BPart B/B

48.Directions:Writeanessaybasedonthechartbelow.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150wordsneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.

Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It speeded up physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it【C1】______the inherent instability of urban life.【C2】______opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the buses,【C3】______. commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more【C4】______from city centers than they were in the pre-modern era In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay【C5】______two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the century the【C6】______extended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still【C7】______there for work, shopping, and【C8】______. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city【C9】______an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now【C10】______as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago,【C11】______of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits【C12】______within the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers【C13】______800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years—lots that could have housed five to six million people. Of course, many were never【C14】______; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. These【C15】______present a feature of residential expansion【C16】______the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was【C17】______by thousands of small investors who paid little care to coordinated land use or to【C18】______land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city borders【C19】______transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this【C20】______. Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth.

Throughout the whole period of one's lifetime, the achieving of happiness can be seen as our【C1】______and everlasting goal. Happiness is far more than a strong body, a【C2】______villa or an around-the-world tour; it is something we need from our heart. However, we can investigate happiness【C3】______scientific methods. When we are asked the question "Where can we find happiness" , it is a【C4】______difficult to answer accurately. We can find happiness right in our own home, in our workplace, in school, in the【C5】______of our friends, etc. It is up to us to find the ways and means to achieve that happiness each of us seek and【C6】______for. However, it is essential to【C7】______that there is no one absolute way to achieve happiness. People may have different ideas with【C8】______to the ways of achieving happiness. The following five【C9】______are【C10】______by many people as sources of happiness: family and friends, wealth, position, educational achievement and fame. To give it a comprehensive【C11】______, happiness is a【C12】______state of well-being characterized by positive or pleasant emotions【C13】______from contentment to intense joy. A【C14】______of biological, psychological, religious, and philosophical approaches have striven to define happiness and【C15】______its sources. Various research groups, including positive psychology, endeavor to【C16】______the scientific method to answer questions about what "happiness" is, and how we might【C17】______it. There are many ways to be happy. Spend time with individuals who are dear to you. There is nothing more【C18】______than to be with the people you love. Do something nice for others. Helping others is a very honorable way to find happiness. If your schedule is too【C19】______for volunteer work, you can just donate a small sum of money or some old clothes or toys to charily. When you eat out, try to be a good【C20】______to the waiters or the valet who safely parked your car. All these simple things will not only make you happy, but other people as well.

You are going to study at a foreign university. Write a letter inquiring about the specific information as regards accommodation, fees and qualifications there. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use " Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)describethechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150wordsonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)

BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B

Your delegation has just returned from a visit to a university in the US. And you were warmly treated there by the Headmaster Dickens. Please write a letter to express your thanks to him for his hospitality and hope for further cooperation. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

Scientists have discovered a powerful antibiotic in the blood stream of giant pandas that can destroy bacteria The Chinese researchers discovered the【C1】______known as cathelicidin-AM, after【C2】______the panda"s DNA. It"s thought that the antibiotic is【C3】______by the bear"s immune system in order to protect them from infections. The scientists found that cathelicidin-AM killed bacteria in less than an hour【C4】______other antibiotics took more than six hours. They now want to develop the substance as a new drug to fight superbugs. The【C5】______bears, of which there are just 1,600 in the wild, have become a symbol for conservation—and now there could be a new reason to try and protect them.【C6】______, scientists will not need to rely on the animal"s unreliable breeding ability to【C7】______the new antibiotic, as they have been able to make it artificially in the lab by decoding the genes to produce a small molecule known as a peptide. Dr Xiuwen Yan, who led the research at the Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University in China told the Daily Telegraph: "It showed potential antimicrobial activities against wide【C8】______of microorganisms including bacteria, both standard and drug-resistant【C9】______. Under the pressure of increasing microorganisms【C10】______drug resistance against conventional antibiotics, there is【C11】______need to develop new type of antimicrobial agents. Gene-encoded antibiotics play an important role in immune system against【C12】______microorganisms. They cause much less drug resistance than conventional antibiotics." Panda populations have decreased【C13】______the destruction of their natural habitat and bamboo food【C14】______in China and south east Asia.【C15】______to increase their numbers, including efforts at Edinburgh Zoo with resident pandas Tian Tian and Yang Guang, have been【C16】______for the extreme difficulty in getting them to breed in captivity.【C17】______in the wild, pandas【C18】______to breed easily, as the females only come into season once a year. It has been【C19】______that the millions of pounds spent in using expensive artificial breeding techniques could be put to better use on other conservation projects. And this new discovery is likely to【C20】______the case to save the endangered creatures.

BPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D./B

BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B

BPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese./B

Directions:Writeanessaybasedonthechart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150words.

Someday a stranger will read your e-mail without your permission or scan the Website you've visited. Or perhaps someone will casually glance through your credit card purchases or cell phone bills to find out your shopping preferences or calling habits. In fact, it's likely some of these things have already happened to you. Who would watch you without your permission? It might be a spouse, a girl friend, a marketing company, a boss, a cop or a criminal. Whoever it is, they will see you in a way you never intended to be seen — the 21st century equivalent of being caught naked. Psychologists tell us boundaries are healthy, that it's important to reveal yourself to friends, family and lovers in stages, at appropriate times. But few boundaries remain. The digital bread crumbs(碎屑) you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers to reconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like. In some cases, a simple Google search can reveal what you think. Like it or not, increasingly we live in a world where you simply cannot keep a secret. The key question is; Does that matter? For many Americans, the answer apparently is "no." When opinion polls ask Americans about privacy, most say they are concerned about losing it. A survey found an overwhelming pessimism about privacy, with 60 percent of respondents saying they feel their privacy is "slipping away, and that bothers me." But people say one thing and do another. Only a tiny fraction of Americans change any behaviors in an effort to preserve their privacy. Few people turn down a discount at tollbooths(收费站) to avoid using the EZ-Pass system that can track automobile movements. And few turn down supermarket loyalty cards. Privacy economist Alessandro Acauisti has run a series of tests that reveal people will surrender personal information like Social Security numbers just to get their hands on a pitiful 50-cents-off coupon (优惠卷). But privacy does matter— at least sometimes. It's like health: When you have it, you don't notice it. Only when it's gone do you wish you'd done more to protect it.

Forget milky drinks, hot water bottles or curling up with a good book. The real secret to a good night's sleep may be where you sit at work. Not only can the stress of work leave employees【C1】______and turning, but sitting too far from a window can knock 46 minutes【C2】______a normal night's sleep. Researchers found that workers forced to【C3】______in windowless rooms had a poorer quality of life and more irregular sleep patterns than those【C4】______daylight. The findings, published in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine,【C5】______the working environment may be【C6】______to setting the body's own internal clock. Researchers say【C7】______designed offices could boost the physical and mental health of workers. "We suggest that architectural design of office environments should place more【C8】______on sufficient daylight exposure for workers in order to【C9】______health and well-being," said Dr Ivy Cheung of the Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago. "Office workers with more light exposure at the work place also【C10】______have better sleep quality, more physical activity and a better quality of life." A sunny day is equivalent to about 10,000 lux or higher of light. However indoor office lighting【C11】______provides only about 300 to 500 lux. One【C12】______three British people suffers from poor sleep, with stress, computers and taking work home often【C13】______for the shortage of quality sleep. 【C14】______the cost of all those sleepless nights is more than just bad moods and a【C15】______of focus. Regular poor sleep【C16】______the risk of serious medical conditions like obesity, heart and diabetes—and can even shorten life expectancy. 【C17】______exposure to natural daylight is known to be important for governing the body's the built-in clock which【C18】______our sleeping and waking patterns. Independent sleep expert Dr Neil Stanley said the body needs exposure to daylight to keeps its sleeping patterns【C19】______Light is essentially the thing that tells our bodies to be【C20】______and dark tells them to go to sleep.

BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the【C1】______men become monsters behind the wheel. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and【C2】______driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation【C3】______a "Be Kind to Other Drivers" campaign,【C4】______it may get completely out of hand. Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to【C5】______the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way【C6】______relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement【C7】______an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so【C8】______in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too【C9】______today. Many drivers nowadays don"t even seem able to【C10】______politeness when they see it. 【C11】______, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to【C12】______a car to emerge from a side street at some【C13】______to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the【C14】______of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. A【C15】______driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help【C16】______motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper.【C17】______, modern motorists can"t even learn to drive, let alone【C18】______the subtler aspects of roadsmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership【C19】______would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is【C20】______time for all of us to take this message to heart.

Humans are startlingly bad at detecting fraud. Even when we're on the lookout for signs of deception, studies show, our accuracy is hardly better than chance. Technology has opened the door to new and more pervasive forms of fraud: Americans lose an estimated $ 50 billion a year to con artists a-round the world, according to the Financial Fraud Research Center at Stanford University. But because computers aren't subject to the foibles of emotion and what we like to call "intuition," they can also help protect us. Here's how leading fraud researchers, neuroscientists, psychiatrists, and computer scientists think technology can be put to work to fight fraud however it occurs—in person, online, or over the phone. Spam filters are supposed to block e-mail scams from ever reaching us, but criminals have learned to circumvent them by personalizing their notes with information gleaned from the Internet and by grooming victims over time. In response, a company called ZapFraud is turning to natural-language analytics; Instead of flagging key words, it looks for narrative patterns symptomatic of fraud. For instance, a message could contain a statement of surprise, the mention of a sum of money, and a call to action. "Those are the hallmark expressions of one particular fraud e-mail," Markus Jakobsson, the company's founder, told me. "There's a tremendous number of[spam]e-mails, but a small number of story lines. " A similar approach could help combat fraud by flagging false statements on social media. Kalina Bontcheva, a computer scientist who researches natural-language processing at the University of Sheffield, in England, is leading a project that examines streams of social data to identify rumors and esti mate their veracity by analyzing the semantics, cross-referencing information with trusted sources, identifying the point of origin and pattern of dissemination, and the like. Bontcheva is part of a research collaboration which plans to flag misleading tweets and posts and classify them by severity: speculation, controversy, misinformation, or disinformation.