填空题Completethetextbychoosingonesentencefromtheboxbelowforeachblankmarked1to6.HartandRisleyshowedthatlanguageexposureinearlychildhoodcorrelatedstronglywithI.Q.andacademicsuccesslateroninachild'slife.Hearingfewerwords,andalotofprohibitionsanddiscouragements,hadanegativeeffectonI.Q.;hearinglotsofwords,andoreaffirmationsandcomplexsentences,hadapositiveeffectonI.Q.Theprofessionalparentsweregivingtheirchildrenanadvantagewitheverywordtheyspoke,andtheadvantagejustkeptbuildingup.IntheyearssinceHartandRisleypublishedtheirfindings,socialscientistshaveexaminedotherelementsoftheparent-childrelationship,andwhiletheirmethodshavevaried,theirconclusionsallpointtobigclassdifferencesinchildren'sintellectualgrowth.JeanneBrooks—Gunn,aprofessoratTeachersCollege,hasoverseenhundredsofinterviewsofparentsandcollectedthousandsofhoursofvideotapeofparentsandchildren,andsheandherresearchteamhavegradedeachonavarietyofscales.Theirconclusion:________Theyanalyzedthedatatoseeiftherewassomethingelsegoingoninmiddle-classhomesthatcouldaccountfortheadvantagebutfoundthatwhilewealthdoesmatter,child-rearingstylemattersmore.MarthaFarah,aresearcherattheUniversityofPennsylvania,hasbuiltonBrooks-Gunn'swork,usingthetoolsofneurosciencetocalculateexactlywhichskillspoorerchildrenlackandwhichparentalbehaviorsaffectthedevelopmentofthoseskills.________Anotherresearcher,ananthropologistnamedAnnetteLareau,hasinvestigatedthesamequestionfromaculturalperspective.Overthecourseofseveralyears,Lareauandherresearchassistantsobservedavarietyoffamiliesfromdifferentclassbackgrounds,basicallymovingintoeachhomeforthreeweeksofintensivescrutiny.Lareaufoundthatthemiddle-classfamiliesshestudiedallfollowedasimilarstrategy,whichshelabeledconcertedcultivation.________Theyplannedandscheduledcountlessactivitiestoenhancetheirchildren'sdevelopment—pianolessons,soccergames,tripstothemuseum.Theworking-classandpoorfamiliesLareaustudieddidthingsdifferently.Infact,theyraisedtheirchildrenthewaymostparents,evenmiddle-classparents,didagenerationortwoago.Theyallowedtheirchildrenmuchmorefreedomtofillintheirafternoonsandweekendsastheychose—palingoutsidewithcousins,inventinggames,ridingbikeswithfriends—butmuchlessfreedomtotalkback,questionauthorityorhaggleoverrulesandconsequences.Childrenwereinstructedtodefertoadultsandtreatthemwithrespect.ThisstrategyLareaunamedaccomplishmentofnaturalgrowth.Inherbook"UnequalChildhoods"publishedin2003,Lareaudescribedthecostsandbenefitsofeachapproachandconcludedthatthenatural-growthmethodhadmanyadvantages.Concertedcultivation,shewrote,"placesintenselabordemandsonbusyparents...Middle-classchildrenarguewiththeirparents,complainabouttheirparentsincompetenceanddisparageparentsdecisions."Workingclassandpoorchildren,bycontrast,"learnhowtobemembersofinformalpeergroups.Theylearnhowtomanagetheirowntime.Theylearnhowtostrategize."Butoutsidethefamilyunit,Lareauwrote,theadvantagesof"naturalgrowth"disappear.________Middle-classchildrenbecomeusedtoadultstakingtheirconcernsseriously,andsotheygrowupwithasenseofentitlement,whichgivesthemaconfidence,intheclassroomandelsewhere,thatless-wealthychildrenlack.Theculturaldifferencestranslateintoadistinctadvantageformiddle-classchildreninschool,onstandardizedachievementtestsand,laterinlife,intheworkplace.Takentogether,theconclusionsoftheseresearcherscanbealittleunsettling.Theirworkseemstoreduceachild'supbringing,whichtoaparentcanfeelsomethinglikemagic,toasimplealgorithm:giveachildX,andyougetY.Theirworkalsosuggeststhatthedisadvantagesthatpovertyimposesonchildrenaren'tprimarilyaboutmaterialgoods.True,everypoorchildwouldbenefitfromhavingmorebooksinhishomeandmorenutritiousfoodtoeat(andmoneycertainlymakesiteasiertocarryoutaprogramofconcertedcultivation).________Howeveryoumeasurechildrearing,middle-classparentstendtododifferentlythanpoorparent—andthepaththeyfollowinturntendstodoitdifferentlythanpoorparents—andthepaththeyfollowinturntendstogivetheirchildrenanarrayofadvantages.AsLareaupointsout,kidsfrompoorfamiliesmightbenicer,theymightbehappier,theymightbemorepolite—butincountlessway,themannerinwhichtheyareraisedputsthematadisadvantageinthemeasuresthatcountincontemporaryAmericansociety.Whatwouldittaketoovercomethesedisadvantages?Doespovertyitselfneedtobeeradicated,orcanitseffectsonchildrensomehowbecounteracted?________Isitenoughsimplytoeducatepoorchildreninthesamewaythatmiddle-classchildrenareeducated?Andcananyschool,onitsown,reallyprovideaneducationtopoorminoritystudentsthatwouldallowthemtoachievethesameresultsasmiddle-classstudents?

填空题Author______Title______ " Every one asks me what I " think" of everything" said Spencer Brydon; " and I make answer as I can—begging or dodging the question, putting them off with any nonsense. It wouldn"t matter to any of them really, " he went on, " for, even were it possible to meet in that stand-and-deliver way so silly a demand on so big a subject, my " thoughts" would still be almost altogether about something that concerns only myself. "

填空题Neither rain nor snow {{U}}keeps{{/U}} the postman from delivering our letters {{U}}which{{/U}} we {{U}}so much{{/U}} look forward {{U}}to receive{{/U}}. A. keeps B. which C. so much D. to receive

填空题Author______Title______ The darkness drops again; but now I know That twenty centuries of stony sleep Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle, And what rough beast, its hour come round at last, Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?

填空题On the top shelf of the case are some English works, among which may be mentioned Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, The Pilgrim"s Progress by John Bunyan, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling by Henry Fielding, Ivan-hoe by Sir Walter Scott, The Old Curiosity Shop by Charles Dickens, Vanity Fair by William Thackeray, Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte, The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, The Way of all Flesh by Samuel Butler, The Return of the Native by Thomas Hardy, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Stevenson, The Picture of Dorian Grey by Oscar Wilde, The Man of Property by John Galsworthy, and Major Barbara by Bernard Shaw.

填空题Choose the correct headings for each of the following paragraphs marked with B to F. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet(15 points). List of Headings i. The initial intended function of the patent system ii. Methods of solving the problems facing the patent systemiii. Reasons why the patent offices all over the world are in a problematic situation iv. Problems of the patent system in several countries and regions V. The need for patent applications to be public and the work for patent offices to do Vi. The problem of the European patent systemVii. How the patent offices have turned away from the original principles viii. The need for patent offices worldwide to unite in granting patents ix. The future of the patent systemExample Answer Paragraph A iii A Patents, said Thomas Jefferson, should draw "a line between the things which are worth to the public the embarrassment of an exclusive patent, and those which are not. " As the value that society places on intellectual property has increased, that line has become gloomier—and the cause of some embarrassment, too. Around the world, patent offices are being inundated with applications. In many cases, this represents the extraordinary inventiveness that is occurring in new fields such as the Internet, genomics and nanotechnology. But another, less-acceptable reason for the flood is that patent offices have been too lax in granting patents, encouraging many firms to rush to patent as many, often dubious, ideas as possible in an effort to erect legal obstacles to competitors. The result has been a series of messy and expensive court battles, and growing doubts about the effectiveness of patent systems as a spur to innovation, just as their importance should be getting bigger. B In 1998 America introduced so-called "business-method" patents, granting for the first time patent monopolies simply for new ways of doing business, many of which were not so new. This was a mistake. It not only ushered in a wave of new applications, but it is probably inhibiting, rather than encouraging, commercial innovation, which had never received, or needed, legal protection in the past. Europe has not, so far, made the same blunder, but the European Parliament is considering the easing of rules for innovations incorporated in software. This might have a similarly deleterious effect as business-method patents, because many of these have been simply the application of computers to long-established practices. In Japan, firms are winning large numbers of patents with extremely narrow claims, mostly to obfuscate what is new and so to ward off rivals. As more innovation happens in China and India, these problems are likely to spread there as well. C There is an urgent need for patent offices to return to first principles. A patent is a government-granted temporary monopoly(patents in most countries are given about 20 years' protection)intended to reward innovators in exchange for a disclosure by the patent holder of how his invention works, thereby encouraging others to further innovation. The qualifying tests for patents are straightforward— that an idea be useful, novel and not obvious. D Unfortunately most patent offices, swamped by applications that can run to thousands of pages and confronted by companies wielding teams of lawyers, are no longer applying these tests strictly or reliable. For example, in America, many experts believe that dubious patents abound, such as the notorious one for a " sealed crustless sandwich. " Of the few patents that are re-examined by the Patent and Trademark Office itself, often after complaints from others, most are invalidated or their claims clipped down. The number of duplicate claims among patents is far too high. What happens in America matters globally, since it is the world's leading patent office, approving about 170, 000 patents each year, half of which are granted to foreign applicants. E Europe's patent system is also in a mess in another regard: the quilt of national patent offices and languages means that the cost of obtaining a patent for the entire European Union is too high, a burden in particular on smaller firms and individual inventors. The European Patent Office may award a patent, but the patent holder must then file certified translations at national patent offices to receive protection. Negotiations to simplify this have gone on for over a decade without success. F As a start, patent applications should be made public. In most countries they are, but in America this is the case only under certain circumstances, and after 18 months. More openness would encourage rivals to offer the overworked patent office evidence with which to judge whether an application is truly novel and non-obvious. Patent offices also need to collect and publish data about what happens once patents are granted—the rate at which they are challenged and how many are struck down. This would help to measure the quality of the patent system itself, and offer some way of evaluating whether it is working to promote innovation, or to impede it.

填空题Translate the following passages into Chinese．Write your translation on the Answer Sheet．(北京第二外国语学院2010研，考试科目：基础英语)How many a pear which presents a blooming face to the world is rotten at the core. How many an innocent-looking apple, is harboring a worm in the bud. But the orange has no secret faults. Its outside is a mirror of its inside.

填空题Less than three weeks before a Chinese billionaires" banquet, sponsored by Bill Gates and Warren Buffett on September 29, only two Chinese businessmen have confirmed they are attending. Gates and Buffett initiated a project, " The Giving Pledge" , in June【C1】______at persuading billionaires in the United States to give the【C2】______of their wealth, 50 percent or more, to【C3】______ Although the Microsoft mogul has announced that he would not lobby Chinese billionaires to follow【C4】______, the banquet is turning into a test【C5】______donating to China"s charities,【C6】______the two American billionaires promote philanthropy in the world"s most populous country【C7】______donating personal wealth to charity has yet to become a common【C8】______ A deep-rooted concept among wealthy individuals in China is to leave their【C9】______fortunes to their descendants, which might be a major obstacle【C10】______donations to charity, according to Zhang Yinjun, spokesperson with one of China"s largest charity【C11】______, the China Charity Federation. "If Gates and Buffett"s visit and banquet【C12】______change Chinese billionaire"s concept on the handling of their fortunes, that would be a good start to【C13】______more people to donate to society, " Zhang told Xinhua on Tuesday. " China has a totally【C14】______social condition and environment, so【C15】______or not Chinese billionaires accept Gates" and Buffett"s ideas, will be their personal【C16】______, " Zhang said. Gates" project office is still having【C17】______in confirming the attendance of others in the select group of about 50 wealthy individuals, as many still【C18】______, said Zhang Jing, spokeswoman of the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation Beijing Representative Office on Tuesday. She said the office had to repeatedly convince those who received invitations that the organizers had【C19】______combined donation plan for the charity meeting and that the activities would be closed to the media in order to keep the participants"【C20】______confidential.

填空题Nick Carraway functions as both the narrator and a character in Fitzgerald" s best-known work______.

填空题In this part，you are asked to translate the following paragraph into Chinese．(中国矿业大学2006研，考试科目：基础英语)I am fond of loitering about country churches, and this was so delightfully situated that it frequently attracted me. It stood on a knoll, round which a small stream made a beautiful bend and then wound its way trough a long reach of soft meadow scenery. The church was surrounded by yew trees which seemed almost coeval with itself. Its tall Gothic spire shot up lightly from among them, with rooks and crows generally wheeling about it. I was seated there one still sunny morning watching two laborers who were digging a grave. I was told that the new-made grave was for the only son of a poor widow. While I was meditating on the distinctions of worldly rank which extend thus down into the very dust, the toll of the bell announced the approach of the funeral. They were the obsequies of poverty with which pride had nothing to do. A coffin of plainest materials, without pall or other covering, was borne by some of the villagers. The sexton walked before with an air of cold indifference. There were no mock mourners in the trappings of affected woe, but there was one real mourner who feebly tottered after the corpse. It was the aged mother of the dec eased, the poor old woman whom I had seen seated on the steps of the altar. She was supported by a humble friend, who was endeavoring to comfort her. A few of the neighboring poor had joined the train, and some children of the village were running hand in hand, now shouting with unthinking mirth, and now pausing to gaze with childish curiosity on the grief of the mourner.

填空题Author______Title______ He felt that his luck was better than usual today. When he had reported for work that morning he had expected to be shut up in the relief office at a clerk"s job, for he had been hired downtown as a clerk, and he was glad to have, instead, the freedom of the streets and welcomed, at least at first, the vigor of the cold and even the blowing of the hard wind. But on the other hand he was not getting on with the distribution of the checks.

填空题英汉互译：英译汉。(国际关系学院英语笔译、口译专业2011研，考试科目：英语翻译基础)I established a new High Level Panel on Global Sustainability, co-chaired by the Presidents of Finland and South Africa. I am sure you will be pleased to know that Administrator of the China Meteorological Administration, and a distinguished alumnus of this university, is a member of the Panel. I have asked this Panel to offer a vision for sustainable development and prosperity for a planet under increasing pressure. I have asked them to find integrated solutions to the global challenges of poverty, climate change, water, food, and energy security. These problems are interconnected. The Panel will report back by the end of 2011. Its work will venture into many issues, many sectors, many cross-cutting areas. I have asked the Panel members to think big, to be bold and ambitious not to shy away from controversy. And I have asked them to be strategic and practical. Their recommendations must be politically viable and lead to tangible progress. Their findings will feed into intergovernmental processes, such as the climate change negotiations. They will play a key part in the Rio 2012 Earth Summit, twenty years after world leaders agreed on Agenda 21, our blueprint for sustainable development.We are seeing some progress on important issues, such as adaptation, technology cooperation and steps to reduce deforestation. I also believe there has been some progress on financing, both on mobilizing 30 billion dollars of fast-start funding over the next three years and also on the 100 billion dollars a year envisioned by 2020. I am, however, concerned about slow progress in other areas. Among them: setting mitigation targets, monitoring and verification , and the future of the Kyoto Protocol. We must not allow momentum to stall. We must not jeopardize the gains we have made.The UNFCCC process must go forward in Cancun in December. I am therefore calling on all member states, all governments of the world to work together in a spirit of compromise and common sense. Progress on adaptation, technology cooperation, deforestation and finance can achieve powerful results, results that can offer hope and change the lives of hundreds of millions of people, particularly the world"s poorest and most vulnerable.

填空题He meant to put in ______a share of the profits.

填空题Translate the following English into Chinese．(武汉大学2011研，考试科目：英语综合) Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age. One of these is undue absorption in the past. It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness about friends who are dead. One"s thoughts must be directed to the future, and to things about which there is something to be done. This is not always easy: one"s own past is a gradually increasing weight. It is easy to think to oneself that one"s emotions used to be more vivid than they are, and one"s mind more keen. The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigour from its vitality. When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives, and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely to become a burden to them, unless they are unusually callous. I do not mean that one should be without interest in them, but one"s interest should be contemplative and, if possible, philanthropic, but not unduly emotional. Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves, but human beings, owing to the length of infancy, find this difficult. I think that a successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interests involving appropriate activities. It is this sphere that long experience is really fruitful, and it is in this sphere that the wisdom born of experience can be exercised without being oppressive.

填空题The Compsons, the Sartorises, and the Sutpens are representative southern aristocratic families in ______"s novels, and they are all portrayed as prisoners of the past, who cannot reconcile with the fall of the south after______.

填空题英汉互译：汉译英。(国际关系学院英语笔译、口译专业2012研，考试科目：英语翻译基础) 我国发展中不平衡、不协调、不可持续的问题依然突出。主要是：经济增长的资源环境约束强化，投资与消费关系失衡，收入分配差距较大，科技创新能力不强，产业结构不合理，农业基础仍然薄弱，城乡区域发展不协调，就业总量压力和结构性矛盾并存，制约科学发展的体制机制障碍依然较多；服务业增加值和就业比重、研究与试验发展经费支出占国内生产总值比重没有完成“十一五”规划目标，一些群众反映强烈的问题没有根本解决，主要是：优质教育、医疗资源总量不足、分布不均；物价上涨压力加大；部分城市房价涨幅过高；违法征地拆迁等引发的社会矛盾增多；食品安全问题比较突出；一些领域腐败现象严重，我们一定要加快解决这此问题，让人民满意!

填空题But now it is time to look again. Each of those overlapping conflicts has lately begun to peter out .

填空题Translate the following passages into English and write your translation on the answer sheet．(北京外国语大学2010研，考试科目：翻译理论与实践) 18世纪法国思想家卢梭在写《社会契约论》的过程中曾经反复追问，人们怎样才能生活在一个有秩序的群体中，仍然“自由如初”?最终，他对这个问题的回答是“社会契约”。这个契约，说白了其实就是“承诺”，就是人与制度以及人与人之间的信任关系。 中国的儒家文化也强调守信，“信”甚至被作为“五常”中的重要内容确定下来。在我们的传统文化背景中，人与人之间的信任主要是靠血缘、姻缘、地缘、人缘，而不是靠规则、靠契约。近几十年来，雷霆万钧的市场化改革有力地推动了中国的社会转型，动摇了长期以来形成的血缘、地缘与业缘关系，冲击了传统的熟人社会网络关系和熟人信任。市场经济的发展促使陌生人之间的信任逐渐增加，按规则办事成为越来越多的中国人的行为习惯。在经济全球化的背景下，中国人只有遵守规则，才能尽快地融人国际社会。抛弃契约精神耍弄小聪明的人，无视契约精神把小聪明用得极好的民族，最终将丧失获取大智慧的机会。在现代化的洪流中，中国不仅需要更多的资金、技术和科学管理，更需要契约精神。 (417字)《契约精神》汪中求著新世界出版社出版

填空题______refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.(中山大学2005研)

填空题特权阶层