填空题正是在平等互利、互通有无的基础上，我们发展了同各国的贸易。我们相信，通过我们的共同努力，我们之间的贸易能够发展。

填空题Sperber and Wilson argue that all Gricean maxims, including the CP itself, should be reduced to a single principle of relevance, which is defined as: every act of______ communicates the presumption of its own optional relevance.

填空题Read the following two versions of translation adopted from"兰亭集序" , and comment on them according to the following instructions in at least 400 words.(北京航空航天大学2012研，考试科目：综合英语)Instructions:A. Write a passage to compare the two versions of translation and then state your preference.B. Analyze your preferred version by using certain theoretical approach. You should firstly introduce the theory and then use it for your analysis. Chinese version：兰亭集序 夫人之相与，俯仰一世，或取诸怀抱，悟言一室之内；或因寄所托，放浪形骸之外。 虽取舍万殊，静躁不同，当其欣于所遇，暂得于己，快然自足，曾不知老之将至。及其所之既倦，情随事迁，感慨系之矣。向之所欣，俯仰之间，已为陈迹，犹不能不以之兴怀。况修短随化，终期于尽。古人云：“生死亦大矣。”岂不痛哉!English version 1: Preface to the Lanting Collection…With regard to the friendly association of people during their brief life, it might take the form of unbosoming themselves by conversing in a room, or abandoning themselves to things they love, revelling without constraint. The choices are so widely apart, and the temperaments in terms of quiet or boisterous behaviours are most different. When people are glad of their situations and feel contentment with their temporary gains, they are unaware of the approaching old age. But when they are tired of what they pursue as their feelings change with circumstances, then they are filled with melancholy. The things which they used to court with a gay heart become stale in an instant, but not without stirring up their sentiments. Besides, their spans of life, be they Jong or short, are decided by Providence and converge eventually to a common finish. An ancient said, "Life and death are matters of great magnitude. " How could they not be afflicted with sorrow?English version 2: A Sketch of the Gathering at Orchid Arbour…For what men have to do with their fellows during their lifetimes, either fetched from their bosoms and discussed with others in certain rooms or taken from their apprehension and cast aboard far beyond their corporeal frames, although what they adopt or reject are multifariously divergent, being variously different in quietude and tumult, —so when they are glad of what they have come across, well-contented with their state of being so far, living happily in their good fortune, without knowing that old age would soon descend upon them: and when they are tired of the past, their feelings undergo a metamorphosis as the result of the changed state of affairs and sentient responses are produced thereof.What was acclaimed in the past has become during one"s looking ahead up and down things of bygone days: yet one could not help being deeply moved in feelings while touching them in reality. What is more, the length and shortness of life depend on Nature"s decree: they would sooner or later reach finality. As the ancient saying(by Confucius)has it—momentous is the matter of life and death: how awfully painful it is!

填空题Author______Title______ Butter sunk under More than a hundred years Was recovered salty and white. The ground itself is kind, black butter Melting and opening underfoot. Missing its last definition By millions of years. They"ll never dig coal here,...

填空题Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as ______and ______. The former refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研)

填空题outsource

填空题Chinese composition．(北京外国语大学2008研，考试科目：英汉互译) 埃德温．根茨勒所著《当代翻译理论》(Contemporary Translation Theories)对北美翻译培训派、多元系统论、解构主义、文化转向、后殖民翻译理论等文学翻译研究的发展进行了全面的扫描。写一篇250字左右的中文作文，选择根茨勒所总结的其中一个流派，说明其对于研究英汉、汉英翻译有何意义。

填空题The American writers of the 1950s often used the psychological insights taken from the writing of the Austrian psychiatrist______and his followers.

填空题In______, Thomas More offers an ideal social system, with which people replace tyranny with______.

填空题He was elected president of the Campaign for Nuclear______in 1958.(Disarm)

填空题Our life is part of the life of the Earth, and we draw our______from it just as the plants and animals do.(nourish)

填空题P______Act refers, to the bringing about of effects on the audience by means of uttering the sentence, such effects being special to the circumstances of utterance.

填空题Hyponymy is a matter of class membership. The upper term in this sense relation, i. e. the class name, is called ______, and the lower terms, the members, Hyponyms.

填空题我们熟悉的握手方式多种多样：有掌心出汗的人；有紧张得把你的手捏得生疼的人；A型气质的人总是乐呵呵地同别人握手，然后急忙停下来，又再继续握。这种多样性使我们能“感觉到”对方是个什么样的人。而我们寻求的常常是真诚。握手还可以传达敬意。对商界女性来说，握手是有影响力的。20年前，如果一个女人主动去和男人握手，通常会被认为是爱出风头。现在女人握手已经是司空见惯了，许多人反而认为旧式的“社交接吻”即使不是傲慢无理也是有背于职场惯例。

填空题Translate the passage into Chinese．(北京大学2007研，考试科目：专业能力)A strong common sense, which it is not easy to unseat or disturb, marks the English mind for a thousand years: a rude strength newly applied to thought, as of sailors and soldiers who had lately learned to read. They have no fancy, and never are surprised into a covert or witty word, such as pleased the Athenians and Italians, and was convertible into a fable not long after: but they delight in strong earthy expression, not mistakable, coarsely true to the human body, and, though spoken among princes, equally fit and welcome to the mob. This homeliness, veracity, and plain style, appear in the earliest extant works, and in the latest. It imports into songs and ballads the smell of the earth, the breath of cattle, and, like a Dutch painter, seeks a household charm, though by pails and pans. They ask their constitutional utility in verse. The kail and herrings are never out of sight. The poet nimbly recovers himself from every sally of the imagination. The English muse loves the farmyard, the lane, and market. She says, with De Stael, " I tramp in the mire with wooden shoes, whenever they would force me into the clouds. "For, the Englishman has accurate perceptions : takes hold of things by the right end, and there is no slipperiness in his grasp. He loves the axe, the spade, the oar, the gun, the steam pipe:he has built the engine he uses. He is materialist, economical, mercantile. He must be treated with sincerity and reality, with muffins, and not the promise of muffins: and prefers his hot chop, with perfect security and convenience in the eating of it, to the chances of the amplest and Frenchiest bill of fare, engraved on embossed paper. When he is intellectual, and a poet or a philosopher, he carries the same hard truth and the same keen machinery into the mental sphere. His mind must stand on a fact. He will not be baffled, or catch at clouds, but the mind must have a symbol palpable and resisting. What he relishes in Dante, is the vice-like tenacity with which he holds a mental image before the eyes, as if it were a scutcheon painted on a shield. Byron"liked something craggy to break his mind upon. "A taste for plain strong speech, what is called a biblical style, marks the English. It is in Alfred, and the Saxon Chronicle, and in the Sagas of the Northmen. Latimer was homely. Hobbes was perfect in the "noble vulgar speech. " Donne, Bunyan, Milton, Taylor, Evelyn, Pepys, Hooker, Cotton, and the translators, wrote it. How realistic or materialistic in treatment of his subject, is Swift. He describes his fictitious persons, as if for the police. Defoe has no insecurity or choice. Hudibras has the same hard mentality, keeping the truth at once to the senses, and to the intellect.It is not less seen in poetry. Chaucer"s hard painting of his Canterbury pilgrims satisfies the senses. Shakespeare, Spenser, and Milton, in their loftiest ascents, have this national grip and exactitude of mind. This mental materialism makes the value of English transcendental genius: in these writers, and in Herbert, Henry More, Donne, and Sir Thomas Browne. The Saxon materialism and narrowness, exalted into the sphere of intellect, makes the very genius of Shakespeare and Milton. When it reaches the pure element, it treads the clouds as securely as the adamant. Even in its elevations, materialistic, its poetry is common sense inspired: or iron raised to white heat.

填空题The poem______ by Samuel Taylor Coleridge literally relates how a king commands a palace to be built, but thematically suggests that a great poet has to touch hell and the unconscious in order to see into the essence of things and compose great poetry.

填空题将下列短文译为英语。(北京外国语大学2008研，考试科目：英汉互译) 无论如何，创造财富的物质资源，不论其初始分配如何，最终是要通过各种各样的渠道，流入到具有企业家精神的人手里，这是自由市场的一个基本趋势。这些人获得对他人的财富的支配权、使用权，以之为自己创造财富，并积累财富。这正是自由市场具有效率的根源。它可以动态地、自发地把资源从资源利用效率较低的人手里转移到资源利用效率较高的人手里。中国人讲“富不过三代”，其中有一些无奈，但也揭示了自由市场的精髓所在：财富本身并不能充当财富的保障。因为，财富本来就不是财富创造出来的。所以，由于企业家精神积累了财富的人的后代，未必总是能够最有效地利用他们手里所掌握的资源。如果是在身份制社会，这就将损害全社会的资源利用效率。而自由市场向这些家庭提供了足够的制度安排，使之自然地将其掌握的资源交给富有企业家精神的人控制。假如他们不愿意这样做，那市场就会无情地淘汰他们，以破产倒闭的方式使其交出对资源的控制权。市场总是顽固地要把资源转移到能力最高的企业家手里。权力控制经济的社会、身份制社会、国有企业制度，都无法做到这一点，因而其经济整体效率必然要比市场配置资源的社会低很多。所以，假如人们期望市场发挥其高效配置资源的功能，那就根本没有必要去操心成功的企业家退休之时如何安排企业的未来。反正财富、资源是要向具有企业家精神的人手里集中的，只要市场是自由的，这种趋势无人能够改变。那么，对社会来说，最重要的事情是设计种种健全的制度，让那些不具有企业家精神的人可以方便地将其资源控制交给富有企业家精神的人，而企业家只要可以充分发挥其企业家精神、其财产权得到切实保障，自然可以发现、创造出这些制度来。

填空题Translate the following passage into Chines．The world as a whole has progressed tremendously material-wise, and we are a fortunate nation in that we are leading the procession. It is, I believe, natural that nations not so fortunate should look upon us with envy. We would do the same if the positions were reserved, so we should not judge too harshly the efforts of others to equal our standard of living. In either case, the fortunate or the unfortunate character in the individual and collectively in a nation stands out. I agree that it is easier to build character under ideal conditions but cannot forget that character is also required to give as well as receive.It should be to the benefit of humanity if all individuals—and this includes myself—did a renovation or remodeling job on our own character. It may merely be a case of removing rough edges or tossing away molding to expose irregularities , in some cases to remove a prop and stand on one"s own feet. In any event if some of us set example, others will follow and the result should be good. This I believe.

填空题Our language can be used to talk about itself. This is the______function of language.（中山大学2005研)

填空题a stock exchange