BPart B/B

BPart B/B

Directions:Writeanessaybasedonthechart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150words.

Inthispart,youareaskedtowriteanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechartand2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteatleast150words.WriteyouressayonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)FinancialSourcesofCollegeStudents1)描述中美大学生经济资助状况2）分子这种状况的成因3）预测中国大学生经济资助的可能变化

BSection III Writing/B

Suppose you found a ring in the reading room of the library in your university. Write a found notice to 1) inform others what you found, and 2) seek its owner. You should write about 100 words. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead.

【C1】______the way it feels, loneliness often has nothing to do with being alone. For some people, feelings of【C2】______are sharpest during times that are in fact defined by togetherness—celebrations or the holidays, for instance. 【C3】______a bustling shopping mall or a buzzing holiday party, and even within a crowd—or perhaps especially in a crowd—it"s possible to feel unbearably alone. New research from experts in neuroscience and social science may give us some【C4】______as to why. Although we tend to think of it as a self-contained emotional state—a condition that【C5】______people individually, either by circumstance or by means of an antisocial personality—researchers now say that loneliness is more far-reaching than that. John Cacioppo, a psychologist at the University of Chicago, believes it is a social【C6】______that exists within a society and can【C7】______through it like a disease. And while everyone feels lonely once in a while, for some it becomes a(n)【C8】______condition, one that has been【C9】______with more serious psychological ills like【C10】______, sleep disfunction, high blood pressure and even a(n)【C11】______risk of dementia in older age. Cacioppo and his team【C12】______on the children in Framingham. The results were【C13】______: If one person reported feeling lonely at one【C14】______, his closest connections (either family or close friends) were 52% more【C15】______to also report feeling lonely two years later. The effect was strongest among those in close relationships, declining【C16】______the connections became more distant, but remained【C17】______up to three degrees of separation—【C18】______one lonely person could influence whether his friend"s friend"s friend felt lonely. "Loneliness has been【C19】______in the past as depression, introversion, shyness or poor social skills," says Cacioppo. "Those turn out not to be right. Research we and others have done suggests that it really is a fundamental human motivational state very much like hunger, thirst or pain."【C20】______simply reflecting the emotional state of one person, Cacioppo says, loneliness is more like an indicator of the social health of our species on the whole—a temperature reading.

It's difficult to imagine a world without antibiotics. They cure diseases that killed our ancestors in crowds, and enable any number of medical procedures and treatments that we now take for granted. Yet in 1945, while accepting a Nobel Prize for【C1】______penicillin, Alexander Fleming【C2】______a future in which antibiotics had been used with【C3】______and bacteria had grown resistant to them. Today, this future is approaching. Speaking to reporters last fall, Tom Frieden, the director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,【C4】______a similar alarm: "If we're not【C5】______, we will soon be in a post-antibiotic era. In fact, for some patients and some bacteria, we are already there." The problem【C6】______overuse. Recent research by doctors at Harvard and Women's Hospital found that the vast majority of antibiotics【C7】______for sore throats and acute bronchitis—an illness almost always caused by a【C8】______, not bacteria—are useless. Up to 80 percent of all antibiotics used in the U.S. each year,【C9】______, are given to animals. Antibiotics are the lifeline of the meat and poultry industries, which have used drugs to domestic animals as a means of【C10】______growth and preventing illnesses caused by overcrowding and poor conditions. An increasing number of bacterial【C11】______have taken the opportunity to evolve【C12】______the reach of antibiotics. The CDC's 2013 threat report listed 17 antibiotic-resistant microorganisms that directly cause at least 23,000 deaths each year in the U.S.【C13】______Globally, drug-resistant pneumonia is an ever-increasing threat. Reported cases have【C14】______over the past nine years, killing an estimated 170,000 people last year. Although anti-bacterial resistance can be slowed, it is【C15】______. As a result, medicine companies have found antibiotics to be less【C16】______investments than drugs for chronic illnesses, which can be used over the long term. If we don't【C17】______our use of existing antibiotics and commit to developing new ones, the risks are not just medical, but【C18】______. The CDC estimates that, in the United States, antibiotic resistance already costs $20 billion in【C19】______health-care spend and $35 billion in lost productivity【C20】______.

The average British people get six-and-a-half hours' sleep a night, according to the Sleep Council. It has been known for some time that the amount of sleep people get has,【C1】______declined over the years. But【C2】______the average amount of sleep we are getting has fallen, rates of obesity and diabetes have soared. Could the two be connected? We wanted to see what the【C3】______would be of increasing average sleep by just one hour. So we asked seven volunteers, who【C4】______sleep anywhere between six and nine hours, to be【C5】______at the University of Surrey's Sleep Research Centre. The volunteers were randomly【C6】______to two groups. One group was asked to sleep for six-and-a-half hours a night, the other got seven-and-a-half hours. After a week the researchers took blood tests and the volunteers were asked to switch sleep【C7】______. The group that had been sleeping six-and-a-half hours got an【C8】______hour, the other group slept an hour less. Computer tests designed to measure brain wave activity【C9】______that most of them struggled with mental agility tasks when they had less sleep, but the most interesting results came from the blood tests that were【C10】______. Dr Simon Archer and his team at Surrey University were【C11】______interested in looking at the genes that were switched on or off in our volunteers【C12】______changes in the amount that we had made them sleep. "We found that【C13】______there were around 500 genes that were affected," Archer【C14】______. "Some which were going up, and some which were going down." What they discovered is that when the volunteers【C15】______back from seven-and-a-half to six-and-a-half hours' sleep a night, genes that are【C16】______with processes like immune response and response to stress became more【C17】______The team also saw increase in the activity of genes related to diabetes and risk of cancer. The【C18】______happened when the volunteers added an hour of sleep. So the clear【C19】______from this experiment was that if you are getting less than seven hours' sleep a night and can alter your sleep habits, even one hour more, it could make you【C20】______.

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

Li-Fi, an alternative to Wi-Fi that transmits data using the spectrum of visible light, has achieved a new breakthrough, with UK scientists reporting transmission speeds of 10Gbit/s—more than 250 times faster than 'superfast' broadband. The fastest speed【C1】______reported was 3Gbit/s, achieved earlier this year in Germany. Chinese researchers also claimed this month to have【C2】______a 150Mbp/s connection, but some experts were doubtful without seeing further【C3】______ The term Li-Fi was【C4】______by Edinburgh University's Prof Harald Haas【C5】______the technology is also known as visible light communications (VLC). Many experts claim that Li-Fi represents the future of mobile internet【C6】______its reduced costs and greater efficiency compared to traditional Wi-Fi. Both Wi-Fi and Li-Fi transmit data【C7】______the electromagnetic spectrum, but【C8】______Wi-Fi utilizes radio waves, Li-Fi uses visible light. This is a【C9】______advantage in that the visible light is far more plentiful than the radio spectrum (10,000 times more in fact) and can achieve far greater data【C10】______Li-Fi signals work by【C11】______bulbs on and off【C12】______quickly—too quickly to be noticed by the human eye. This most recent breakthrough builds upon this by using tiny micro-LED bulbs to【C13】______several lines of data in parallel. The research was carried out by the Ultra Parallel Visible Light Communications project, and funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. Existing LED light bulbs could be【C14】______to transmit Li-Fi signals with a single microchip, and the technology would also be of use in situations where radio frequencies cannot be used for fear of【C15】______with electronic circuit. And although Li-Fi bulbs would have to be kept on to transmit data, the bulbs could be【C16】______to the point that they were not visible to humans and yet still【C17】______. One draw-back is that the data receiver would have to be in sight of the transmitter-bulb as visible light does not【C18】______solid materials. The makers of Li-Fi note that this quality might actually be an advantage in some【C19】______making Li-Fi more【C20】______than Wi-Fi with hackers unable to access unsecured internet connections from out of sight of the transmitter.

Last September, the U.S. government announced that its birthrate fell to "another record low". Morally speaking, there"s nothing wrong with this. It"s【C1】______. in a way. All over the world, birthrates tend to fall a-long with economic development. The thing about an increasingly childless economy is that it has major implications for【C2】______. It is confirmed by a new data from a Gallup survey【C3】______on the average daily spending of families. Even after you control for income, age, education, and【C4】______status, families with young kids spend more every day. What are parents spending on? Not just books, toys, and games. The Department of Agriculture【C5】______surveys the many ways we spend on our kids, to the tune of about $14,000 a year. The【C6】______majority of money goes to the【C7】______: housing, food, transportation, and education. Housing is kind of funny, because young children tend not to have their housing units,【C8】______the parents are extremely well-off and the children are terribly misbehaved. The survey estimates the housing portion of spending by trying to【C9】______a few factors: the cost of an extra bedroom, the cost of moving into safer【C10】______with better schools, and the cost of buying homes with larger yards. It is【C11】______that on economic growth, some of the most discussed variables on editorial pages and cable news are policy choices like tax rates or international events. But buried【C12】______these headlines is the glacier of demographics, the steady and unyielding force of human numbers to【C13】______the economy. The【C14】______in U.S. birthrates in recent years has almost certainly had a negative effect on consumer spending (and,【C15】______, lower birthrates are probably an outcome of the recession). In particular, childless couples don"t need space for more kids so they"re less【C16】______to buy homes in the suburbs,【C17】______demand for housing that badly needs to sell more homes. In other words,【C18】______families and less household formation【C19】______the U.S. economy of housing and transportation spending, which has historically accounted for half of family【C20】______.

If you want to lose weight, but are not a fan of the gym, the results of a new study could offer a welcome alternative. People who wake up and go to bed at the same time every day are【C1】______than those with irregular sleep patterns, the study found. Researchers studied more than 300 women and found that those with the best—or most consistent—sleeping【C2】______had less body fat. The volunteers were【C3】______for body composition, and then were given an activity tracker to【C4】______their movements during the day, and their sleep patterns at night. The. study found that getting【C5】______than 6.5 hours, or more than 8.5 hours, sleep a night is【C6】______higher levels of body fat. Women with more than 90 minutes of variation in sleep and wake time during the week had higher body fat levels than those with less than 60 minutes of variation. Exercise science professor Bruce Bailey said【C7】______sleep quality can result in higher body fat【C8】______affecting the hormones levels【C9】______to appetite. He said: "We have these【C10】______clocks and throwing them off and not【C11】______them to get into a pattern does have a(an) 【C12】______on our physiology." He says there are ways to【C13】______sleep quality, such as【C14】______exercise, keeping your bedroom quiet and dark, and using beds only for sleeping. "Sleep is often a casualty of trying to do more and be better and it is often【C15】______," Professor Bailey said. Previous research from Temple University revealed that when people get a good night"s sleep they don"t feel so【C16】______They found that when children slept more, they【C17】______134 fewer calories a day and lost weight. These findings were supported by research from the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota which also revealed that sleep【C18】______people eat more calories. The researchers studied 17 healthy young people and found that when they slept less they ate more. They believe this is【C19】______when the volunteers were tired, they had higher levels of the hormones leptin and ghrelin, both of which are【C20】______appetite.

Remember books? They were those pieces of paper with words printed on them【C1】______in between two, sometimes,【C2】______covers. People bought them, and people borrowed them, but,【C3】______people used to read them. And then came screens. Six years into the【C4】______rise of mobile, half of American adults own a smartphone; over a third owns a tablet. Now, I"m joking about the end of books, but it"s easy and tempting to【C5】______that screens will continue their【C6】______on words and paper-bound books will be at the【C7】______of vanishing. But if you take a hard look at the data, it"s not the end of print. Not by a long shot. 【C8】______years, there hasn"t been a more【C9】______technology for capturing the hopes and the fears of new parents than the tablet. Touchscreens are so easy to【C10】______that babies can use them and learn at younger ages than we thought possible—or babies can use them and use them and use them and lose out on other skills. We just don"t know what this does【C11】______young brains. All we know is we"re【C12】______a generation that sometimes finds magazines more【C13】______than iPads. Parents, of course, can"t not know. Or, if they really can"t, then they don"t want to take any【C14】______. And that"s why it"s not at all【C15】______that the vast, vast【C16】______of parents prefer reading printed books to their young children. Pew Research found that 94 percent of parents think it"s important to read print books to their children. Print【C17】______isn"t going away soon.【C18】______more people prefer e-readers, some would still rather read print. Books will become "luxuries". But, of course, the real test will come in the next few years when we see what kids who have been using tablets since before they could walk prefer to read. Print is in a long, slow【C19】______that feels like a death spiral, but isn"t quite so. For now, at least, the end of print is a long way off, even if kids these days can"t【C20】______how to turn the page.

BSection III Writing/B

If this weekend is yawning ahead of you, offering nothing but the same old routines and household duties, then don't despair: boredom is good for you, a new study claims. Far from【C1】______the mind and leading to a lack of productivity, boredom can【C2】______people to seek out ways of being selfless and to engage in prosocial tasks,【C3】______uneasy ones such as giving blood. "Bored people feel that their actions are【C4】______and so they are motivated to engage in meaningful behavior," said Wjjnand van Tilburg, co-author of the paper, A Pragmatic Meaning—Regulation Hypothesis on Boredom and Prosocial Behavior. If prosocial behavior【C5】______this requirement, boredom promotes prosocial behavior. " Investigating the link between boredom and prosocial behavior is not only highly【C6】______but also counter-intuitive," said Van Tilburg, "Past research has【C7】______boredom almost exclusively with disgusting correlates,【C8】______closer inspection suggests a much richer【C9】______of potential consequences that may well go beyond merely negative outcomes, such as prosocial behavior. Boredom makes people【C10】______different and purposeful activities, and as a result they turn towards more challenging and meaningful activities, turning towards what they【C11】______to be really meaningful in life. Of course, this does not mean that boredom is necessary for prosocial behavior. It is one positive【C12】______of an utterly negative experience, demonstrating the【C13】______character of how people attempt to re-establish a【C14】______of meaningfulness." The paper has been【C15】______by Adrian Savage, an editor at the online life coach site. "Being bored turns your mind【C16】______and encourages reflection. When you're rushing【C17】______there's no time to think. When you're bored, there's nothing else to do but think," he said. "Boredom is nearly always【C18】______to creativity. It isn't true that creativity is mostly【C19】______by having a specific problem to be solved. It's far more likely to arise because the person is bored with the way something has been done a thousand times before and wants to try something new. Boredom stimulates the search for better【C20】______to things like nothing else does."

BPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D./B

Suppose the Student's Union in your department is holding an end-of-semester party on July 11. Write an invitation letter to Mr. Black, the dean, and invite him to join you. Let him know the time and place and what he is expected to do at the party. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. ( 10 points)

BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B

It"s a safe bet that David Joyce knows more than you did when you were his birth age. That"s not hard, since what you knew back then was pretty much nothing at all. You knew warmth, you knew darkness, you knew a sublime, drifting peace. You had been conceived 29 weeks earlier, and if you were like most people, you had 11 weeks to go before you reached your fully formed 40. It was only then that you"d emerge into the storm of stimuli that is the world. No such luck for David. He was born on Jan. 28—well shy of his April 16 due date—in an e-mergency cesarean(剖腹产的)section after his mother had begun bleeding heavily. He weighed 2 lb. 11 oz. , or 1,200g, and was just 15 in.(38cm)tall. An American Girl doll is 3 in.(8cm)taller. Immediately, he began learning a lot of things—about bright lights and cold hands, needle sticks and loud noises. He learned what it feels like to be hungry, to be frightened, to be unable to breathe. What all this meant was that if David wanted to stay alive, he"d have to work hard at it, and he was. Take drinking from a bottle—which he had never tried until a morning in late March, at the neonatal intensive care unit(NICU)of the Children"s Hospital of Wisconsin in Milwaukee. David had spent every day of his then seven-week life there, in the company of 58 other very fragile babies being looked after by a round-the-clock SWAT team of nearly 300 nutritionists, pharmacologists, pulmonary specialists, surgeons, nurses and dietitians and, for when the need arises, a pair of chaplains. Under their care, he had grown to 18. lin.(46cm)and weighed 51b. 11.5 oz.(2594g), nourished by breast milk from his mother, which was fed to him through a nasogastric tube(鼻胃管)threaded through his nose to his stomach. David"s father and mother live 90 minutes away in Randolph, Wis. They had been at the hospital every day after work for 51 days straight at that point—a three-hour round-trip—to spend a few more hours with David.