翻译题Directions: 　　Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15 points) 　　When people in developing countries worry about migration,they are usually concerned at the prospect of ther best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world ,These are the kind of workers that countries like Britian ,Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates . 　　Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate .A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40%of emigrants had more than a high-school education,compared with around 3.3%of all Indians over the age of 25.This "brain drain "has long bothered policymakers in poor countries ,They fear that it hurts their economies ,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities ,worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make .

It is no secret among athletes that in order to improve performance you"ve got to work hard. However, hard training breaks you down and makes you weaker. It is rest that makes you stronger. Improvement only occurs during the rest period following hard training. This adaptation is accomplished by improving efficiency of the heart and certain systems within the muscle cells. During recovery periods these systems build to greater levels to compensate for the stress that you have applied. The result is that you are now at a higher level of performance. If sufficient rest is not included in a training program, imbalance between excess training and inadequate rest will occur, and performance will decline. The "overtraining syndrome" is the name given to the collection of emotional, behavioral, and physical symptoms due to overtraining that has persisted for weeks to months. It is marked by cumulative exhaustion that persists even after recovery periods. The most common symptom is fatigue. This may limit workouts and may be present at rest. The athlete may also become moody, easily irritated, have altered sleep patterns, become depressed, or lose the competitive desire and enthusiasm for the sport. Some will report decreased appetite and weight loss. Physical symptoms include persistent muscular soreness, increased frequency of viral illnesses, and increased incidence of injuries. The treatment for the overtraining syndrome is rest. The longer the overtraining has occurred, the more rest required. Therefore, early detection is very important. If the overtraining has only occurred for a short period of time (e.g. 3-4 weeks) then interrupting training for 3-5 days is usually sufficient rest. It is important that the factors that lead to overtraining be identified and corrected. Otherwise, the overtraining syndrome is likely to recur. The overtraining syndrome should be considered in any athlete who manifests symptoms of prolonged fatigue and whose performance has leveled off or decreased. It is important to exclude any underlying illness that may be responsible for the fatigue.

Frustrated with delays in Sacramento, Bay Area officials said Thursday they planned to take matters into their own hands to regulate the region"s growing pile of electronic trash. A San Jose councilwoman and a San Francisco supervisor said they would propose local initiatives aimed at controlling electronic waste if the California law making body fails to act on two bills stalled in the Assembly. They are among a growing number of California cities and counties that have expressed the same intention. Environmentalists and local governments are increasingly concerned about the toxic hazard posed by old electronic devices and the cost of safely recycling those products. An estimated 6 million televisions and computers are stocked in California homes, and an additional 6,000 to 7,000 computers become outdated every day. The machines contain high levels of lead and other hazardous substances, and are already banned from California landfills. Legislation by Senator Byron Sher would require consumers to pay a recycling fee of up to $30 on every new machine containing a cathode ray tube. Used in almost all video monitors and televisions, those devices contain four to eight pounds of lead each. The fees would go toward setting up recycling programs, providing grants to non-profit agencies that reuse the tubes and rewarding manufacturers that encourage recycling. A separate bill by Los Angeles-area Senator Gloria Romero would require high-tech manufacturers to develop programs to recycle so-called e-waste. If passed, the measures would put California at the forefront of national efforts to manage the refuse of the electronic age. But high-tech groups, including the Silicon Valley Manufacturing Group and the American Electronics Association, oppose the measures, arguing that fees of up to $30 wilt drive consumers to online, out-of-state retailers. "What really needs to occur is consumer education. Most consumers are unaware they"re not supposed to throw computers in the trash," said Roxanne Gould, vice president of government relations for the electronics association. Computer recycling should be a local effort and part of residential waste collection programs, she added. Recycling electronic waste is a dangerous and specialized matter, and environmentalists maintain the state must support recycling efforts and ensure that the job isn"t contracted to unscrupulous junk dealers who send the toxic parts overseas. "The graveyard of the high-tech revolution is ending up in rural China," said Ted Smith, director of the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition. His group is pushing for an amendment to Sher"s bill that would prevent the export of e-waste.

As machines go, the car is not terribly noisy, nor terribly polluting, nor terribly dangerous; and on all those dimensions it has become better as the century has grown older. The main problem is its prevalence, and the social costs that ensue from the use by everyone of something that would be fairly harmless if, say, only the rich were to use it. It is a price we pay for equality. Before becoming too gloomy, it is worth recalling why the car has been arguably the most successful and popular product of the whole of the past 100 years—and remains so. The story begins with the environmental improvement it brought in the 1900s. In New York city in 1900, according to The Car Culture , a 1975 book by J. Flink, a historian, horses deposited 2.5 million pounds of manure and 60,000 gallons of urine every day. Every year, the city authorities had to remove an average of 15,000 dead horses from the streets. It made cars smell of roses. Cars were also wonderfully flexible. The main earlier solution to horse pollution and traffic jams was the electric trolley bus. But that required fixed overhead wires, and rails and platforms, which were expensive, ugly, and inflexible. The car could go from any A to any B, and allowed towns to develop in all directions with low-density housing, rather than just being concentrated along the trolley or rail lines. Rural areas benefited too, for they became less remote. However, since pollution became a concern in the 1950s, experts have predicted—wrongly—that the car boom was about to end. In his book Mr. Flink argued that by 1973 the American market had become saturated, at one car for every 2.25 people, and so had the markets of Japan and Western Europe (because of land shortages). Environmental worries and diminishing oil reserves would prohibit mass car use anywhere else. He was wrong. Between 1970 and 1990, whereas America"s population grew by 23%, the number of cars on its roads grew by 60%. There is now one car for every 1.7 people there, one for every 2.1 in Japan, one for every 5.3 in Britain. Around 550 million cars are already on the roads, not to mention all the trucks and motorcycles, and about 50 million new ones are made each year worldwide. Will it go on? Undoubtedly, because people want it to.

判断题Copying Birds May Save Aircraft Fuel Both Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft, the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use, and it would not require them to buy new aircraft. The answer, says Dr. Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, scientists have known that birds flying in formation—a V-shape—expend less energy. The air flowing over a bird"s wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as upwash. Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California, has suggested that a formation of 25 birds might enjoy a range increase of 71%. When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. Dr. Kroo and his team modeled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to assemble over Utah, assume an inverted V formation, occasionally change places so all could have a turn in the most favourable positions, and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft consumed as much as 15% less fuel (coupled with a reduction in carbon-dioxide output). Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a quarter. There are, of course, knots to be worked out. One consideration is safety, or at least the perception of it. Would passengers feel comfortable traveling in companion? Dr. Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles, and would not be in the intimate groupings favoured by display teams like the Red Arrows. A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes. Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air traffic-control regulations is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines. It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes" wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish. Dr. Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further. It might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to reschedule, as might routine military flights. As it happens, America"s armed forces are on the case already. Earlier this year the country"s Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing to investigate formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin. There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the Second World War, but Dr. Lissaman says they are unsubstantiated. "My father was an RAF pilot and my cousin, the skipper of a Lancaster, lost over Berlin," he adds. So he should know.

填空题Directions: Read the following text and answer questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.A man wakes up in a New York apartment, brews coffee and goes out into the world, and everything that can appear on a smartphone or iPad appears before his eyes instead: weather reports , calendar reminders, messages from friends, his girlfriend's smiling face. This is the promise of Google's Project Glass. Even if the project itself never comes to fruition, though, the preview video deserves a life of its own, as a window into what our era promises and what it threatens to take away. On the one hand, the video is a testament to modem technology's extraordinary feats—not only instant communication across continents, but also an almost god-like access to information about the world around us. But the video also captures the sense of isolation that coexists with our technological mastery. The man in the Google Glasses lives alone, in a drab, impersonal apartment. He is, in other words, a characteristic 21st-century American, more electronically networked but more personally isolated than ever before. As the N. Y.U. Sociologist Eric Klinenberg notes in Going Solo: The Extraordinary Rise and Surprising Appeal of Living Alone, there are now more Americans living by themselves than there are Americans in intact nuclearfamily households. And friendship, too, seems to be attenuating (减弱): a 2006 Duke University study found that Americans reported having, on average, three people with whom they discussed important issues in 1985, but just two by the mid-2000s. The question hanging over the future of American social life, then, is whether all the possibilities of virtual community can make up for the weakening of flesh-and-blood ties and the decline of traditional communal institutions. The optimists say yes. ff you believe writers like Clay Shirky, author of 2008's Here Comes Everybody, the buzzing hive mind of the Internet is well on its way to generating a kind of "cognitive surplus", which promises to make group interactions even more effective and enriching than they were before the Web. The pessimists, on the other hand, worry that online life offers only an illusion of community. In Alone Together, Sherry Turkle argues that the lure of Internet relationships, constantly available but inherently superficial, might make both genuine connection and genuine solitude impossible. Seeing the world through the eyes of the man in the Google Glasses, though, suggests a more political reason for pessimism. In his classic 1953 work, The Quest for Community, the sociologist Robert Nisbet argues that in eras of intense individualism and weak communal ties, an atomized, rootless population is more likely to embrace authoritarian ideologies, and more likely to seek the protection of an omnicompetent state. Today, social media are hailed for empowering dissidents and undercutting tyrannies around the world. Yet it's hard not to watch the Google video and agree with Forbes's Kashmir Hill when she suggests that such a technology could ultimately "accelerate the arrival of the persistent and pervasive" citizen surveillance state, in which everything you see and do can be recorded, reported. In this kind of world, the man in the Google Glasses might feel like a king of infinite space. But he'd actually inhabit a comfortable, full-service cage. A. Internet will eliminate the social advance achieved in the past centuries. B. individual liberty might lead some people to embrace despotism ideology. C. Internet is likely to bring genuine correlation to an end. D. vast change has taken place in terms of the current American family structure. E. the Internet will facilitate and enrich communal interactions. F. the Internet technology will make personal behaviour exposed to others. G. excessive addiction to the Internet will bring about individualism.

填空题Economics is all about consumption. A healthy economy is largely a result of a reasonable balance between consumption today and consumption deferred. To figure out what our buying behavior says about the U.S. economy"s future, my colleagues and I at NPR"s "Planet Money" went searching for as many shopping-based indicators as we could find, hoping some would unlock a hidden story about what Americans are feeling and where the country is headed. The results were mixed, but we did uncover some ominous signs. Lipstick sales used to go up when the economy went down, perhaps because women were searching for a cheap pick-me-up or an edge in a job interview—and sales of lipsticks are way up right now. Women"s underwear sales are down, which historically suggests intense frugality and more rough times ahead. But there are also some optimistic indicators. Sales of men"s underwear, one of Alan Greenspan"s favorite metrics for predicting growth, are also up. Sales of cheap spirits, which soared during the worst of the recession (people need an affordable way to self-medicate), have now stabilized, meaning, at the very least, that people can now afford better liquor. Of all the indicators we looked at, one of the most consistently accurate was Champagne sales. The amount of French Champagne that Americans consume has predicted—with nearly 90 percent accuracy—the average American income one year later. Apparently, when we pop a Champagne cork, we know that good times are ahead. Champagne sales hurtled upward twice in recent history—at the peak of the Internet bubble in 1999 and the housing bubble in 2007. These were both followed by slowdowns as fewer people found reason to celebrate. There are so many indicators to choose from that you could glean just about anything regarding our economic future. In fact, the most telling indicator appears to be the sheer number of indicators themselves. Americans now have so many seductive things they can buy that there are ample consumer options no matter what we feel. Partly as a result, savings—known in economics as deferred consumption—have fallen steadily for more than 30 years. The decline of the savings rate is particularly troubling because it is consistent through busts and booms. During the fast growth of the late 1990s and mid-2000s, and the dark times that followed, people have been choosing to spend more and save less than ever before. Paradoxically, this happened just as pensions have been disappearing and life spans have been increasing. It suggests that Americans are so caught up in every short-term enthusiasm or agony that they haven"t thought enough about long-term fiscal health. America will, most likely, need to find a more normal, sustainable level of consumption, and that"s exactly the problem. What does a reasonable balance between consumption now and consumption deferred actually look like? That"s what we need to figure out. A. the American economy shows signs of recovery. B. American consumption lacks sustainable momentum. C. the American economy falls from its peak. D. the American economy is stuck in recession. E. the American economy is booming in its hey day. F. Americans consume more than can afford. G. the American economy outlook is mixed and uncertain.

填空题Directions: Read the following text and choose the best answer from the right column to complete each of the unfinished statements in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.Over the past decade the government of South Africa has used mining revenues to refurbish Soweto, the symbolic town of the apartheid era. The roads are spotless, police patrols offer a measure of safety, children go to school. But their parents have no jobs. Many spend their days at the Maponya Mall, a shopping centre straight from the rich world, and their nights in shebeens, private drinking dens that first opened when blacks could not legally visit bars. The official national unemployment rate is 25%, but the real figure is above 40%. If there is one country that exemplifies the challenges awaiting Africa as it becomes richer and more developed, it is South Africa. It has the biggest economy and the most developed democracy among the larger African countries. However, it is also among the most unequal. In a global ranking by Gini coefficient, a measure of income inequality, South Africa comes off as one of the worst. The South African economy is growing and welfare spending has brought down absolute poverty levels, yet the gap between rich and poor is now wider than under apartheid. There are many reasons for this, but the main one is the country's failure to move up the economic-development ladder. Industrialization has stalled. Sedated by mining income, politicians and voters see little need to make difficult adjustments. Above all, they are unwilling to free up labour markets. The rest of the continent must learn its lesson from this. Resource income is useful but it cannot replace other industries. Many countries know this but, like South Africa, they fail to create an environment in which businesses can prosper and create jobs. African economies differ fundamentally from some of their successful Asian counterparts, which for decades have focused on making things that other countries want to buy, and are now doing the same for services. If Africa wants to overtake Asia, it needs to give a higher priority to manufacturing. Will it? Fee-hungry bankers in Johannesburg, South Africa's business capital, pronounce the continent "ready for take-off". Business conferences are filled with talk of African lions overtaking Asian tigers. Bob Geldof, the founder of Live Aid, is leading the pack in his new incarnation as head of an investment group. Sceptics are equally vocal. Some view capitalism with suspicion and sense a return to colonialism. Others point out that every boom comes to an end, citing the last chapter of Thomas Pakenham's otherwise excellent book, "The Scramble for Africa", published in 1992. It depicts Zimbabwe's independence in 1980-towards the end of an earlier commodities boom-as a bright new dawn and applauds the rise of its first black leader, Mr. Mugabe, who went on to bankrupt his country. A．has the most unequal revenues B．has the worst democratic system C．can not displace other industries D．the country fails to boost its economy E．every prosperity will finally meets its end F．Africa's economy will soon overtake Asia G．has prepared for the economic development

填空题Earlier this year when a lawsuit accused Anheuser-Busch of selling watered-down beer, it caused only a minor buzz. America's biggest breweries have long produced flavourless beer. And anyway, those seeking a more robust brew have plenty of options. Today's beer market increasingly resembles that of the pre-Prohibition era, when smaller, regional breweries dotted the map. Such is the demand for good-tasting beer that, on average, more than one new brewery opened every day last year. Small and independent breweries have thrived during the recession and its wave, taking market share away from traditional brands like Budweiser and Miller Lite. According to Beer Marketer's Insights, a trade publication, craft beer (精酿啤酒) has grown over 13% by volume in each of the past three years. America's two biggest brewers, Anheuser-Busch and MillerCoors, still account for around three quarters of the domestic market, to craft's 6.7%. But even they have noticed the change in consumer tastes. Whereas sales of their big brands have dropped off, gains have been made by offerings called "crafty beer", which look and taste like craft brews. This has led to some debate over what constitutes a craft beer and an intra-industry quarrel over taxes. The Brewers Association promotes the interests of "small, independent and traditional" brewers that produce up to 6m barrels of beer a year. The largest craft brewer under this definition is the Boston Beer Company, maker of Samuel Adams, which produced over 2m barrels last year. That number also happens to be the cut-off (界限) for favourable treatment by the government, which gives small brewers a break on the federal excise tax (消费税). As the craft-beer industry grows, the Brewers Association thinks more of its members will join Boston Beer on the wrong side of the tax code. So it is pushing Congress to pass a bill that would raise the excise-tax bar to 6m barrels a year. In March hundreds of small-brewery owners took their case to Congress. But the Beer Institute, which represents big and small brewers alike, unsurprisingly favours a different bill that would cut the excise tax for the whole industry. Opponents of slashing the excise tax, which has not been adjusted since 1991, note that inflation has already reduced its potency. Moreover, some see higher alcohol taxes as a Way to increase revenues. But others are sympathetic to the Beer Institute's claim that taxes have become the most expensive ingredient of beer. Hence, perhaps, the bitter taste of some brews. A．small and independent breweries B．produced over 2m barrels last year C．produced up to 6m barrels of beer a year D．claims that duties become the most costly part of beer E．considers more of its members will leave Boston Beer F．small and regional beer-makers scattered about the country G．pushes Congress to pass an act that would raise the excise-tax

填空题A. What have they found? B. Is it true that laughing can make us healthier? C. So why do people laugh so much? D. What makes you laugh? E. How did you come to research it? F. So what"s it for? G. When should laughing be banned? Why are you interested in laughter? It"s a universal phenomenon, and one of the most common things we do. We laugh many times a day, for many different reasons, but rarely think about it, and seldom consciously control it. We know so little about the different kinds and functions of laughter, and my interest really starts there. Why do we do it? What can laughter teach us about our positive emotions and social behaviour? There"s so much we don"t know about how the brain contributes to emotion and I think we can get at understanding this by studying laughter. 41. ______ Only 10 or 20 per cent of laughing is a response tohumour. Most of the time it"s a message we send to other people—communicating joyful disposition, a willingness to bond and so on. It occupies a special place in social interaction and is a fascinating feature of our biology, with motor, emotional and cognitive components. Scientists study all kinds of emotions and behaviour, but few focus on this most basic ingredient. Laughter gives us a clue that we have powerful systems in our brain which respond to pleasure, happiness and joy. It"s also involved in events such as release of fear. 42. ______ My professional focus has always been on emotional behaviour. I spent many years investigating the neural basis of fear in rats, and came to laughter via that route. When I was working with rats, I noticed that when they were alone, in an exposed environment, they were scared and quite uncomfortable. Back in a cage with others, they seemed much happier. It looked as if they played with one another—real rough and tumble—and I wondered whether they were also laughing. The neurobiologist Jaak Panksepp had shown that juvenile rats make short vocalisations, pitched too high for humans to hear, during rough and tumble play. He thinks these are similar to laughter. This made me wonder about the roots of laughter. 43. ______ Everything humans do has a function, and laughing is no exception. Its function is surely communication. We need to build social structures in order to live well in our society and evolution has selected laughter as a useful device for promoting social communication. In other words, it must have a survival advantage for the species. 44. ______ The brain scans are usually done while people are responding to humorous material. You see brainwave activity spread from the sensory processing area of the occipital lobe, the bit at the back of the brain that processes visual signals, to the brain"s frontal lobe. It seems that the frontal lobe is involved in recognising things as funny. The left side of the frontal lobe analyses the words and structure of jokes while the right side does the intellectual analyses required to "get" jokes. Finally, activity spreads to the motor areas of the brain controlling the physical task of laughing. We also know about these complex pathways involved in laughter from neurological illness and injury. Sometimes after brain damage, tumours, stroke or brain disorders such as Parkinson"s disease, people get "stonefaced syndrome" and can"t laugh. 45. ______ I laugh a lot when I watch amateur videos of children, because they"re so natural. I"m sure they"re not forcing anything funny to happen. I don"t particularly laugh hard at jokes, but rather at situations. I also love old comedy movies such as Laurel and Hardy and an extremely ticklish. After starting to study laughter in depth, I began to laugh and smile more in social situations, those involving either closeness or hostility. Laughter really creates a bridge between people, disarms them, and facilitates amicable behaviour.

填空题Directions: Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.A．U.S. Is in Face of Obesity B．Eat Less Fat and Cholesterol C．Dietary Goals for the U.S. Issued D．The Americans' Eating Habits Change E．America Becomes Sicker than Before F．A Nutritional Experiment Is Performed G．Cardiovascular Disease—America's No. 1 Killer In 1977, the year before I was born, a Senate committee led by George McGovern published its landmark "Dietary Goals for the United States", urging Americans to eat less high-fat red meat, eggs and dairy and replace them with more calories from fruits, vegetables and especially carbohydrates. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} By 1980 that wisdom was codified. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) issued its first dietary guidelines, and one of the primary directives was to avoid cholesterol and fat of all sorts. The National Institutes of Health recommended that all Americans over the age of 2 cut fat consumption, and that same year the government announced the results of a $150 million study, which had a clear message: Eat less fat and cholesterol to reduce your risk of a heart attack. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} The food industry—and American eating habits—jumped in step. Grocery shelves filled with "light" yogurts, low-fat microwave dinners, cheese-flavored crackers, cookies. Families like mine followed the advice: beef disappeared from the dinner plate, eggs were replaced at breakfast with cereal or yolk-free beaters, and whole milk almost wholly vanished. From 1977 to 2012, per capita consumption of those foods dropped while calories from supposedly healthy carbohydrates increased—no surprise, given that breads, cereals and pasta were at the base of the USDA food pyramid. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} The nation was embarking on a "vast nutritional experiment", as the skeptical president of the National Academy of Sciences, Philip Handler, put it in 1980. But with nearly a million Americans a year dropping dead from heart disease by the mid-'80s, it had to try something. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} Nearly four decades later, the results are in: the experiment was a failure. Americans cut the fat, but by almost every measure, they are sicker than ever. The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes in the U.S. increased 166% from 1980 to 2012. Nearly 1 in 10 American adults has the disease, costing the country's health care system $245 billion a year, and an estimated 86 million people are prediabetic. Deaths from heart disease have fallen—a fact that many experts attribute to better emergency care, less smoking and widespread use of cholesterol—controlling drugs like statins—but cardiovascular disease remains the country's No. 1 killer. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} Even the increasing rates of exercise haven't been able to keep Americans healthy. More than a third of the country is now obese, making the U.S. one of the fattest countries in an increasingly fat world. "Americans were told to cut back on fat to lose weight and prevent heart disease," says Dr. David Ludwig, the director of the New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center at Boston Children's Hospital.

填空题A. The wars between Indian and the settlers B. Indians were pushed away C. Indians, once the master of America, now live in their reservation D. Indians are still fighting for the improvement of their lives E. The relationship between Indians and the early settlers F. Indians were ferocious savages G. Indian"s struggle for their own possessions 1 When Christopher Columbus landed on America"s shores, he encountered copper-shinned people whom he promptly called "Indians". Current estimates indicate that there were over a million Indians inhabiting Indians North American then. There are approximately 800,000 Indians today, of whom about 250,000 live on reservations. 2 The early settlers had an amicable relationship with Indians, who share their knowledge about hunting, fishing and farming with their uninvited guests. The stereotyped stealthy, wicked Indian of Western movies are created by different faithless white man; the Indian was born friendly. Indian lifestyle greatly influenced the whites; whites continue to have defected to join the Indians. 3 Disgust developed between the Indians and the settlers, whose encroachment on Indian lands provoked an era of turbulence. As early as 1745, Indian tribes joined together to drive the French off their land. The French and Indian war did not end until 1763. The Indian had succeeded in destroying most of the settlements. The British, superficially submissive to the Indiana, promised that further migrations west would not extend beyond a specified boundary. 4 Evicted from their lands, or worse still, frankly giving their property to the whites for few baubles, Indians were ruthlessly pushed west. The battle in 1876 at Little Horn river in Montana, in which setting Bull and the Sioux tribes massacred General Custer"s cavalry, caused the whites intensify their campaign against the red man. The battle at Wound Knee, South Dakota, in 1890 put an end to the last vestige of hope for amity between Indians and whites. 5 Although the Bureau of Indian affairs has operated since 1842, presumably for the purpose of guarding Indians "interests", Indian on reservations lead notoriously deprived lives. Due to historical reasons, the majority of Indians are now living in remote rural areas. Most of the Indian nation also retains their traditional way of life and customs. In the multi-ethnic society in Latin America, the Indians is a vulnerable group. There are very few live in cities and towns, with formal employment, the vast majority are still living in the mainland forest, grassland areas, engaged in simple crafts such as agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, fisheries, divorced from modern society. Indian ghettos suffer from economic backwardness, the difficulties of life, and low levels of health and education, and all aspects of the situation in stark contrast to the mainstream of society, simply unbearable under the dramatic impact of national modernization and economic globalization. In recent times Indians have taken a militant stand and appealed to the courts and the American people to improve their substandard living conditions.

填空题The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. "Hooray! At last!" wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic. One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert"s appointment in the Times, calls him "an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him." As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise. For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes. Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. These recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today"s live performances; moreover, they can be "consumed" at a time and place of the listener"s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert. One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert"s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into "a markedly different, more vibrant organization." But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra"s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America"s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract. A. doubtful. 1 Gilbert"s appointment has B. are easily accessible to the general public. 2 Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is C. received acclaim. 3 The author believes that the devoted concertgoers D. are often inferior to live concerts in quality. 4 Recordings E. modest. 5 Regarding Gilbert"s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels F. ignore the expenses of live performances. G. overestimate the value of live performances.

填空题Directions: Read the following text and answer questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column.There are two extra choices in the fight column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET. "The great manufacturers in the Yorkshire and Lancashire districts tell me that, under modern conditions, they have got into the habit of laying in supply not for a period of two to five months but they are dependent week by week on the importation of the raw material." So Sir George Parkin described the alarming business practices found in Britain at the dawn of the 20th century. As a leader of the Imperial Federation League, he sought to replace the British empire with a bigger group of trading partners, so as to guarantee supplies. A hundred years on, Sir George would have marveled at globalization, but been aghast that today's manufactures measure their inventories in only a few hours of production. The great manufacturers now have amazingly lean operations. They have outsourced business to contractors that can do the work more efficiently, often in places where wages are lower. A huge logistics (物流) industry has sprung up to move stuff around the world at dazzling speed. Containerization (集装箱运输) has slashed the cost of shipping. Express air-freight has made overnight delivery possible to most places on earth. Moreover, such services are within the grasp not just of the supply departments of giant multinationals but also of anyone trading on eBay from the spare bedroom. The logistics business is one of the marvels of commerce, but it is not without its risks. Supply chains have become ever more complex and extended. Some great manufacturers and great service companies may have become too lean in their relentless drive to reduce costs, outsourcing not just their non-core activities but essential ones too. If one link of a company's supply chain snaps, the consequences can be grave. Ericsson and Nokia found this out when they both relied on the same supplier for a special chip in their mobile phones. After the chipmaker's factory was hit by lightning, Nokia swiftly locked up all the alternative supplies whereas Ericsson suffered a severe parts shortage and later quit making handsets on its own. A company's best protection from its own supply chain is to expect failure, not to hide from it. Toyota last year narrowly escaped a parts shortage when an American supplier went bankrupt. The carmaker has now introduced an early-warning system in Europe to try to detect any looming problems with suppliers before they bring production lines to a halt. The good news is that many companies are now trying to identify the choke points and weak links in their supply chains. What about Sir George's concern—the wider threat to national economies? With so many people worrying about oil supplies and a bird-flu epidemic, the prospect of supply chains collapsing around the world can seem a scary idea. It shouldn't be. There are a few industries where it makes sense for governments to keep some emergency stocks of a few essentials such as energy, munitions and medicines. But the logistical disruption is not a good way for politicians to think about everyday life, let alone to start interfering in markets. Natural disasters are not, in fact, a common cause of supply-chain disruptions. Most are the result of humdrum internal problems, like bad planning or the choice of an unreliable subcontractor. That can be terrible for a particular company, but hardly poses a threat to society at large. After all, if Ericsson and Nokia cannot supply you with a mobile phone, Samsung would be only too happy to get one to you tomorrow. A. be free from the interference of markets. B. make supply chains increasingly intricate and lengthy. C. some manufacturers and service companies outsource their core business to contractors for more profit. D. they outsource business to contractors that can do the work more efficiently. E. a company should try to identify any potential problems with suppliers in advance. F. pose a threat to society at large. G. the logistics business is not without its risks.

填空题Every year Les Wexner, the owner of Victoria"s Secret, a lingerie (女士内衣) retailer, takes a month off to travel the world looking for other companies" ideas to adopt. Mr. Wexner"s philosophy is that business should celebrate imitation. That is almost a heresy. Businesses are told to innovate or die. Imitators are cast as the bad guys. But in the real world, companies copy and succeed. The iPod was not the first digital-music player; nor was the iPhone the first smartphone or the iPad the first tablet. Apple imitated others" products but made them far more appealing. The pace and intensity of legal imitation has quickened in recent years, argues Oded Shenkar, a management professor at Ohio State University, in a provocative book, "Copycats: How Smart Companies Use Imitation to Gain a Strategic Edge". History shows that imitators often end up winners. Who now remembers Chux, the first disposable nappies, whose thunder was stolen by Pampers? Ray Kroc, who built McDonald"s, copied White Castle, inventor of the fast-food burger joint. Even Playboy magazine was just an imitator, noted Ted Levitt, one of the earliest management gurus to acknowledge the role of imitation. Copying is not only far commoner than innovation in business, wrote Levitt in the 1960s, but a surer route to growth and profits. According to "Copycats", studies show that imitators do at least as well and often better from any new product than innovators do. Followers have lower research-and-development costs, and less risk of failure because the product has already been market-tested. A study by Peter Golder and Gerard Tellis, "Pioneer Advantage: Marketing Logic or Marketing Legend", found that innovators captured only 7% of the market for their product over time. Firms seldom admit to being copycats. But some businesspeople are willing to talk about the limitations of innovation. Kevin Rollins, a former chief executive of Dell, a computer-maker, asked, "If innovation is such a competitive weapon, why doesn"t it translate into profitability?" But most remain obsessed with their own inventions. Copying is taboo. Praise and promotion do not go to employees who borrow from other firms. As a result, firms pay insufficient attention to the art of copying. Levitt examined a group of companies whose sales depended on regularly launching new products. None of them, he found, had either a formal or informal policy on how to respond to other firms" innovations. So they were often far too slow to imitate rivals" successes, and missed out on profits. Not much has changed since Levitt"s day. Though copying is fairly common, lots of companies fail to do it effectively. American firms in particular are too obsessed with innovation, argues Mr. Shenkar. By contrast, Asian companies—such as Panasonic, whose former parent, Matsushita, was nicknamed maneshita denki, "electronics that have been copied"—have excelled at legal imitation. Excessive copying, of course, could be bad for society as a whole. Joseph Schumpeter worried that if innovators could not get enough reward from new products because imitators were taking so much of the profit, they would spend less on developing them. But that is not the immediate concern of corporations. Copying is here to stay; businesses may as well get good at it. A. are too obsessed with innovation. B. are actively involved in legal imitation. C. discourage innovators" enthusiasm for innovation. D. laugh last in market competition. E. pay little attention to imitate rival"s success. F. are slow to react to rival"s imitation. G. explicitly discuss their suspicion about innovation.

填空题A. Convincing evidence: US is losing its appeal in the eyes of multinationals B. Biggest hindrance: US divided political system C. American future: stuck in the middle D. Overstated statement: US overall competitiveness is declining E. Voice of experts: pessimism pervades academic world F. Economic outlook: bad but not desperate G. Undisputed fact: US is losing its economic edge 1 Is America fading? America has been gripped by worries about decline before, notably in the 1970s, only to roar back. But this time it may be serious. There is little doubt that other countries are catching up. Between 1999 and 2009 America"s share of world exports fell in almost every industry: by 36 percentage points in aerospace, nine in information technology, eight in communications equipment and three in cars. Private-sector job growth has slowed dramatically, and come to a halt in industries that are exposed to global competition. Median annual income grew by an anemic 2% between 1990 and 2010. 2 The March issue of the Harvard Business Review is devoted to "American competitiveness". The Review reports that declinism is prevalent among HBS alumni: in a survey, 71% said that American competitiveness would decline in the coming years. 3 America is losing out in the race to attract good jobs. Matthew Slaughter of Dartmouth"s Tuck School of Business points out that multinational firms increased employment in America by 24% in the 1990s. But since then they have been cutting back on jobs in America. They have moved dull repetitive tasks abroad, and even some sophisticated ones, too. The proportion of the employees of American multinationals who work for subsidiaries abroad rose from 21.4% in 1989 to 32.3% in 2009. The share of research-and-development spending going to foreign subsidiaries rose from 9% in 1989 to 15.6% in 2009; that of capital investment rose from 21.8% in 1999 to 29.6% in 2009. 4 America"s political system comes in for particularly harsh criticism: 60% of HBS alumni said that it was worse than those in other advanced countries. David Moss of HBS argues that such complaints are nothing new: American politicians have been arguing about the role of government ever since Thomas Jefferson butted heads with Alexander Hamilton. But in the past this often led to fruitful compromises. But such compromises are rarer these days. Republicans and Democrats are more ideologically divided, and less inclined to make pragmatic concessions. 5 For all this gloom, the Review"s gurus argue that, as Bill Clinton said in his first inaugural address, there is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America. The country has huge strengths, from its world-beating universities to its tolerance of risk-taking. It has a highly diverse market: firms that seek cheap labour can move to Mississippi, where wages are a third lower than those in Massachusetts. Rosabeth Moss Kanter of HBS points to the extraordinary amount of innovation that is going on not just in Silicon Valley but across the country. Yet it is difficult to read this collection of essays without a sense of foreboding. The one thing that worries the HBS alumni more than anything else—the state of American politics—is the most difficult to fix. The politicalsituation swings unpredictably, making it hard to plan for the future. Should companies assume that they will have to abide by Mr. Obanm"s health-care law when it comes into effect in 2014, or will the Republicans have repealed it by then? No one knows.