to jazz was the blues. Blues songs always describe something sad—an unhappy love affair, a money problem, bad luck. To this day, the expression "feeling blue" means being sad or depressed.[F] Death had removed one of their number, but the living were glad to be alive. The band played happy music, improvising on both the harmony and the melody of the tunes presented at the funeral.[G] Jazz is America's contribution to popular music. In contrast to classical music, which follows formal European traditions, jazz is spontaneous and free-form. It bubbles with energy, expressing the moods interests, and emotions of the people.

填空题[A] Communication makes both parties know more about each other which make an agreement.[B] The argument itself cannot expand knowledge.[C] Reasonable debate plays a positive role in knowledge advances.[D] A basic common knowledge made contribution to the argument from which people learn something.[E] Generally, knowledge is gained by argument.[F] Learning can be interrupted by the argument.[G] Communication is closely associated with argument. Do we 1earn more from people whose views we share in common than from those whose ideas contradictors? The speaker claims so, for the reason that disagreement can cause stress and inhabit learning. I concede that undue discord can impede learning. Otherwise, in my view we learn far from discourse and debate with those whose ideas we oppose than from people whose ideas are in accord with our own. 41. ______ Admittedly, under some circumstances disagreement with others can be counterproductive to learning. For supporting examples, one need look no further than a television set. On today's typical television or radio talk show, disagreement usually manifests itself in meaningless rhetorical bouts and shouting matches, during which opponents vie to have their own message heard, but have little interest either in finding any cormnon ground with or in acknowledging the merits of the opponent's viewpoint. Understandably, neither the combatants nor the viewers learn anything meaningful. In fact, these battles only selwe to reinforce the predispositions and biases of all concerned. The end result is that learning is impeded. 42. ______ Disagreement can also inhibit 1earning when two opponents disagree on fundamental assumptions needed for meaningful discourse and debate. For example, a student of paleontology learns little about the evolution of an animal species under current study by debating with an individual whose religious belief system precludes the possibility of evolution to begin with. And, economics and finance students learn little about the dynamics of a laissez-faire system by debating with a socialist whose view is that a centralized power should control all economic activity. 43. ______ Aside from the foregoing two provisions, however, I fundamentally disagree with the speaker's claim. Assuming common ground between two rational and reasonable opponents willing to debate on intellectual merits, both opponents stand to gain much from that debate. Indeed it is primarily through such debate that human knowledge advances, whether at the personal, community, or global level. 44. ______ At the personal level, by listening to their parents' rationale for their seemingly oppressive rules and policies, teenagers can learn how certain behaviors naturally carry certain undesirable consequences. At the same time, by listening to their teenagers concerns about autonomy and about peer pressures parents can learn the valuable lesson that effective parenting and control are two different things. At the community level, through dispassionate dialogue an environmental activist can come to understand the legitimate economic concerns of those whose jobs depend on the continued profitable operation of a factoly. Conversely, the latter might stand to learn much about the potential public-health price to be paid by ensuring job growth and a low unemployment rate. Finally, at the global level, two nations with opposing political or economic interests can reach mutually beneficial agreements by striving to understand the other's legitimate concerns for its national security, its political sovereignty, the stability of its economy and currency, and so forth. 45. ______ In sum, unless two opponents in a debate are each willing to play on the same field and by the same rules, I concede that disagreement can impede learning. Otherwise, reasoned discourse and debate between people with opposing viewpoints is the very foundation upon which human knowledge advances. Accordingly, on balance the speaker is fundamentally correct.

填空题So you've been with your company for a while and have been exceeding all of your manager's expectations. You work hard, are a great team player, come up with new ideas to take the business further and are an all-around joy in the workplace. If you haven't been promoted or been bumped up in salary automatically, it might be time to take the bull by the horns and approach this topic yourself. While asking for a raise makes many people uncomfortable and nervous, the situation can be a breeze if handled correctly. The following are a few steps to follow to make sure your request does not fall on deaf ears:41. Do your research. Like any other element of your career, it all starts with research. In order to present your manager with a compelling case in your favor, you need to know what the going rate is for someone with your experience and in your position.42. Outline a case for yourself. When going into any kind of negotiation session, you need to be equipped with the right amount of ammunition. Before you walk into your meeting, look back at your time with the company and highlight your aceomplishments. Come up with a list of specific examples of ways you have been a valuable asset to the business. Find facts and figures that demonstrate what you have excelled, using numbers whenever possible. If you really want to knock their socks off, put your accomplishments into a formal presentation, albeit brief, that outlines each of your goals and how you have achieved them. This will demonstrate that you are professional, willing to go the extra mile, and have thought about your request thoroughly.43. Know what's going on in your neighborhood. There are good times and bad times to ask for a raise at any company. Schedule ample time to present your case, and make sure your timing is right. Asking for a raise on the fly after just walking into your manager's office to chat will not benefit you or impress your boss. Make sure you have time to present your case, and that your manager has time to think about your presentation. Request a meeting with your supervisor, at least a half-hour long. Think about your timing when you schedule the meeting, too. If your department has a bevy of deadlines to meet at the end of each month, don't schedule your meeting on the 29th. Pick a time when your manager will be sure to be in a good mood and not overly stressed.44. Avoid threats or demands. The last thing you want to do is to put your supervisor on the defensive. Be professional and, if your job is worth keeping, willing to listen to the other side. Keep the meeting positive and your outcome will be more positive.45. Remember that not all perks are monetary. Don't fall into the trap of thinking you are not valued if you do not get exactly what you had expected.[A] If you approach your manager for a raise in a time of downsizing and cost-cutting, you will not only be denied, but will also show that you are not in tune with the company's needs. Make sure you understand your company's overall financial situation.[B] For example, if you developed a marketing plan that helped increase sales, make sure you have those sales figures on hand, as well as your role in the plan and its execution. Be sure to tie your own success into the overall success of the company.[C] If your company is strapped financially but you and your manager still come to the conclusion that it is time for you to be rewarded for your performance, you might be able to negotiate for stock options, more vacation time or other non-monetary benefits.[D] When you come up with your desired raise in your base salary, go over 2%. If you want 8% then ask for 10%.[E] You can find out what others in your industry and in comparable positions are raking in by looking at online resources, through the Bureau of Labor Statistics, or in books like "The American Almanac of Jobs and Salaries" by John W. Wright (Quill).[F] Going into a meeting with the "if I don't get it, I'm leaving" attitude will only tell your company you are uncompromising and only out for number one.

填空题[A] Is that what the American viewing public is getting.'? Perhaps 10% of prime-time network programming is a happy combination of entertainment and enrichment. There used to be television-movies rich in human values,, but they have now become an endangered species. I find television too much concerned with what people have and too little concerned with who they are, very concerned with taking care of No. 1 and not at all concerned with sharing themselves with other people. All too often it tells us the half truth we wan! to hear rather than the whole truth we need to hear.[B] Why is television not more fully realizing its humanizing potential? Is the creative community at fault? Partially. But not primarily. I have lived and worked in that community for 32 years, as both priest and producer. As a group, these people have values. In fact, in Hollywood in recent months, audience enrichment has become their thing. A coalition of media companies has endowed the Humanists Prize so that it can recognize and celebrate those who accomplish it.[C] Every good story will not only captivate its viewers but also give them some insight into what it means to be a human being. By so doing, it can help them grow into the deeply centered, sovereignty free, joyously loving human being God made them to be. Meaning, freedom and love are the supreme human values. And this is the kind of human enrichment the American viewing public has a right to expect from those who make its entertainment.[D] The problem with American TV is not the lack of storytellers of conscience but the commercial system within which they have to operate. Television in the U.S. is a business. [n the past, the business side has been balanced by a commitment to public', service. But in recent years the fragmentation of the mass audience, huge interest payments and skyrocketing production costs have combined with the FCC's abdication of its responsibility to protect the common good to produce an ahnost total preoccupation with the bottom line. The networks are struggling to survive. And that, the statistics seem to indicate, is mindless, heartless, escapist fare. If we are dissatisfied with the moral content of what we are invited to watch, I think we should begin by examining our own consciences. When we tune in, are we ready to plunge into reality, so as to extract its meaning, or are we hoping to escape into a sedated world of illusion? And if church leaders want to elevate the quality of the country's entertainment, they should forget about boycotts, production codes and censorship. They should work at educating their people in media literacy and at mobilizing them to support quality shows in huge numbers.[E] It is not a question of entertainment or enrichment. These are complementary concerns and presuppose each other. The story that entertains without enriching is superficial and escapist. The story that enriches without entertaining is simply dull. The story that does both is a delight.[F] That is the only sure way to improve the moral content of America's entertainment.[G] Despite questions of the motivation behind them, the attacks by the President and the Vice President on the moral content of television entertainment have found an echo in the chambers of the American soul. Many who reject the messengers still accept the message. They do not like the moral tone of American TV. In our society only the human family surpasses television in its capacity to communicate values, provide role models, form consciences and motivate human behavior. Few educators, church leaders or politicians possess the moral influence of those who create the nation's entertainment. Order:[G]______→41.______→42.______→43. ______→44. ______→45.______→

填空题[A] Extensive applications of haptic technology.[B] Possibilities rendered by haptic mechanisms.[C] The feasibility of extending our senses and exploring abstract universes.[D] An example of the progress in science of haptics.[E] Bringing the potential of our senses into full play.[F] Will haptics step into a bright future? "OOOF!" Using your mouse, you heave a data file across the screen--a couple of gigabytes of data weigh a lot. Its rough surface tells you that it is a graphics file. Having tipped this huge pile of data into a hopper that sends it to the right program, you examine a screen image of the forest trail you'll be hiking on your Vacation. Then, using a gloved hand, you master its details by running your fingers over its forks and bends, its sharp rises and falls. Later you send an E-mail to your beloved, bending to the deskpad to attach a kiss. 41．______________ The science of haptics (from the Greek haptesthai, "to touch") is making these fantasies real. A few primitive devices are extending human-machine communication beyond vision and sound. Haptic joysticks and steering wheels for computer games are already giving happy players some of the sensations of piloting a spaceship, driving a racing car or firing weapons. In time, haptic interfaces may allow us to manipulate single molecules, feel clouds and galaxies, even reach into higher dimensions to grasp the subtle structures of mathematics. 42．______________ Most of our senses are passive. In hearing and vision, for example, the sound or light is simply received and analyzed. But touch is different: we actively explore and alter reality with our hands, so the same action that gathers information can also change the world--to model a piece of clay or press a button, for example. In providing direct contact between people, touch carries emotional impact. And in providing direct contact with the world, it is the sure sign of reality, as in "pinch me--am I dreaming?" 43．______________ Some small steps have even been taken towards whole-body haptics. Touch Technology of Nova Scotia, Canada, has built a haptic chair. It looks like a full length lounge chair in a family den, but its surface is studded with 72 "tactors" -pneumatic piston rods, covered with rounded buttons, that can extend about an inch, and can be driven under computer control in any desired sequence and pattern. It could be programmed to imitate a real massage or to function in time to music. According to the manufacturer, that provides a powerful blending of sen-sations--a long term goal of virtual reality. 44．______________ Even at its present crude level, however, haptics can make tangible what once could not be touched or even pictured. To investigate the world of the very small, researchers at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, have developed the nanoManipulator. This adds touch to the technique of scanning probe microscopy, which can image a single atom by monitoring either the electrical current flowing between an extremely fine probe and a surface or the force between them. With the nanoManipulator, researchers can see and manipulate a universe a million times smaller than their own, to study viruses and tiny semiconducting devices. If the force feedback can be made sensitive enough, it may be possible to push molecular keys into specific molecular locks, to custom-design drugs or assemble silicon parts into intricate nanomachines. With other interfaces, there is no reason we shouldn't also be able to touch the very large-clouds, ocean currents, mantle flows, mountains, galaxy clusters. Or the very strong--with a suitable force scaling, new ceramics or alloys could be squeezed and twanged to test their engineering properties. Or the physically extreme and inaccessible--such as ultra hot plasma flows in fusion machines. 45．______________ Haptic technology could even make abstract ideas tangible. Many scientific concepts occupy spaces of more than three dimensions: string theory, for example, asserts that we live in a 10 or 11-dimensional Universe. As it is impossible to visualise such a space, we explore these ideas through mathematical expressions or two dimensional sketches on paper, But probing these unfamiliar geometries with touch may be more effective. And for blind people, haptics offers a new way to grasp information even in three dimensions. A group at the University of Delaware has developed an environment where a person can feel a mathematical function. Using a PHAN-TOM, the user "walks" along the surface of the figure. Like a hiker following mountainous terrain, the user feels where the function is steep, where it is level, and where its peaks and valleys lie. Other haptic systems could help blind people to browse the Internet, feeling images as well as words. The future of haptics is bright, but the only sensual relationship it will be sustaining any time soon is between you and your computer.

填空题A. The petitioners argue that repealing the tax will cost the Treasury billions of dollars in lost revenues and will result in either increased taxes in the long run or cuts to Medicare, Social Security, environmental protection and other government programs. Repealing the levy "would enrich the heirs of America"s millionaires and billionaires, while hurting families who struggle to make ends meet," the petition says. B. About 120 wealthy Americans had signed or supported a petition to oppose phasing out the tax. President Bush has included the repeal of the tax in his $1.6 trillion tax-cut proposal. Normally when "dozens" of Americans join in a political cause, it is not particularly noteworthy, but in this case the dozens include: George Soros, a billionaire financier; Warren Buffett, an investor listed as America"s fourth-richest person; the philanthropist David Rockefeller Jr.; and William Gates St., a Seattle lawyer and father of America"s richest man, Microsoft Corp. Chairman Bill Gates. C. Buffett and company cite these factors in their petition calling for opposition to the estate-tax-repeal. They also discuss something that"s equally emotional and far more complex: the principle of meritocracy. The idea that everyone in America has an equal chance, that our fates are not determined by accidents of birth, is one of our core values. And nowhere is this principle more reverend than in the technology economy; entrepreneurship is almost by definition an expression of meritocracy. D. Buffett told the New York Times that repealing the estate tax would be a "terrible mistake" and the equivalent of "choosing the 2020 Olympic team by picking the eldest sons of the gold medal winners in the 2000 Olympics." E. An old brokerage commercial says: "He made his money the old-fashioned way: He earned it." There was a perfect parody of the ad in which the line read: "He made his money the old-fashioned way: He inherited it." In 20 or 50 or 100 years, which of these lines will be right? Buffett and Soros and friends, to their credit, want to help make the first one real. Let"s hope this is only one step in that process. F. It was refreshing to see Buffett and George Soros and a number of other extremely wealthy luminaries stand up in opposition to President Bush"s proposed repeal of the estate tax. While the policy has some emotional attractions—it would protect the inheritors of some small businesses from having to sell the companies to pay taxes, and it is true that most people have been taxed on their savings once already—in practice the tax repeal would mainly be a windfall for a very small number of very, very rich people. G. President Bush will make his case for his $1.6 trillion tax cut plan, delivering a speech at a community center in St. Louis. The proposal would slash federal tax rates across all levels of income, eliminate the so-called marriage penalty and phase out estate taxes. Democrats complain that the plan—which would cut the top rate from 39 to 33 percent—would disproportionately benefit the wealthy and unnecessarily squander expected budget surpluses. Some of the richest Americans are urging Congress not to repeal the estate tax, the New York Times reported on Wednesday. Order: 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 →D→ 5

填空题[A]Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaperandthenprocessesitintopackaging,e.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthoritiesuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paper,withadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperis,infact,probablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnow,withmassiveincreasesinpaperprices,thetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable.[B]Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottles,whicharereturnedtothedairies,washedout,andrefilled.Butbothglassandpaperarebeingthreatenedbythegrowinguseofplastic.Moreandmoredairiesareexperimentingwithplasticbottles,andithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplastic,thenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays![C]Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopper,whousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputoutbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.Sowhyisitdone?Someofit,likethecellophaneonmeat,isnecessary,butmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment.[D]Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshops,asuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks.[E]Littleresearch,however,isbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisit,forinstance,forlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaper,pulpitandrecycleitasegg-boxes?Woulditbecheapertoplantanotherforest?Paperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging--20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachday--butverylittleissalvaged.[F]Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandre-useofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackaging,intendedtobeusedjustonce,andmakingthingslookbettersothatmorepeoplewillbuythem,isclearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasusingitsensibly.Whatisneedednowisamoresophisticatedapproachtousingscarceresourcesforwhatis,afterall,arelativelyunimportantfunction.[G]Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpacking,theboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrived;thecellophanewrapperhastobetornoff,thelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries.Itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophane,polytheneorpaper.(539words)Notes:cellophane(包装用的)玻璃纸。doup打包，装饰。polythene聚乙烯。refusen.废料，废物。messup型脏，弄乱。salvage回收利用。pulp使……成为浆状。carton纸板盒。encircle环绕。mound小丘，小堆。doawaywith处理掉。asopposedto与……对照。notsomuch...as与其……倒不如……。Order:

填空题Mankind"s progress in developing new gizmos is often referred to as the "march of technology". That conjures up images of constant and relentless forward movement orchestrated with military precision. In reality, technological progress is rather less orderly. Some technologies do indeed improve at such a predictable pace that they obey simple formulae such as Moore"s law, which acts as a battle plan for the semiconductor industry. Other technologies proceed by painful lurches—think of third-generation mobile phones, or new versions of Microsoft Windows. And there are some cases, particularly in the developing world, when technological progress takes the form of a leapfrog. 41. Such leapfrogging involves adopting a new technology directly, and skipping over the earlier, inferior versions of it that came before. 42. There are other examples. Incandescent light bulbs, introduced in the late 1870s, are slowly being displaced in the developed world by more energy-efficient light-emitting diodes (LEDs), in applications from traffic lights to domestic lighting. LEDs could, however, have an even greater impact in parts of the developing world that lack mains power and electric lighting altogether. LEDs" greater energy efficiency makes it possible to run them from batteries charged by solar panels during the day. So there is the prospect of another leapfrog, as the rural poor skip over centralized electric grids and straight to a world of energy-efficient appliances run using local "micropower" energy sources. 43. Being behind the "bleeding edge" of technological development can sometimes be a good thing, in short. It means that early versions of a technology, which may be buggy, unreliable or otherwise inferior, can be avoided. America, for example, was the first country to adopt color televisions, which explains why American televisions still look so had today: other countries came to the technology later and adopted technically superior standards. Leapfrog technologies can also spread faster, because they do not face competition from entrenched earlier systems. 44. The lesson to be drawn from all of this is that it is wrong to assume that developing countries will follow the same technological course as developed nations. 45. Those who anticipate and facilitate leapfrogging can prosper as a result, while those who fail to see it coming risk being jumped over. A. Kodak, for example, hit by the sudden rise of digital cameras in the developed world, wrongly assumed that it would still be able to sell old-fashioned film and film cameras in China instead. But the emerging Chinese middle classes leapfrogged straight to digital cameras—and even those are now outnumbered by camera-phones. B. In countries like India, the Reference Web almost does not exist. Most businesses do not have websites; the ones that do have updates that are few and far between. This has been partly clue to the slow growth of PCs and the lack of an inexpensive and reliable broadband infrastructure. Most of us in India rely on the "global" Reference Web that we can search through the likes of Google and Yahoo. C. By far the best-known example is that of mobile phones in the developing world. Fixed-line networks are poor or non-existent in many developing countries, so people have leapfrogged straight to mobile phones instead. The number of mobile phones now far outstrips the number of fixed-line telephones in China, India and sub-Saharan Africa. By their very nature, mobile networks are far easier, faster and cheaper to deploy than fixed-line networks. D. Other leapfrogs include the embrace by China and Brazil of open-source software, and China"s plan to build a series of "eco-cities" from scratch based on new green technologies. E. Having skipped fixed-line telephones, some parts of the world may well skip desktop computers in favor of portable devices, for example. Entire economies may even leapfrog from agriculture straight to high-tech industries. That is what happened in Israel, which went from citrus farming to microchips; India, similarly, is doing its best to jump straight to a high-tech service economy. Rwanda even hopes to turn itself into an African tech hub. F. And leapfrogging straight to a green technology means there is no need to dispose of the old, dirty one. By the time Chinese consumers started buying fridges in large numbers, for example, refrigeration technology no longer depended on ozone-destroying CFCs.

填空题Nonverbal communication is hugely important: in any interaction with others; its importance is multiplied across cultures. This is because we tend to look for nonverbal cues when verbal messages are unclear or ambiguous, as they are more likely to be across cultures. (41)_____________________. Low-context cultures like the United States and Canada tend to give relatively less emphasis to nonverbal communication. This does not mean that nonverbal communication does not happen, or that it is unimportant, but that people in these settings tend to place less importance on it than on the literal meanings of words themselves. In high-context settings such as Japan or Colombia, understanding the nonverbal components of communication is relatively more important to receiving the intended meaning of the communication as a whole. (42)_____________________. For instance, it may be more socially acceptable in some settings in the United States for women to show fear, but not anger, and for men to display anger, but not fear. At the same time, interpretation of facial expressions across cultures is difficult. In China and Japan, for example, a facial expression that would be recognized around the world as conveying happiness may actually express anger or mask sadness, both of which are unacceptable to show overtly. (43)_____________________. For a Westerner who understands smiles to mean friendliness and happiness, this smile may seem out of place and even cold, under the circumstances. Even though some facial expressions may be similar across cultures, their interpretations remain culture specific. It is important to understand something about cultural starting-points and values in order to interpret emotions expressed in cross-cultural interactions. (44)_____________________. In a comparison of North American and French children on a beach, a researcher noticed that the French children tended to stay in a relatively small space near their parents, while US children ranged up and down a large area of the beach. (45)_____________________. These examples of differences related to nonverbal communication are only the tip of the iceberg. Careful observation, ongoing study from a variety of sources, and cultivating relationships across cultures will all help develop the cultural fluency to work effectively with nonverbal communication differences.[A] These differences of interpretation may lead to conflict. Suppose a Japanese person is explaining her absence from negotiations due to a death in her family. She may do so with a smile, based on her cultural belief that it is not appropriate to inflict the pain of grief on others.[B] Another variable across cultures has to do with ways of relating to space. Crossing cultures, we encounter very different ideas about polite space for conversations and negotiations. North Americans tend to prefer a large amount of space, perhaps because they are surrounded by it in their homes and countryside. Europeans tend to stand more closely with each other when talking, and are accustomed to smaller personal spaces.[C] Americans are serious about standing in lines, in accordance with their beliefs in democracy and the principle of "first come, first served." The French, on the other hand, have a practice of line jumping, that irritates many British and U S Americans.[D] Since nonverbal behavior arises from our cultural common sense, we use different systems of understanding gestures, posture, silence, spatial relations, emotional expression, touch, physical appearance, and other nonverbal cues. Cultures also attribute different degrees of importance to verbal and nonverbal behavior.[E] The difficulty with space preferences is not that they exist, but the judgments that get attached to them. If someone is accustomed to standing or sitting very close when they are talking with another, they may see the other's attempt to create more space as evidence of coldness, or a lack of interest.[F] It is said that a German executive working in the United States became so upset with visitors to his office moving the guest chair to suit themselves that he had it bolted to the floor.[G] Some elements of nonverbal communication are consistent across cultures. For example, research has shown that the emotions of enjoyment, anger, fear, sadness, disgust, and surprise are expressed in similar ways by people around the world. Differences surface with respect to which emotions are acceptable to display in various cultural settings, and by whom.

填空题[A]DrDanielStanley,anoceanographer,hasfoundvolcanicshardsinEgyptthathebelievesarelinkedtotheexplosion.ComputersimulationsbyMikeRampino,aclimatemodelerfromNewYorkUniversity,showthattheresultingashcloudcouldhaveplungedtheareaintodarkness,aswellasgeneratinglightningandhail,twoofthe10plagues.[B]Thecloudcouldhavealsoreducedtherainfall,causingadrought.IftheNilehadthenbeenpoisonedbytheeffectsoftheeruption,pollutioncouldhaveturneditred,ashappenedinarecentenvironmentaldisasterinAmerica.Thesamepollution,couldhavedrivenmillionsoffrogsontotheland,thesecondplague.Onlandthefrogswoulddie,removingtheonlyobstacletoanexplosionoffliesandlice-thethirdandfourthplagues.Thefliescouldhavetransmittedfataldiseasestocattle(thefifthplague)andboilsandblisterstohumans(thesixthplague).[C]Moses,whichwillbebroadcastinDecember2002,willsuggestthatmuchoftheBiblestorycanbeexplainedbyasinglenaturaldisaster,ahugevolcaniceruptionontheGreekislandofSantoriniinthe16thcenturyBC.[D]Thehour-longdocumentaryarguesthateventhestoryofthepartingoftheRedSea,whichallowedMosestoleadtheHebrewstosafetywhilethepursuingEgyptianarmywasdrowned,mayhaveitsoriginsintheeruption.Itrepeatsthetheorythat"RedSea"isamistranslationoftheSeaofReeds,amuchshallowerswamp.[E]TheprogrammetellsthestoryofhowMosesledtheHebrewsoutofEgyptafteraseriesofplagueshaddevastatedthecountry.Butitalsousesnewscientificresearchtoarguethatmanyoftheeventssurroundingtheexoduscouldhavebeentriggeredbytheeruption,whichwouldhavebeenathousandtimesmorepowerfulthananuclearbomb.[F]ComputersimulationsshowthattheSantorinieruptioncouldhavetriggereda600ft-hightidalwave,travelingatabout400milesanhour,whichwouldhavebeen6fthighandahundredmileslongwhenitreachedtheEgyptiandelta.Suchaneventwouldhavebeenrememberedforgenerations,andmayhaveprovidedtheinspirationforthestory.[G]FreshevidencethattheBiblicalplaguesandthepartingoftheRedSeawerenaturaleventsratherthanmythsormiraclesistobepresentedinanewBBCdocumentary.Order: