填空题 Back in 1979, a fat, unhealthy property developer, Mel Zuckerman, and his exercise-fanatic wife, Enid, opened Canyon Ranch, "America's first total vacation/fitness resort", on an old dude ranch in Tucson, Arizona. At the time, their outdoorsy, new age-ish venture seemed highly eccentric. Today Canyon Ranch is arguably the premium health-spa brand of choice for the super-rich. It is growing fast and now operates in several places, including the Queen Mary 2. {{U}}(41) {{/U}}. "There is a new market category called wellness lifestyle, and in a whole range of industries, if you are not addressing that category you are going to find it increasingly hard to stay in business," enthuses Kevin Kelly, Canyon Ranch's president. This broad new category, Mr. Kelly goes on, "consolidates a lot of sub-categories" including spas, traditional medicine and alternative medicine, behavioural therapy, spirituality, fitness, nutrition and beauty. {{U}}(42) {{/U}}. "You can no longer satisfy the consumer with just fitness, just medical, just spa," says Mr. Kelly. Canyon Ranch's strategy reflects this belief. {{U}}(43) {{/U}}. This year in Miami Beach it will open the first of what it expects to be many upmarket housing estates built around a spa, called Canyon Ranch Living. Together with the Cleveland Clinic, one of the world's leading private providers of traditional medicine, it is launching an "executive health" product which combines diagnosis, treatment and, above all, prevention. It also has plans to produce food and skin-care products, a range of clothes and healthy-living educational materials. {{U}} (44) {{/U}}. Mr. Case reckons that one of the roots of today's health-care crisis, especially in America, is that prevention and care are not suitably joined up. A growing number of employers now promote wellness at work, both to cut costs and to reduce stress and health-related absenteeism, says Jon Denoris of Catalyst Health, a gym business in London. He has been helping the British arm of Harley Davidson, a motorbike-maker, to develop a wellness programme for its workers. The desire to reduce health-care costs is one force behind the rise of the wellness industry; the other is the growing demand from consumers for things that make them feel healthier. Surveys find that three out of four adult Americans now feel that their lives are "out of balance", says Mr. Kelly. So there is a huge opportunity to offer them products and services that make them feel more "balanced." This represents a big change in consumer psychology, claims Mr. Kelly, and one that is likely to deepen over time: market research suggests that 35-year-olds have a much stronger desire to lead healthy lifestyles than 65-year-olds. {{U}} (45) {{/U}}. Another will be to maintain credibility in (and for) an industry that combines serious science with snake oil. One problem—or is it an opportunity?—in selling wellness products to consumers is that some of the things they demand may be faddish or nonsensical. Easy fixes, such as new-age therapies, may appeal to them more than harder but proven ways to improve health. One of Canyon Ranch's answers to this problem has been to hire Richard Carmona, who was America's surgeon-general until last summer. In that role, he moved prevention and wellness nearer to the centre of public-health policy. The last time a surgeon-general ventured into business, it ended disastrously: during the internet bubble, Everett Koop launched DrKoop. com, a medical-information site that went bust shortly after going public and achieving a market capitalisation of over $1 billion. This time around, the wellness boom seems unlikely to suffer such a nasty turn for the worse.[A] It is expanding a brand built on $ I 000-a-night retreats for the rich and famous in several different directions.[B] Mr. Zuckerman, now a trim and sprightly 78-year-old, remains chairman of the firm.[C] There is growing evidence that focusing holistically on wellness can reduce health-care costs by emphasizing prevention over treatment.[D] One difficulty for wellness firms will be acquiring the expertise to operate in several different areas of the market.[E] It is also one of the leading lights in "wellness", an increasingly mainstream—and profitable—business.[F] As more customers demand a holistic approach to feeling well, firms that have hitherto specialised in only one or two of those areas are now facing growing market pressure, to broaden their business.[G] And there is much debate about the health benefits of vitamin supplements, organic food and alternative medicines, let alone different forms of spirituality.

填空题 When a smitten great-grandson of Charles Darwin pronounced Ava Gardner "the highest specimen of the human species," he summed up the consensus about this voluptuous movie queen. With remarkable unanimity, those who met Gardner were apt m second that emotion. "She was a sexy gal," said George Sidney, who filmed her for an MGM screen test in 1941. "Man. she was a hot number," Miles Davis said many years later.{{U}} (41) {{/U}}. As for the much-vaunted party stamina of a woman who never met a drink or a bullfighter she didn't like: "She could go all night, y'know. She was a wild country girl and liked to let her hair down and fling off her shoes and have a good time." Her latest biographer. Lee Server, is no slouch when it comes to admiring Gardner. His book's introduction calls her "a carnal, dangerous angel in the chiaroscuro dreamscape of film noir." {{U}} (42) {{/U}}. He is well suited 1o writing about iconic movie mavericks like these two. He's not a bore. And as the author of a book about film noir, he understands cinematic idiom. Mr. Serverrefers to amnesia as "noir's Version of the common cold." "Ava Gardner. 'Love Is Nothing'" is a seductive book that avoids the pitfalls that come with its territory. First of all, there is the problem of the star's memoir. Ms. Gardner's autobiography was published posthumously and worked on by several writers, sometimes sounding that way. Mr. Server makes use of this account without particularly trusting it, and with a nod to the apocryphal nature of so many Gardner stories.{{U}} (43) {{/U}} He also enlivens his book's bibiliography with a long string of newspaper and magazine headlines that capture the tenor of Gardner's paper trail.{{U}} (44) {{/U}}. Gardner lived so much of her life in this kind of spotlight that the tabloid coverage became part of her story. "There is one extant press photo of the couple on their honeymoon that does not show them muning0 snarling, cringing, cowering," Mr. Server writes about Gardner's gale-force stormy marriage (her third) to Frank Sinatra. "Of course, it was taken from a distance, and from the mar."{{U}} (45) {{/U}}. She called love "nothing but a pain" and specified where the pain was. Her story begins in Grabtown, the rural North Carolina burg that became famous as her birthplace. But it doesn't take long for Mr. Server to take Gardner to Hollywood, into an MGM contract and a marriage to Mickey Rooney. Rooney, who called his honeymoon with Gardner "a sexual symphony," was one of many men whose memoirs bragged of bedroom exploits with tiffs gorgeous creature. She liked to kiss and tell, too. "We never fought in bed." she supposedly said about Sinatra. "The fight would start on the way to the bidet"[A] And when the facts are unobtainable, he's willing reprint the legend; or so it seems—stories like "Later on she took the entire band with her when the club closed."[B] Others thought of her as "a goddess," "an enigma," "a very, very wild spirit" and "one of those people who broke the rules all the time."[C] Among them: "Ava, 'Nervous,' Tossed Out of Brazil Hotel"; "Nothing Between Us, Says Ava": "Sinatra Departs, Ava Blows Kisses to Bullfighter."[D] Speaking of the rear, this book's subtitle, "Love Is Nothing," is only a partial, sanitized quotation from Gardner.[E] For Gardner, love and pain became a swirling, kamikaze-like froth of high-speed existence before decades of overload finally broke her down.[F] Server fondly brings Gardner to life as a warm,- refreshingly unpretentious star whose appetites eventually overwhelmed her spirit.[G] But Mr. Server. whose last book was a Robert Mitchum biography that lived up to its terrific title ("Robert Mitchum: 'Baby, I Don't Care'"), can also keep his cool.

填空题 David Cameron, 40, the leader of Britain's Conservative Party, just looks handsome. His appeal has propelled the Tories to a consistent lead in opinion polls for the first time since Tony Blair's 1997 victory. That has infused Britain's Conservatives with a sensation so unfamiliar, they barely recognize it: optimism. Surprised at this turn of fortune, some are already mythologizing the man behind it. {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}Indeed, Cameron and his wife Samantha-the daughter of a baronet-are among London's most sought-after party guests. Actually, Cameron has more in common with a certain British politician than he does with J.F.K. Whether nodding elegantly to recovering drug addicts at a health center north of Aberdeen or charming Scottish journalists on the train journey to Edinburgh, the person whom Cameron resembles more than any other is a young Blab'. He has the same brow-furrowing desire not only to understand those with whom he is having conversation with, but to empathize with them; the same rootless accent that in Britain indicates an easy start in life. {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Yet the time might be ripe for Cameron. Every second week he makes a raid from what he calls "the Westminster bubble" to some farther-flung area of the kingdom, meeting as many people as possible. "Obviously," he says, "in politics, people want to have a look at you and understand who you are and what makes you tick." That's where the trouble begins. It's easy enough to locate Cameron's heart; that's with his family. He and Samantha have three children under 5 and he says he spends most of his home life "knee-deep in nappies and crying children." {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}Unlike Blair and Brown, Cameron doesn't show a strong love for the U.S. And in a departure from his predecessors, Cameron rarely invokes the name of the Conservative's biggest icon: Margaret Thatcher. "To me, Mrs. Thatcher-it's all a long time in the past," says Cameron. "People are voting at the next election who were born after Mrs. Thatcher left office." Many Conservatives of Cameron's generation believe that their party needs to reclaim the middle ground so brilliantly colonized by Blair and distance itself from the fiercely ideological course it charted during the Thatcher era. "We're seen as the nasty party," says Barker, a member of Cameron's campaign team. {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}He's also promoting a doctrine he calls "modem, compassionate Conservatism," which is "about helping those people who can get left behind." In a nod to a nation where opposing global warming has become a semi-religions duty, he claims to be more environmentally friendly than Labour. Cameron's slogan in local elections last May was "Vote blue, go green." That sort of talk has worried some of the party faithful, but Cameron wants his big ideas to appeal across party lines. "You have to do what Bill Clinton did and build a big tent," says Dale. But even Dale would like Cameron to signal to traditional Tories that "the old issues will be treated as seriously as the new ones."{{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}So far, though, Cameron has avoided making many explicit policy statements, relying instead on warm and fuzzy ideas like a belief in "social responsibility" that he says will empower business, individuals and local government. A. Gordon Brown, is troubled by a more leaden style, a darker visage and a government that is losing popularity, largely because of the mess in Iraq. B. To change that image, Cameron has engaged in conspicuously un-Conservative-like behavior, traveling widely and posting a confessional blog at www.webcameron.org.uk. C. The wellsprings of his political conviction are harder to trace. D. But in Britain's red-meat political and media landscape, such a warm and fuzzy style is rarely enough. Popular attitudes to politicians are still set by the tabloids. E. And like Blair a decade ago-when he was dumping his party's traditions to appeal to a wider constituency-Cameron inspires suspicion as well as excitement. F. Iain Dale, who writes a Conservative blog, speaks of Cameron's "Kennedyesque glamour." He thinks that Cameron has a lot in common with J. F. Kennedy. G. That might mean an open repetition of the Tories' traditional claim to be the party of low taxation. Or-always a favorite with the right wing-blaming the European Union for Britain's ills.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41--45, choose the most suitable one from the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of primitive weapons and the discovery of fire, although nobody knows exactly when he acquired the use of the latter. 41) ______ Animals have a few cries that serve as signals, but even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words, even with the most intensive professional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently a necessity for the mastering of speech. When man became sufficiently intelligent, we must suppose that he gradually increased the number of cries for different purposes. It was a great day when he discovered that speech could be used for narrative. There are those who think that in this respect picture language preceded oral language. A man could draw a picture on the wall of his cave to show in which direction he had gone, or what prey he hoped to catch. 42) ______ Two important stages came not so long before the dawn of written history. The first was the domestication of animals; the second was agriculture. Agriculture made possible an immense increase in the number of the human species in the regions where it could be successfully practiced. 43) ______ 44) ______ These inventions and discoveries--fire, speech, weapons domestic animals, agriculture, and writing--made the existence of civilized communities possible. From about 3000 B. C. until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution less than two hundred years ago there was no technical advance comparable to these. During this long period man had time to become accustomed to his technique, and to develop the beliefs and political organizations appropriate to it. There was, of course, an immense extension in the area of civilized life. At first it had been confined to the Nile, the Euphrates, the Tigris, and the Indus, but at the end of the period in question it covered much the greatest part of the inhabitable globe. I do not mean to suggest that there was no technical progress during the time. 45) ______ (512 words){{B}}Notes:{{/B}} ape 猿。pastoral nomad 田园式的游牧部落的人。the Euphrates 幼发拉底河。the Tigris底格里斯河。the Indus 印度河。in question 所谈的(在名词后作后置定语)。[A] Probably picture language and. oral language developed side by side. I am inclined to think that language has been the most important single factor in the development of man.[B] Another fundamental technical advance was writing, which, like spoken language, developed out of pictures, but as soon as it had reached a certain stage, it was possible to keep records and transmit information to people who were not present when the information was given.[C] With the development of civilization, primitive people who lived in caves at that time badly needed a language, which would help them to communicate with one another.[D] The origin of language is also obscure. No doubt it began very gradually.[E] In fact, there was progress--there were even two inventions of very great importance, namely, gunpowder and the mariner's compass--but neither of these can be compared in their revolutionary power to such things as speech and writing and agriculture.[F] These were, at first, only those in which nature fertilized the soil after each harvest. Agriculture met with violent resistance from the pastoral nomads, but the agricultural way of life prevailed in the end because of the physical comforts it provided.[G] But industry was a step in human progress to which subsequently there was nothing comparable until our own machine age.

填空题 41)__________. The mystery involves a change in the atmoshpere—a hole, or thinning, of the ozone in the atmosphere over Antarctica. Scientists were not sure what was causing it. 42) __________. It is found both in the air we breathe and in the upper atmosphere. Near the earth, ozone in the air is a danger to life. It is a pollutant. But ozone found 10 kilometers to 50 kilometers up in the atmosphere protects life on earth. Ozone forms in the atmosphere through the action of solar radiation. Once formed, the ozone blocks harmful radiation from reaching the earth. Scientists say a decrease in ozone and an increase in the harmful radiation will cause many more cases of skin cancer and will harm crops, animals and fish. 43) __________. Chlorine is released into the air from the chlorofluorocarbons—or CFCs—used in plastic, air conditioners and spray cans. The use of CFCs has greatly increased worldwide since 1960 and is continuing to increase. The destruction of the ozone in the atmosphere also has increased. An international effort is being made to halt the loss of atmospheric ozone. But many experts fear the effort will not produce results fast enough to prevent harm to life on earth. Thirty-one nations negotiated a treaty last year (1987) calling for a reduction in the worldwide production of chlorofluorocarbons. It was praised at the time as a major step in halting further destruction of the ozone. Cuts in the present production of CFCs will begin in the mid-1990s. 44) __________. Harmful chemicals take from 7 to 10 years to rise up into the atmosphere. Damage from the increase use of CFCs in this past decade still has not been felt. Government scientists say more than two times the mount of these gases will be in the atmosphere before the levels stop rising. 45) __________. Scientists point out a molecule of chlorine remains in the atmosphere for as long as 100 years. During that time, it destroys tens of thousands of ozone molecules. [A] Why has the ozone problem developed? No one knows for sure. But scientists say the evidence is very strong that the chlorine in chlorofluorocarbons (含氯氟烃)is causing much of the problem. [B] Almost 30 years after scientists discovered that common industrial gases were destroying Earth's protective ozone layer, satellite readings and ground observations show for the first time that the dangerous rate of ozone loss is finally slowing.[C] Ozone is a three-atom form of oxygen gas.[D] There have been some new developments in a continuing mystery we have reported about many times.[E] Scientists also say damage to ozone will continue because of the long life of the chemical gases released into the atmosphere.[F] The ozone problem caused by CFCs was first noticed as early as the 1960s.[G] However, most scientists now agree destruction of the ozone will continue for decades. They say this will happen even though industries and governments do their best to control the damage.

填空题The ongoing increase in the number of self-financed university students and. the opening of private universities are indispensable steps if China is to develop the large and diverse education sector it will need to sustain its economic growth in the coming decades. But if paying tuition and housing fees becomes the norm, what will happen to students from poor families? Should they just be written off? Or provided with a trickle of charity scholarships just sufficient to bring a handful of the brightest poor students to each campus? 41)__________. For less gifted young people there is consider able financial aid in the form of partial scholarships based on economic need, government backed bank loans and campus jobs. Plus there are low-paying but nonetheless helpful off-campus jobs in the service sector, usually abundant in cities and towns with large student populations. Any modestly intelligent American kid from a poor family can, if he understands the value of a university education, find the means to attend university.42)__________. China needs easy educational credit. The cost of higher education here is still fairly low, especially relative to the salaries that people with university degrees are likely to be earning 10 or 15 years after graduation. Scholarships for the bright children of the rural and urban poor should be expanded, but something more is required: a system of cheap government-guaranteed long-term loans that any teenager admitted to a university could readily obtain. The investment would be modest, the social payoff huge in promoting talent, funneling ideas for development to out-of-the-way and economically depressed localities, and maintaining the country's stability. 43)__________. Having taught in China at the university level for many years, I am very much in favor of increasing the number of students from peasant and urban poor families. Some of the most impressive students I have known here tended water buffalo or planted rice as children--and many, nay most, of the least impressive grew up in prosperous urban families.44)__________. They are learning how to adapt to new settings and develop an understanding of people very different from themselves. Their eyes are open. 45)__________. And these hot-house kids are supposed to make career choices at 18—on the basis of what? In the end, of whatever other people are doing, or what their parents tell them to do, which amounts to much the same thing. This is about as foolish a way to conduct one's life as I can imagine. They too need to acquire a sense of life as a grand exploration, however puzzling, and learn to negotiate alien environments and unfamiliar situations. They must learn to question and discover, to make their own mistakes and to learn from them.A. And they need to know their own country, which will never happen on the basis of classroom instruction and watching TV.B. In contrast, I am forever amazed to talk to quite bright Beijing kids who know next to nothing even about this city, their own immediate environment; worse, they do not have an inkling of the extent of their own ignorance.C. In the US, paradoxically, poor students often have an easier time financing their higher education than do middle-class kids. Bright teenagers from underprivileged backgrounds are actively recruited by elite private universities, which supply generous financial aid.D. Indeed, the system of loans ought to be open to secondary students as wells no child should be forced to drop out of school in today's China because his or her parents can't afford school fees.E. Mixing well-off Beijing kids with peasant and poor teenagers on campus is sure to produce better informed and shrewder Chinese citizens. Any campus in today's China without a substantial number of peasant and poor students is not a fit environment for educating young people.F. The rural students in particular know things about life in China that are wholly lost on kids who have grown up inside over-protective Beijing families where they spent their adolescence doing precious little but play video games, watch TV and study for the national university entrance exam. The rural students have already had experience of two or three major social adjustments (typically village large town — big city); their lives are an unfolding exploration.G. In other words, it is cultural factors and psychological motivation, not family income, that determine who can go. Since World War Ⅱ, colleges and universities, above all low-cost state schools, have acted as social escalators lifting millions of poor, immigrant and working-class young people into the middle class.

填空题 At picnics, ants are pests. But they have their uses. In industries such as mining, farming and forestry, they can help gauge the health of the environment by just crawling around and being antsy. It has been recognized for decades that ants--which are highly sensitive to ecological change—can provide a near-percent barometer of the state of an ecosystem. Only certain species, for instance, will continue to thrive at a forest site that has been cleared of trees.{{U}} (41) {{/U}} And still others will move in and take up residence. By looking at which species populate a deforested area, scientists can determine how "stressed" the land is.{{U}} (42) {{/U}}Ants are used simply because the>; are so common and comprise so many species. Where mine sites are being restored, for example, some ant species will recolonize the stripped land more quickly than others.{{U}} (43) {{/U}}Australian mining company Capricorn Coal Management has been successfully using ant surveys for years to determine the rate of recovery of land that it is replanting near its German Creek mine in Queensland. Ant surveys also have been used with mine-site recovery projects in Africa and Brazil, where warm climates encourage dense and diverse ant populations. "We found it worked extremely well there,' says Jonathan Majer, a professor of environmental biology. Yet the surveys are perfectly suited to climates throughout Asia, he says, because ants are so common throughout the region. As Majer puts it. "That's the great thing about ants.' Ant surveys are so highly-regarded as ecological indicators that governments worldwide accept their results when assessing the environmental impact of mining and tree harvesting.{{U}} (44) {{/U}}. Why not? Because many companies can't afford the expense or the laboratory time needed to sift results for a comprehensive survey. The cost stems, also, from the scarcity of ant specialists.{{U}} (45) {{/U}}.[A] This allowed scientists to gauge the pace and progress of the ecological recovery.[B] Yet in other businesses, such as farming and property development, ant surveys aren't used widely.[C] Employing those people are expensive.[D] They do this by sorting the ants, counting their numbers and comparing the results with those of earlier surveys.[E] The evolution of ant species may have a strong impact on our ecosystem.[F] Others will die out for lack of food.'[G] Gretaceous ants shared a couple of wasp-like traits together with modern ant-like characteristics.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}You are going to read a text about The Big Melt, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A--F for each numbered subheading (41--45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Say goodbye to the world's tropical glaciers and ice caps. Many will vanish within 20 years. When Lonnie Thompson visited Peru's Quelccaya ice cap in 1977, he couldn't help noticing a school-bus-size boulder that was upended by ice pushing against it. Thompson returned to the same spot last year, and the boulder was still there, but it was lying on its side. The ice that once supported the massive rock had retreated far into the distance, leaving behind a giant lake as it melted away. Foe Thompson, a geologist with Ohio State University's Byrd Polar Research Center, the rolled-back rock was an obvious sign of climate change in the Andes Mountains. "Observing that over 25 years personally really brings it home," he says. "Your don't have to be a believer in global warming to see what's happening. "{{B}} 41. Thawed ice caps in the tropics.{{/B}} Quelccaya is the largest ice cap in the tropics, but it isn't the only one that is melting, according to decades of research by Thompson's team. NO tropical glaciers are currently known to be advancing, and Thompson predicts that many mountaintops will be completely melted within the next 20 years.{{B}} 42. Situation in areas other than the tropics.{{/B}} The phenomenon isn't confined to the tropics. Glaciers in Europe, Russia, new Zealand, the United States, and elsewhere are also melting.{{B}} 43. The worsening effects of global warming.{{/B}} For many scientists, the widespread melt-down is a clear sign that humans are affecting glottal climate, primarily by raising the levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.{{B}} 44. Receding ice caps.{{/B}} That's not to say that glaciers, currently found on every continent except Australia, haven't melted in the past as a result of natural variability. These rivers of ice exist in a delicate balance between inputs (accumulating snow and ice)and outputs (melting and "calving" of large chunks of ice). Over time, the balance can tilt in either direction, causing glaciers to advance or retreat. What's different now is the speed at which the scales have tipped. "We've been surprised at how rapid the rate of retreat has been," says Thompson. His team began mapping one of the main glaciers flowing out of the Quelccaya ice cap in 1978,using satellite images and ground surveys.{{B}} 45. Thinning ice cores.{{/B}} And its' not just the margin of the ice cap that is melting. At Qaelccaya and Mount Kilimanjaro, the researchers have found that the ice fields are thinning as well. Besides mapping ice caps and glaciers, Thompson and his colleagues have taken core samples from Queleeaya since 1976, when the ice at the drilling location was 154 meters thick. Thompson and his colleagues have also drilled ice cores from other locations in South America, Africa, and China. Trapped within each of these cores is a climate record spanning more than 8,000 years. It shows that the past 50 years are the warmest in history. The 4-inch-thick ice cores are now stored in freezers at Ohio State. On the future, says Thompson, that may be the only place to see what's left of the glaciers of Africa and Peru. [A] The latest report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, prepared by hundreds of scientists and approved by government delegates from more than 100 nations, states: "There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities." The report, released in January, says that the planet's average surface temperature increased by about 0.6℃ during the 20th century, and is projected to increase another 1.4 ℃ to 5.8 ℃ by 2100. That rate of warming is "with-out precedent during at least the last 10,000 years," says the IPCC. [B] Alaska's massive Bering and Columbia Glaciers located in nontropical regions, for example, have receded by more than 10 kilometers during the past century. And a study by geologists at the University of Colorado at Boulder predicts that Glacier National Park in Montana, under the influence of melting, will lose all of its glaciers by 2070. [C] For example, about 97 per cent of the planet's water is seawater. Another 2 per cent is locked in icecaps and glaciers. There are also reserves of fresh water under the earth's surface but these are too deep for us to use economically. [D] For example, Africa's Mount Kilimanjaro in tropical areas has lost 82 percent of its ice field since it was first mapped in 1912. That year, Kilimanjaro had 12.1 square kilometers of ice. By last year, the ice covered only 2.2 square kilometers. At the current rate of melting, the snows of Kilimanjaro that Ernest Hemingway wrote about will be gone within 15 years, Thompson estimates. "Butit probably will happen sooner, because the rate is speeding up." [E] "I fully expect to be able to return there in a dozen years or so and see the marks on the rock where our drill bit punched through the ice," says Thompson. If that happens, it will mean that a layer of ice more than 500 feet thick has vanished into thin air. [F] The glacier, Qori Kalis, was then retreating by 4. 9 meters per year. Every time the scientists returned, Qori Kalis was melting faster. Between 1998 and 2000, it was retreating at a rate of 155 meters per years (more than a foot per day), 32 times faster than in 1978. "You can almost sit there and watch it move," says Thompson.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 --46, choose the most suitable paragraph from the list A--F to fit into each of the numbered blank. There is one extra choice that does not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. As more and more material from other cultures became available, European scholars came to recognize even greater complexity in mythological traditions. Especially valuable was the evidence provided by ancient Indian and Iranian texts such as the Bhagavad-Gita and the Zend-A-vesta From these sources it became apparent that the character of myths varied widely, not only by geographical region but also by historical period. (41) __________________ He argued that the relatively simple Greek myth of Persephone reflects the concerns of a basic agricultural community, whereas the more involved and complex myths found later in Homer are the product of a more developed society. Scholars also attempted to tie various myths of the world together in some way. From the late 18th century through the early 19th century, the comparative study of languages had led to the reconstruction of a hypothetical parent language to account for striking similarities among the various languages of Europe and the Near East. These languages, scholars concluded, belonged to an Indo-European language family. Experts on mythology likewise searched for a parent mythology that presumably stood behind the mythologies of all the European peoples. (42) __________________. For example, an expression like "maiden dawn" for "sunrise" resulted first in personification of the dawn, and then in myths about her. Later in the 19th century the theory of evolution put forward by English naturalist Charles Darwin heavily influenced the study of mythology. Scholars researched on the history of mythology, much as they would dig fossil-bearing geological formations, for remains from the distant past. (43) __________________ Similarly, British anthropologist Sir James George Frazer proposed a three-stage evolutionary scheme in The Golden Bough. According to Frazer's scheme, human beings first attributed natural phenomena to arbitrary supernatural forces (magic), later explaining them as the will of the gods (religion), and finally subjecting them to rational investigation (science). The research of British scholar William Robertson Smith, published in Lectures on the Religion of the Semites (1889), also influenced Frazer. Through Smith's work, Frazer came to believe that many myths had their origin in the ritual practices of ancient agricultural peoples, for whom the annual cycles of vegetation were of central importance. (44) __________________. This approach reached its most extreme form in the so called functionalism of British anthropologist A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, who held that every myth implies a ritual, and every ritual implies a myth. Most analyses of myths in the 18th and 19th centuries showed a tendency to reduce myths to some essential core--whether the seasonal cycles o5 nature, historical circumstances, or ritual. That core supposedly remained once the fanciful elements of the narratives had been stripped away. In the 20th century, investigators began to pay closer attention to the content of the narratives themselves. (45) __________________ [A] German-born British scholar Max Muller concluded that the Rig-Veda of ancient India--the oldest preserved body of literature written in an Indo-European language--reflected the earliest stages of an Indo-European mythology. Muiler attributed all later myths to misunderstandings that arose from the picturesque terms in which early peoples described natural phenomena [B] The myth and ritual theory, as this approach came to be called, was developed most fully by British scholar Jane Ellen Harrison. Using insight gained from the work of French sociologist Emile Durkheim, Harrison argued that all myths have their origin in collective rituals of a society. [C] Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud held that myths--like dreams--condense the material of experience and represent it in symbols. [D] This approach can be seen in the work of British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor. In Primitive Culture (1871), Tylor organized the religious and philosophical development of humanity into separate and distinct evolutionary stages. [E] The studies made in this period were consolidated in the work of German scholar Christian Gottlob Heyne, who was the first scholar to use the Latin term myths (instead of fabula, meaning "fable" ) to refer to the tales of heroes and gods. [F] German scholar Karl Otfried Mailer ,followed this line of inquiry in his Prolegomena to a Scientific Mythology, t825.

填空题Today there is widespread agreement that multinational corporations will have an important effect on international relations and world economy. But there is little agreement on exactly what that effect will be. There are two groups of those who see them as benevolent and those who see them as evil. Among those who see multinational corporations as benevolent, many emphasize their importance in helping reduce the gap between rich countries and poor ones. These business giants are referred to as " engines of development " , because it is claimed that they do more to improve the economic life in less developed countries than all governmental foreign aid programs have ever done. By setting up factories abroad, they provide jobs; by equipping these factories with the latest machines and equipment, they make available the most modern technology. 41)______. In fact, they do better on their own. It may have been necessary in the mid-nineteen century for Admiral Perry to threaten the Japanese with naval bombardment if they did not allow western countries to trade with them. Such threats would make no sense today. 42)______. The leaders of multinational corporations see patriotism as old-fashioned, the nation-state obsolete, and war in pursuit of national glory downright foolish. They believe that the multinational corporation is " a modern concept evolved to meet the requirements of modem age " , while the nation-state is " still rooted in archaic concepts unsympathetic to the need of our complex world. " 43)______. " I think, " an official of General Electric once said, " getting General Electric everywhere in the world is the biggest thing we can do for world peace. " These proponents of the multinational corporations come by and large from the business world. There are, however, many critics among academic students of multinational corporations who regard them as a sinister force. They have produced detailed studies to prove that the benefits of multinational corporations are mostly illusory. To the claim that multinational corporations provide jobs, they point out that this is at the cost of jobs in other countries. To the claim that multinational corporations transfer technology, they reply: a) often the equipment shipped overseas is out of date; b) their technology is often unsuitable for many of the less developed countries where labor is plentiful and therefore cheap. 44)______. Therefore, they maintain that instead of being the " engines of development " , the multinational corporations are actually " engines of impoverishment " . These critics do not deny that consumption of the products of these corporations has risen in countries around the world. 45)______. Therefore, although these corporations may breakdown national frontiers they strengthen class distinctions, widening the gap between the rich and the poor, creating greater social injustice and instability.[A] The long, expensive American war in Vietnam did not bring new opportunities in Southeast Asia for the multinational corporations. The decision of the Nixon administration to improve relations with China was more profitable to them.[B] The fact that both American teenagers and Mexican peasants are drinking Coca Cola does not mean that the life of the Mexican peasants is getting better due to the multinational corporations.[C] They therefore characterize themselves as hard-headed people who are helping to bring about a more co-operative system or world order by breaking down national, geographical, political, economic and ideological barriers.[D] One study actually showed that multinational corporations do not invest capital from wealthy countries, but prefer to finance their operations from the local economy. In other words, they are simply transferring wealth from poorer countries to richer ones.[E] According to these critics, states will soon realize that they have lost their control over issues such as taxation, employment and even the stability of their own currency.[F] But they point out that this so-called " Global Shopping Center " is available only to a very small portion of the local population.[G] Because goods are now produced within the less developed countries, there is less need for them to import from abroad, and their balance of payments will improve. Multinational corporations today do not need their countries to provide military force to open foreign countries to their investment, products and sales.