For a child, happiness has a magical quality. I remember making hide-outs in newly cut hay, playing cops and robbers in the woods, getting a speaking part in the school play. For adults, happiness is complicated. As far as I am concerned, happiness is "the capacity for enjoyment". The more we can enjoy what we have, the happier we are. It's easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved, the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, even good health. While happiness may be more complex for us, the solution is the same as ever. Happiness isn' t about what happens to us; it' s about how we perceive what happens to us. It' s the knack of finding a positive for every negative, and viewing a set-back as a challenge. It' s not wishing for what we don' t have,but enjoying what we do possess.

BPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D./B

While still catching up to men in some fields of modern life, women appear to be far ahead in at least one undesirable aspect. "Women are particularly liable to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men." according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran's Administration Hospital. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormone (荷尔蒙) somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males. Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased "opportunities" for stress. "It's not necessarily that women don't cope as well. It's just that they have so much more to cope with." says Dr.Yehuda. "Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men's," she observes, " it's just that they' re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner." Dr.Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. "I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating." Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. "I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better." Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. "It's the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck." Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez's experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.

As I type these lines, my daughter, Harriet, who is 14, is on her iPhone skipping among no fewer than eight social media sites. My son, Penn, who is 15, will be asleep for hours yet. He was 【C1】______ all night with a friend playing two video games, in a jag fueled by his favorite foodlike【C2】______. I like that my kids are comfortable and alert in the wired world. But increasingly I am 【C3】______ for them. It's more 【C4】______ every day that screens have gradually stolen them from themselves. My wife, Cree, and I have 【C5】______ them to drift quite distantly into the online world, and we fear our casualness has been a【C6】______. Each summer Cree and I resolve to 【C7】______ things back. This is 【C8】______ we draft rules for a new school year, strictures like: no laptops in bedrooms during the week; homework before screen time; no electronics after 10 p.m.. These rules invariably begin to 【C9】______ by Day 3. By Day 4, there is pleading, and the discreet slamming of doors. By Day 8, no one is sure what the【C10】______are anymore. We're back where we started, and plump with fear. This year it【C11】______to me we needed help. So I sat down with a new book that【C12】______assistance, and understanding. It is The Big Disconnect: Protecting Childhood and Family Relationships in the Digital Age, whose primary【C13】______, Catherine Steiner-Adair, is a clinical psychologist who teaches at Harvard Medical School. Her book is【C14】______on thousands of interviews, and it can be eloquent about the need to ration our children' s computer time. Here the author has pinned me. I like to think I' m a good father, perhaps even casually【C15】______in my better moments,【C16】______there is zero doubt that, without my iPhone in my palm, I feel I lose something since I'm fairly【C17】______. I must change my life a bit. Cree and I are still hammering out our kids' computer rules. We are trying to【C18】______in mind that we' re not our kids' best friends; we' re their【C19】______. And we are【C20】______if there' s an app for fortitude.

BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B

An article in Scientific American has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you' re more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to achieve this. Social psychologists have amassed oceans of research into what they call the " above average effect" , or " illusory superiority" ,and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities. We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticised, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem. We stalk around thinking we' re hot stuff. Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key study into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather than have people simply rate their beauty compared with others,he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition,reads the study, is "an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation". If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image — which most did— they genuinely believed it was really how they looked. Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that those who self-enhanced the most(that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored pictures were real)were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact, those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other markers for having higher self-esteem. " I don' t think the findings that we have are any evidence of personal delusion", says Epley. "It's a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves". If you are depressed, you won't be self-enhancing. Knowing the results of Epley' s study, it makes sense that many people hate photographs of themselves so viscerally —on one level, they don' t even recognise the person in the picture as themselves. Facebook, therefore, is a self-enhancer' s paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit, style, beauty, intellect and lifestyle. "It' s not that people' s profiles are dishonest", says Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison University, "but they portray an idealized version of themselves".

Directions： In this part，you are asked to write an essay according to the information below．You should write more than 150 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2．(15 points) 近年来，火车提速一直是一个热门话题。对此，有些人持肯定态度，认为火车提速能带来很多便利。但也有些人持否定态度，他们认为火车提速带来的弊要多于利。请谈谈你的看法。

You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list[A]to[G]for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. ( 10 points)[A]Prepare for temptation. [B]Stay organized. [C]Prioritize your assignments. [D]Focus on what you do. [E]Find a productive study environment. [F]Study effectively. [G]Make a detailed schedule. When it comes to studying, managing your time is of the uttermost importance. You should determine how much time spent studying is enough, which varies from student to student and from one class to another. The following are some helpful tips on better managing your time. 【R1】______ Instead of just determining time to study in your head, make a subject-specific calendar and mark is so you can be reminded effectively. You will be more likely to follow through with your study plan if it is clearly marked on your calendar. Making a schedule and sticking to it will allow you to develop a routine that you can easily follow. Remember, you will have to revise your study schedule each semester to accommodate your class schedule and your other changing commitments. 【R2】______ Sorting out your assignments is a good way to ensure you spend the appropriate amount of time studying for each class or subject. Devote more time to studying subjects that are new to you or those in which your grade needs improvement. Also, remember to study the harder subjects first so that you tackle them with a fresh mind. Additionally, you should organize your studies with important tests or exams in mind. 【R3】______ You will inevitably be driven to distraction at some point, but don't get discouraged. Rather, learn from your mistakes, and look for patterns in the times you put off studying. Additionally, establish a way to reward yourself with fun activities after you finish a study session. This will give you the extra boost of energy to accomplish what you need to so you can enjoy spending time with your friends and family. 【R4】______ All students have a place where they are able to stay on task and maximize their time. Actually, some students find it ideal to study in a coffee shop or another place where there is background noise. Some students become more distracted when they study alone because there is no accountability. If you tend to stay on task when there are other students around who are devoting time exclusively to studying, go to these places at the right time. 【R5】______ Since you will be enrolled in several classes at a time, it is important that you systematize your class and study materials in a way that makes it easy to access them. Find a method that works for you, such as using a separate binder or folder for each class. Also, you don't want to interrupt your study session by searching your room for flash cards or notes. If you are taking online courses, figure out how to avoid wasting time sifting through your hard drive for course materials.

Over the past two decades America"s broken immigration system has confounded one Congress after another, because it never seemed possible to create a law that satisfied the right balance of interests. But some Republicans changed their minds after the 2012 presidential election, when Mitt Romney took just 27% of the Latino vote. It did not take a brilliant strategist to understand the threat: Latinos were growing in number, were increasingly likely to vote, and were turning away from Republicans in droves. Last June, 14 Republicans in the Senate joined the majority Democrats to pass a comprehensive immigration-reform bill. The effort stalled when the Republican-led House of Representatives said it would not take up the measure. But last week it roared back to life when John Boehner, the House Speaker, issued a brief memo to his caucus outlining principles for reform. Although short on specifics, in most respects Mr Boehner"s note echoes the Senate bill. It calls for a secure border, biometrics to track comers and goers, and a digitized system for employers to check the immigration status of workers. It urges the allocation of visas to suit the demands of American firms. It says that most of the 1. 5m "Dreamers"(illegal immigrants brought to America as children)should be allowed to become citizens. How the ground has shifted; only three years ago Senate Republicans put a Dream Act to death. These provisions are not universally loved—many think America already spends too much money keeping people out—but they can command support from both parties in Congress. That may not apply to the knottiest part of reform: what to do about America"s 11m—12m illegal immigrants, two-thirds of whom have lived in the country for over a decade. The Senate bill would allow most undocumented immigrants to apply for citizenship after paying back-taxes, displaying English proficiency, passing a background check and so forth. That, though, was too much for House Republicans to stomach, so Mr Boehner proposes merely to remove the threat of deportation from those who can satisfy a similar laundry list; there will, he says, be " no special path to citizenship".

BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B

BPart B/B

Suppose you applied to Central Washington University for admission 3 months ago, but have not received a reply. Write an email to Central Washington University to 1) inquire about your admission, and 2) inform it your phone number. You should write about 100 words. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address.

Suppose there will be some basketball matches against Yale University on your campus. Write a poster to 1) inform all students of the matches in your university on behalf of the Student Union, and 2) encourage them to participate. You should write about 100 words. Do not use your own name. Use "The Student Union" instead.

The question facing Swiss voters on March 3rd was called the "people"s initiative against fat-cat pay ". With a billing like that, who wouldn"t vote yes? As it happened, 68% of the electorate did, passing a measure that requires listed companies to offer shareholders a binding vote on senior managers" pay and appointments at each annual general meeting. The penalty for bosses who fail to comply is up to three years in jail or the forfeit of up to six years" salary. Switzerland"s penchant for direct democracy has trumped its tolerance for tycoons. Swiss business is shaken. It had backed a "counter-initiative" giving shareholders more voting powers without threatening criminal sanction. That was rejected by voters. The new law, which will be written into the constitution, endangers Switzerland as an investment destination, the business lobby claims. Economiesuisse, the Swiss Business Federation, now accepts the popular verdict but warns that such complex and highly charged changes must be implemented carefully. The laws needed to put the vote into practice will take ten years to write, some cynics suggest. The initiative is the brainchild of Thomas Minder, who runs his family"s toiletries business. He has apparently never forgiven Swissair for backing out of a contract when it nearly went bankrupt 12 years ago and then awarding its former boss a big pay-off. Mr Minder"s campaign gained momentum last month on news that Novartis, a Swiss drug firm, intended to pay its departing chairman, Daniel Vasella, a severance package of SFr72m($ 76m). Mr Vasella later refused the package. After Mr Minder"s victory it will become harder to extend such corporate generosity. Some of the new restrictions seem sensible. Shareholder votes on executive pay, hitherto ad hoc and advisory, will become routine and binding. Pension funds will be required to vote in the interests of their members and make their votes public. Board members will not be permitted to have consulting or other contracts with firms in the same group. But other provisions are more burdensome. The law will ban incentives that can be useful, such as "golden hellos" and severance packages for board members. It will also bar them from accepting rewards for buying or selling company divisions.

A candlelit dinner works wonders for romance. Now scientists say it could also be good for your heart. Breathing in candle smoke causes beneficial【C1】______in your heart rhythm, they claim. It is thought that tiny salt particles released when the candle burns are【C2】______the effect The researchers monitored the hearts of 13 men and women as they breathed in air【C3】______into a small chamber. In some【C4】______the air included smoke from candles in a second room. The volunteers didn"t know which type of air they were breathing, but when it included candle smoke, their heart rate variability【C5】______. Everyone"s heart rate varies【C6】______all the time, beating a little bit faster when we breathe in than when we breathe out This is perfectly healthy and a sign that the brain is【C7】______and able to regulate the heart But this variation【C8】______as we get older and if we【C9】______heart problems. In the study, it was increased by【C10】______candle smoke. Researcher Christina Isaxon said the concentration of smoke【C11】______during the study was similar to that created by a candlelit dinner. As the volunteers could not see the candles and weren"t told what they were breathing, the effect could not be explained【C12】______by the calming effect of candlelight. Dr Isaxon believed that tiny particles of the candle smoke could be responsible for the beneficial effects. These particles are【C13】______regulating the heart"s rhythm and in sending messages between cells in the body. More salts are produced when a【C14】______is still. The study did not find any【C15】______health effects of the smoke—【C16】______she admitted she did not "make a huge effort" to find any. Soot, black powder in the smoke, from lit candles has been【C17】______health problems in the past. The American Chemical Society has warned that common wax candles release【C18】______harmful chemicals linked to cancer and other illnessea It recommends using beeswax. Dr Isaxon used candles made of a natural fat in her study. She recommended using candles that are as natural as possible and avoiding【C19】______and dyes as they may give off【C20】______chemicals when burned.

It"s difficult to imagine a world without antibiotics. They cure diseases that killed our ancestors in crowds, and enable any number of medical procedures and treatments that we now take for granted. Yet in 1945, while accepting a Nobel Prize for【C1】______penicillin, Alexander Fleming【C2】______a future in which antibiotics had been used with【C3】______and bacteria had grown resistant to them. Today, this future is approaching. Speaking to reporters last fall, Tom Frieden, the director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,【C4】______a similar alarm: "If we"re not【C5】______, we will soon be in a post-antibiotic era. In fact, for some patients and some bacteria, we are already there." The problem【C6】______overuse. Recent research by doctors at Harvard and Women"s Hospital found that the vast majority of antibiotics【C7】______for sore throats and acute bronchitis—an illness almost always caused by a【C8】______, not bacteria—are useless. Up to 80 percent of all antibiotics used in the U.S. each year,【C9】______, are given to animals. Antibiotics are the lifeline of the meat and poultry industries, which have used drugs to domestic animals as a means of【C10】______growth and preventing illnesses caused by overcrowding and poor conditions. An increasing number of bacterial【C11】______have taken the opportunity to evolve【C12】______the reach of antibiotics. The CDC"s 2013 threat report listed 17 antibiotic-resistant microorganisms that directly cause at least 23,000 deaths each year in the U.S.【C13】______Globally, drug-resistant pneumonia is an ever-increasing threat. Reported cases have【C14】______over the past nine years, killing an estimated 170,000 people last year. Although anti-bacterial resistance can be slowed, it is【C15】______. As a result, medicine companies have found antibiotics to be less【C16】______investments than drugs for chronic illnesses, which can be used over the long term. If we don"t【C17】______our use of existing antibiotics and commit to developing new ones, the risks are not just medical, but【C18】______. The CDC estimates that, in the United States, antibiotic resistance already costs $20 billion in【C19】______health-care spend and $35 billion in lost productivity【C20】______.

Most people would not pay two cents for something worth one. But America"s government spent $ 116m last year doing just that. The money-losing purchase was money itself; the penny, which has cost more than a cent to produce since 2006, due mainly to the price of zinc, the coin"s primary ingredient. Steel is not much better, as Canada has learned. The government there recently ditched its steel-based penny. American politicians, while loth to take lessons from their northern neighbours, may have noticed. In an online forum on February 14th Barack Obama intimated that the penny was no longer change he believes in. Fifty years ago a handful of pennies would buy a hamburger at McDonald"s, but inflation means the coin won"t even get you one French fry today. Relegated to jars and lost behind cushions, the penny is failing to perform its primary function; to facilitate commerce. Vending machines and parking meters don"t accept it. Penny scourges note that fiddling with them adds some two seconds to each transaction, costing the economy many millions of dollars a year. Penny lovers and zinc-industry lobbyists counter that the coin"s demise would cost consumers, as merchants would round prices up to the nearest nickel. Some economists disagree, suggesting that shop keepers might in fact round down in order to avoid moving from a price of, say, $ 9. 99 to $ 10. Americans anyway seem willing to accept a fee for penny removal, as evidenced by the self-imposed cost of leaving them idle and the success of coin-counting machines, which take a cut when turning them into bills. Other countries have eliminated low-value coins with less-than-dire results, and indeed, so has America. In 1857 it ditched the half-cent, then worth nearly as much in real terms as today"s dime. This has led some to suggest killing the nickel, which costs about ten cents to make, as well as the penny.

If the online service is free then you are the product, technicians say. Google and Facebook make a【C1】______collecting personal information to help them target their advertisements more【C2】______Free smart-phone apps typically【C3】______all the data they can, such as the person's location or their【C4】______address book. More than ever, individual privacy is【C5】______threat. Julia Angwin, who oversaw a pioneering series of Wall Street Journal articles called "What They Know", starting last year,【C6】______many of the questionable activities that damage privacy—activities that most people know nothing about. Hundreds of unregulated data-agents【C7】______in America, for example, selling personal files to marketing companies. One company runs a fleet of camera—equipped cars that【C8】______the number plates of 1 million vehicles a month, mostly to find those wanted for repossession—【C9】______it sells the data to insurers or private investigators as well. Ms Angwin condemns this shadowy business. Her book tracks her attempts to【C10】______it. She gets a credit card using a fake name; she uses a(n)【C11】______search engine and conceals her e-mail and texts; she leaves LinkedIn. When she turns off basic web-browsing functions that enable tracking she becomes digitally【C12】______. Amazon items appear to be out of【C13】______and she is unable set up an appointment at an Apple store. "My daughter would stand next to me and laugh while I tried to【C14】______a page and browse through all the【C15】______," she writes. Yet "Dragnet Nation" has its【C16】______. It ignores how exciting the【C17】______uses of personal data can be to companies, governments and NGOs. It mixes state scrutiny and privacy-damaging business practices, weakening the study of both. Ms Angwin's analysis of the problems and【C18】______regulatory remedies is shallow, and her attempts to【C19】______the dragnet eventually become wearisome. Her【C20】______is to have made herself a subject in an experiment to avoid the scrutiny found everywhere. But the real story about the e-conomy of personal information and protecting privacy in an age of big data has yet to be written.

It took some time to figure out just the right shopping complex, off just the right highway interchange and just the right distance from Seoul, that could accommodate a 624,000-square-foot store—that is to say, one more than three times the size of the average Wal-Mart Supercenter. It took more time to solve certain mysteries, like how big to make the store' s children' s section in a country where kids are often given ample space in the family living quarters. It took more time to figure out how to showcase kitchens that incorporate kimchi refrigerators, a uniquely Korean appliance— and even more time to untangle nuances of the market, like the South Korean's preference for metal chopsticks. In all, it took about six years for Ikea to unveil its inaugural store in South Korea, in Gwangmyeong, starting from the first scouting trip. The lag was typically Ikean. But six years? "The more global, the more complex it gets," replies Mikael Palmquist, the regional manager of retail for Asia Pacific. "We need to get these things right or we will never be taken seriously." Today the Gwangmyeong store, which is the company's largest in the world by shopping area, is on track to become one of Ikea's top-performing outlets for 2015. The success is hardly a fluke. Ikea, it seems, is a genius at selling Ikea—flat packing, transporting, and reassembling its quirky Swedish styling all across the planet. The furniture and furnishings brand is in more countries than Wal-Mart and Carrefour. China, where Ikea has eight of its 10 biggest stores, is the company's fastest-growing market. An outlet in Morocco is coming soon, and there are hints that Brazil may not be far off. Meanwhile, Ikea is going meatballs out in India, where it plans to invest about $2 billion over a decade to open 10 stores. Getting it right in emerging markets like China and India, where Ikea is well-positioned to capitalize on a growing middle class, is a key factor in its goal of hitting ￠50 billion in sales by 2020. That's up from ￠28.7 billion in its fiscal 2014 and almost double its 2005 sales level. Today the Ikea Group has 318 stores, not including the brand's some four dozen franchised locations; it's aiming for around 500 by 2020.

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B