When Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin returned from the moon, their cargo included nearly fifty pounds of rock and soil, which were packed in an aluminum box with seals designed to maintain the lunar surface"s low-pressure environment. But back at Johnson Space Center, in Houston, scientists discovered that the seals had been【C1】______—by moon dust. Lunar dust is fine, like a powder,【C2】______it cuts like glass. It"s formed when shooting stars【C3】______on the moon"s surface, heating its rocks and dirt and reducing them to fine particles. Since there"s no wind or water to smooth【C4】______edges, the tiny grains are sharp and uneven, and【C5】______nearly everything. "The intruding【C6】______of lunar dust represents a more challenging engineering design issue, as well as a【C7】______issue for settlers, than does radiation," wrote Harrison Schmitt, an Apollo 17 astronaut, in his 2006 book, "Return to the Moon." The dust damaged space-suits and ate away layers of moon boots. Over the【C8】______of six Apollo missions, not one rock box【C9】______its vacuum seal. Dust followed the astronauts back into their ships, too. According to Schmitt, it smelled like gunpowder and made breathing【C10】______. No one knows precisely what the extremely small particles do to human lungs. The dust not only【C11】______the moon"s surface, but floats up to sixty miles【C12】______it—as an outer part of its atmosphere, where particles【C13】______the moon by gravity, but are so thin that they【C14】______collide. In the nineteen-sixties, Surveyor probes filmed a glowing cloud floating just above the lunar surface during sunrise. Later, Apollo 17 astronaut Gene Cernan, while orbiting the moon, recorded a【C15】______phenomenon at the sharp line where lunar day meets night. Cernan【C16】______a series of pictures illustrating the changing【C17】______; streams of particles popped【C18】______the ground and hovered, and the resulting cloud came into sharper focus as the astronauts" orbiter approached daylight. Since there"s no wind to form and【C19】______the clouds, their origin is something of a mystery. It"s【C20】______that they"re made of dust, but no one fully understands how or why they do their thing.

Zoe, your current colleagues, is leaving for a new position at a different company. Write a letter to congratulate her on the new job. You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address.

As Valentine's Day approaches, many single people begin to feel a little sorry for themselves. On a day【C1】______by couples, this can lead to feelings of【C2】______and loneliness, say researchers.【C3】______, don't worry—they say it could【C4】______be good for you. "On the【C5】______of everyday life, it is understandable how something as personally【C6】______as loneliness could be regarded as a plague on human existence," John Cacioppoat and his fellow researchers at the University of Chicago write in the journal Cognition & Emotion. "Research【C7】______the past decade suggests a very different view of loneliness than suggested by personal experience, one in which loneliness【C8】______a variety of adaptive functions in【C9】______habitats." "Although it may feel like loneliness has no redeeming【C10】______, it promotes behavior change to increase the likelihood of the survival of one's genes. The pain of loneliness served to【C11】______us to renew the connections we needed to ensure survival and to promote social trust, co-hesiveness, and collective action." However, there was also bad news—researchers found the 'lonely' are viewed more negatively in terms of their psychosocial functioning and attractiveness. "In a social environment non-lonely people form a negative impression【C12】______lonely people, which then affects their behavior and【C13】______the lonely individual's perceived isolated existence," the researchers wrote. "【C14】______, individuals rated opposite-gender partners who they expected to be lonely as less sociable, and【C15】______towards them in a less sociable【C16】______than they did toward partners they expected not to be-lonely." The team even say loneliness could be behind many sports fans decision to【C17】______their team. "The emergence of a collective connectedness factor underlying loneliness, therefore, suggests that we may have evolved the capacity for and motivation to form relationships not only with other individuals but also with groups (e.g., a Chicago Cubs or Boston Red Sox fan), with the【C18】______being the promotion of co-operation in【C19】______conditions (e.g., competition, warfare). The identification with and investments in the group, in turn, may increase the likelihood of the continuity of the group, its members, and their individual genetic【C20】______."

BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B

In the past 35 years, hundreds of millions of Chinese have found productive, if often exhausting, work in the country"s growing cities. This extraordinary mobilization of labour is the biggest economic event of the past half-century. The world has seen nothing on such scale before. Will it see anything like it again? The answer lies across the Himalayas in India. India is an ancient civilization but a youthful country. Its working-age population is rising by about 12m people a year, even as China"s shrank last year by 3m. Within a decade India will have the biggest potential workforce in the world. Optimists look forward to a bumper "demographic dividend" , the result of more workers per dependant and more saving out of income. This combination accounted for perhaps a third of the East Asian miracle. India "has time on its side, literally," boasted one prominent politician, Kamal Nath, in a 2008 book entitled "India"s Century". But although India"s dreamers have faith in its youth, the country"s youngest have growing reason to doubt India. The economy raised aspirations that it has subsequently failed to meet. From 2005 to 2007 it grew by about 9% a year. In 2010 it even grew faster than China(if the two economies are measured consistently). But growth has since halved. India"s impressive savings rate, the other side of the demographic dividend, has also slipped. Worryingly, a growing share of household saving is bypassing the financial system altogether, seeking refuge from inflation in gold, bricks and mortar. The last time a Congress-led government liberalized the economy in earnest—in 1991—over 40% of today"s Indians had yet to be born. Their anxieties must seem remote to India"s elderly politicians. The average age of cabinet minister is 65. The country has never had a prime minister born in independent India. One man who might buck that trend, Rahul Gandhi, is the son, grandson and the great-grandson of former prime ministers. India is run by gerontocrats(老年统治者)and epigones(子孙): grey hairs and groomed heirs . The apparent indifference of the police to the way young women in particular are treated has underlined the way that old India fails to protect new India.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

While western governments worry over the threat of Ebola, a more pervasive but far less harmful【C1】______is spreading through their populations like a winter sniffle: mobile personal technology. The similarity between disease organisms and personal devices is【C2】______. Viruses and other parasites control larger organisms, 【C3】______ resources in order to multiply and spread. Smartphones and other gadgets do the same thing, 【C4】______ever-increasing amounts of human attention and electricity supplied 【C5】______ wire umbilici. It is tempting to【C6】______a "strategy" to both phages and phablets, neither of which is sentient.【C7】______, the process is evolutionary, consisting of many random evolutions, 【C8】______experimented with by many product designers. This makes it all the more powerful. Tech【C9】______occurs through actively-learnt responses, or "operant conditioning" as animal be haviourists call it. The scientific parallel here also involves a rodent, typically a rat, which occupies a【C10】______cage called a Skinner Box. The animal is【C11】______with a food pellet for solving puzzles and punished with an electric shock when it fails. "Are we getting a positive boost of hormones when we【C12】______look at our phone, seeking rewards?" asks David Shuker, an animal behaviourist at St Andrews university, sounding a little like a man withholding serious scientific endorsement【C13】______an idea that a journalist had in the shower. Research is needed, he says. Tech tycoons would meanwhile 【C14】______ that the popularity of mobile devices is attributed to the brilliance of their designs. This is precisely what people whose thought processes have been【C15】______by an invasive pseudo-organism would believe. 【C16】______, mobile technology causes symptoms less severe than physiological diseases. There are even benefits to【C17】______sufferers for shortened attention spans and the caffeine overload triggered by visits to Starbucks for the free Wi-Fi. Most importantly, you can【C18】______the Financial Times in places as remote as Alaska or Sidcup. In this【C19】______, a mobile device is closer to a symbiotic organism than a parasite. This would make it【C20】______to an intestinal bacterium that helps a person to stay alive, rather than a virus that may kill you.

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

Directions:Writeanessaybasedonthechart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150words.

Directions:Writeanessaybasedonthechart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)describethediagram,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150words.

Directions: We often donate money to the needy in many ways. But sometimes people are worried about where the money actually goes. What do you think? In this section, you are asked to write an essay on donating. You can provide specific reasons and examples to support your idea. You should write at least 150 words.

Many of the tech industry's biggest companies, like Amazon, Google, IBM and Microsoft, are jockeying to become the leader for artificial intelligence(A.I.). In the industry's term, the companies are engaged in a "platform war." A platform, in technology, is essentially a piece of software that other companies build on and that consumers cannot do without. Become the platform and huge profits will follow. Microsoft dominated personal computers because its Windows software became the center of the consumer software world. Google has come to dominate the Internet through its ubiquitous search bar. If true believers in A.I. are correct that this long-promised technology is ready for the mainstream, the company that controls A.I. could steer the tech industry for years to come. "Whoever wins this race will dominate the next stage of the information age," said Pedro Domingos, a machine learning specialist and the author of "The Master Algorithm," a 2015 book that contends that A.I. and big-data technology will remake the world. In this fight—no doubt in its early stages—the big tech companies are engaged in tit-for-tat publicity stunts, circling the same start-ups that could provide the technology pieces they are missing and, perhaps most important, trying to hire the same brains. Fei-Fei Li, a Stanford University professor who is an expert in computer vision, said one of her Ph.D. candidates had an offer for a job paying more than $1 million a year, and that was only one of four from big and small companies. For years, tech companies have used man-versus-machine competitions to show they are making progress on A.I. In 1997, an IBM computer beat the chess champion Garry Kasparov. Five years ago, IBM went even further when its Watson system won a three-day match on the television trivia show "Jeopardy!" Today, Watson is the centerpiece of IBM's A.I. efforts. By 2020, the market for machine learning applications will reach $40 billion, IDC, a market research firm, estimates. And 60 percent of those applications, the firm predicts, will run on the platform software of four companies—Amazon, Google, IBM and Microsoft. Intelligent software applications will become commonplace, said Jeff Dean, a computer scientist who oversees Google's A.I. development. "And machine learning will touch every industry."

We all know (or should know) by now that the carbon dioxide we produce when we burn fossil fuels and cut down forests is the planet's single largest contributor to global warming. It persists in the atmosphere for centuries. Reducing these emissions by as much as half by 2050 is essential to avoid disastrous consequences by the end of this century, and we must begin immediately. But this is a herculean undertaking, both technically and politically. There is, however, a short-term strategy. We can slow this warming quickly by cutting emissions of four other climate pollutants: black carbon, a component of soot; methane, the main component of natural gas; lower-level ozone, a main ingredient of urban smog; and hydrofluorocarbons, or HFCs, which are used as coolants. They account for as much as 40 percent of current warming. We can reduce black carbon emissions significantly in the next few decades by using particulate filters on cars and trucks and switching to low-sulfur diesel. By employing those strategies, California, for instance, has cut the warming effect from diesel emissions by nearly half since the late 1980s. In addition, we can further reduce emissions of black carbon and carbon monoxide (which produces lower-level ozone) in the developing world simply by turning to efficient biomass cook stoves instead of using traditional mud stoves, by replacing kerosene lamps in villages with solar lamps, and by deploying modern brick kilns. Methane emissions can be cut by nearly a third by reducing leaks from gas pipes, coal mines and hydraulic fracturing, by capturing methane from waste dumps, water treatment plants and manure, and by cutting emissions from rice paddies. These reductions in methane, carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds would also significantly reduce lower-level ozone, which is another important climate-warming pollutant that is formed by the interaction of sunlight with other short-lived pollutants. And HFCs, which are widely used in refrigerators, can be replaced with readily available climate-friendly refrigerants. Nearly 100 ozone-depleting chemicals have been phased out under the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty that took effect in 1989 , and more than 100 countries support a shift to the safer HFC alternatives. Phasing down HFCs would provide climate protection many times greater than the current Kyoto climate treaty—the equivalent of about 100 billion tons of carbon dioxide by 2050. Unlike carbon dioxide, these pollutants are short-lived in the atmosphere. If we stop emitting them, they will disappear in a matter of weeks to a few decades. These reductions would also prevent an estimated two to four million deaths from air pollution and avoid billions of dollars of crop loss annually, according to a study commissioned by the United Nations Environment Program and the World Meteorological Organization.

Kelly Sortino had a tough time recalling what she' d accomplished at the end of each busy workday. Her job as head of the upper school for the Crystal Springs Uplands School in Hillsborough, Calif., often【C1】______working 12-hour days, including weekends and evenings. She enjoyed the【C2】______but worried that she wasn' t accomplishing everything she needed to. "I felt as if I wasn' t really having the time to do more of the strategic and 【C3】______ work to make those larger changes at the school." says Ms. Sortino. She decided to【C4】______a workshop at Stanford University on how to simplify work processes and reduce waste. She learned,【C5】______, to block out her time more efficiently and minimize distractions. She also 【C6】______ herself to systematically completing her daily task list and to completely clearing her email inbox and workspace on a regular【C7】______. The changes【C8】______a marked improvement in her time management. Ms. Sortino 【C9】______ works on weekends, but only as needed. It's a tough time to be productive. Globalization, increased competition and the jarring immediacy of technology have made it difficult for modern employees to【C10】______on top of their growing workloads while maintaining a good work-life balance.【C11】______, experts say small adjustments to how employees【C12】______work can have a big impact on their workplace efficiency. Learn to prioritize and to commit yourself to working in【C13】______blocks of time throughout the day. A 2009 Stanford University study found that multitasking is less productive than single-tasking and that many self-proclaimed multitaskers have difficulty【C14】______out irrelevant information, further【C15】______their performance. It's especially important to【C16】______what motivates the decisions your boss makes. Most subordinates have an employee-centric view【C17】______their managers, which tends not to be accurate. A better understanding of your boss can help you to "sell" the advice about【C18】______changes that can benefit the department and company.【C19】______with your boss to prioritize important work and eliminate unproductive tasks. Employees may think changing job functions is risky,【C20】______being proactive can impress your boss.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

Suppose you have damaged your friend' s computer when you lived in his house a few days ago. Write him a letter to 1)make an apology, and 2)suggest a solution. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.(10 points)

BSection III Writing/B

[A]Think about how your attitude change will affect your life [B]Look for a role model [C]Be clear about your traits [D]Identify and understand what you want to change [E]Believe that you are able to change [F]Get rid of the pessimistic friends [G]Choose the right company "Our attitude toward life determines life's attitude towards us." We've all heard about the power of our attitude, and that it's our attitude that determines how much we succeed in life. If you look around you, you will see that people with a positive attitude enjoy life more and are generally happier and more successful than those who walk around grumpy and pessimistic. Our attitude is the driving force in our lives—it can either push you to do great things or pull you down to your demise. All the things that you have been through, all the people you have met and interacted with can have an impact on your attitude. If you think that all these factors have molded you into a person with a poor attitude towards life, there is no need to worry as there is always an opportunity for change. Let me share with you how I did it. 【R1】______ The first step towards change is clearly understanding what needs to be changed. Setting clear goals is the key to success in any endeavor. When it comes to changing your attitude, you need to do an honest and in-depth self-evaluation so you could point out exactly which of your traits need to be improved or totally changed. 【R2】______ We all need to know that what we're trying to accomplish can in fact be achieved; that we can be more optimistic, more social or more patient. Find someone who has the kind of attitude that you want to have, and let his or her life give you inspiration and encouragement to move beyond your temporary failures in your journey towards becoming a better person. 【R3】______ To be able to overcome all the difficulties that lie ahead of you in your journey towards self betterment, you need to figure out exactly what this supposed change could bring to your life. Will changing your attitude mean a happier family or social life? Will a change in your attitude mean a more successful career or business? Fix your mind on the things that would come as a result of your attitude change and you will have a greater chance of reaching your goal. 【R4】______ As they say, "Bad company corrupts good character." You don' t expect yourself to be able to change if you go on surrounding yourself with people who possess all the negative traits that you want to change. Consider befriending new people, especially those who are optimistic and have a healthy attitude towards life. You will see that your effort to change will be easier with these kinds of people as friends. 【R5】______ Often, the greatest obstacle between us and our goals is ourselves or our inability to trust in what we are able to do. If you don't believe in yourself or believe that you or your life can change, it just won't happen—you will either never start, or give up quickly so you won't have even given yourself the opportunity to succeed. It cannot be denied that a positive attitude is very important for living a successful and satisfying life, so it is only right to strive to have a positive attitude.

Directions: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words. 在考试中作弊，这在大学时有发生，对学生和社会都有害。我们应如何杜绝这一现象?