填空题Euphemism, which serves as a polite substitute for______, is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substituted when the speaker or writer fears that more direct, wording might be harsh or offensive.

填空题As a compromise between the "purely form-focused approaches" and the "purely meaning-focused" approaches, a recent movement called ______ seems to take a more balanced view on the role of grammar in language learning.

填空题Author____Title____ Next day was cloudless, and they decided to finish the work in the basement. They felt excluded, shut in the grey cement basement fitting pipes, from the holiday atmosphere of London in a heat wave. At lunchtime they came up for some air, but while the married couples, and the men in shirt—sleeves or vests, were thee, she was not there, either on her usual patch of roof or where she had been yesterday.

填空题Hope is what keeps life going. Parents always hope their children will do well. Hope makes us dream. Hope builds in patience. Life teaches us not to despair even in the darkest hour, because after every night there is a day. Nothing remains the same. We have only one choice keep moving on in life and be hopeful.

填空题In the field of language use, Zipf recognized two competing forces: the force of______, or speaker"s economy, and the force of diversification, or hearer"s economy.

填空题She was determined to stare down any disaster in her efforts.

填空题Author______Title______ I was seated by the shore of a small pond, about a mile and a half south of the village of Concord and somewhat higher than it, in the midst of an extensive wood between that town and Lincoln, and about two miles south of that our only filed known to fame, Concord Battle Ground;...

填空题Translate the following passage into English．(苏州大学2008研，考试科目：翻译与写作) 接读朋友的来信，尤其是远自海外犹带着异国风云的航空信，的确是人生一大快事，如果无须回信的话。回信是读信之乐的一大代价。久不回信，屡不回信，接信之乐就会相对减少，以至于无，此时友情暂告中断，直到有一天在赎罪的心情下，你毅然回起信来。蹉跎了这么久，接信之乐早变成欠信之苦。我便是这么一位累犯的罪人，交游千百，几乎每一位朋友都数得出我的前科来。英国诗人奥登曾说，他常常搁下重要的信件不回，躲在家里看他的侦探小说。王尔德有一次对朋友说：“我认得不少人，满怀光明的远景来到伦敦，但几个月之后就整个崩溃了，因为他们有回信的习惯。”显然王尔德认为，要过好日子，就得戒除回信的恶习。可见怕回信的人，远不止我一个。

填空题In 1998, a Belgian student named Sacha Klein left Brussels and enrolled as a four-year student at a U.S. university, graduating with a computer-science degree, and landing a summer internship at Virginia-based consulting firm Booz Allen Hamilton, where management liked him enough to offer him a full-time position. Today, he designs information systems for Booz Allen, and studies toward a master"s degree in business. He is deaf. 1 In 1990, the Americans with Disabilities Act(ADA)opened the door for people like klein to contribute to the U.S. economy in ways no one imagined before. The ADA requires businesses to make accommodations to allow a person with a disability to do a job for which he or she is qualified. In addition, the ADA requires public facilities to remove architectural barriers that hinder people with disabilities from shopping, going to the theater, or using public toilets. 2 Katherine McCary, president of a business group that promotes hiring people with disabilities, said European managers tell her they want to hire people with disabilities, but that they can"t get to work. 3 Had he stayed in Europe, he said, he would not have been able to become a white-collar professional, but would have been put on track for factory work. 4 A federal hotline offering advice on workplace accommodations went from handling 3, 000 calls per year before the law to 40,000 calls per year in the mid-1990s. The cost of accommodations turned out to be zero in half the cases and averaged about $500 in the other half, according to the Labor Department 5 Compliance with the law is good for business: 87 percent of consumers prefer to patronize companies that hire people with disabilities, according to a January 2006 survey by the University of Massachusetts. In addition, workers with disabilities could help relieve a labor shortage. A. Klein thinks attitudes matter, too. B. Employers report that workers with disabilities are loyal and productive. C. Klein said he has learned a lot at Booz Allen about teamwork and communication. D. While one can paint a rosy picture of the U.S. companies embracing people with disabilities, in the early 1990s, the ADA was greeted with panic by the business community, which predicted enormous costs and out-of-control litigation. E. Since the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which obligated government agencies to hire people with disabilities, Congress has passed 11 major laws to improve access to education, transportation, technology, and housing. F. Some experts believe such widespread architectural changes have put the United States ahead of the 44 other countries with disability-discrimination laws.

填空题All the old women here are mummified with age and the sun, and all of them are tiny.

填空题Translate the following passages into Chinese．(四川大学2010研，考试科目：基础英语)Marx discovered the law of development of human history: the simple tact, hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology, that mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing, before it can pursue politics, science, art, religion, etc. : that therefore the production of the immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the state institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved, and in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case.

填空题The Renaissance was an epoch of social and cultural development embracing all parts of (3). It first rose in (4) in the (5) century.

填空题The idea of______was first developed by Roman Jacobson (1896 - 1982) in the 1940s as a means of working out a set of phonological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular aspects of language sounds. (中山大学2011年研)

填空题The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the______theory. (中山大学2008研)

填空题Translate the following passage into English．(广东外语外贸大学2010研，考试科目：英语写作与翻译) 《红楼梦》问世二百年以来，通过汉文原文和各种译文读过本书的人，无虑多少个亿。这样多的读者哪一个是先看批评家的文章，然后再让批评家牵着鼻子走，按图索骥地去读原作呢?我看是绝无仅有。一切文学作品，特别是像《红楼梦》这样伟大的作品，内容异常地丰富，涉及到的社会层面异常地多；简直像一个宝山，一座迷宫。而读者群就更为复杂，不同的家庭背景，不同的社会经历，不同的民族，不同的国家，不同的文化传统，不同的心理素质，不同的年龄，不同的性别，不同的职业，不同的爱好——还可以这样“不同”下去，就此打住——，他们来读《红楼梦》，会各就自己的特点，欣赏《红楼梦》中的某一个方面，受到鼓舞，受到启发，引起了喜爱；也可能受到打击，引起了憎恶，总之是千差万别。对这些读者来说，“红学家”就好像是住在“太虚幻境”里的圣人、贤人，与自己无关。他们不管“红学家”究竟议论些什么，只是读下去，读下去。

填空题As well as the creation of new forms, vocabulary ______ can take place by giving new meanings to old forms.(expand)

填空题Put the following passage into Chinese．(上海海事大学2009研(B卷)，考试科目：英汉互译)Biogas: a Solution to Many ProblemsIn almost all developing countries, the lack of adequate supplies of cheap, convenient and reliable fuel is a major problem. Rural communities depend largely on kerosene, wood and dung for their cooking and lighting needs. But kerosene is now priced out of reach of many people, and wood, except in heavily forested areas, is in short supply. The search for firewood occupies a large part of the working day and has resulted in widespread deforestation.Dung is in constant supply wherever there are farm animals and, when dried, it is convenient to store and use. But burning dung destroys its value as fertilizer, thus depriving the soil of a much needed source of humus and nitrogen.Rural areas of developing countries are also plagued by a lack of adequate sanitation. Improper waste disposal spreads disease, contaminates water sources and provides breeding grounds for disease-carrying insects.The problems of improving environmental hygiene, conserving resources and finding alternative sources of fuel may be unrelated. Their solutions, however, are not, as many countries experimenting with biogas technology are discovering. Biogas, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide, is produced by the fermentation of organic matter. The process of anaerobic fermentation is a natural one, occurring whenever living matter decomposes. By containing the matter—and the process—in a digester or biogas plant, the combustible gas can be trapped and used as fuel for household lighting and cooking. The digested slurry that remains can be used on the land as a soil conditioner and fertilizer.Biogas plants have attracted much interest in recent years and they are in use in several Asian countries:36, 000 are reported in rural areas of India, 27, 000 in Korea and more than 80, 000 in China. In most countries the value of the gas has been the prime factor leading to their adoption:70 percent of India" s plants, for instance, were built during the energy and fertilizer crisis of 1975-1976—although their use in that country dates back to 1951. Similarly in Thailand and Korea, biogas is being investigated as an alternative to costly charcoal and to save compost materials from being burned.In Japan and China, reducing pollution from animal wastes has been an important factor. Privies, hen houses and pigpens are built in proximity to the fermentation chamber in China. Examinations of the digested slurry have shown that the total number of parasite eggs was reduced by 93. 6 percent, hookworms by 99 percent and no schistosome flukes were found. The greatest benefits from biogas systems, however, are probably to be derived from the manorial value of the slurry, although it is not widely used outside of India and China. Vegetable farmers near Calcutta found that the digested slurry produced bigger and better tasting peas than did other fertilizers and the weight of root vegetables increased by nearly 300 percent.

填空题In cognitive terms, ______ is the use of elements of subject"s situatedness to designate something in the scene.

填空题English-Chinese Translation．(武汉理工大学2009研，考试科目：基础英语)For generations I"ve been honest, sound and reliable. My safety is legendary. Some call me Almighty. Others warn that worship of me is a sin. I am a dollar, or a buck. Each of these is 2. 61 by 6. 14 inch pieces of printed paper in your pocket or purse.Credit cards were supposed to have made me obsolete years ago, but people use me more than ever. In 1960, only $165. 16 was in circulation for each one of you. Now it"s $888. 85.I"m the world"s most important currency. Without me, international trade would halt. The price of everything from Persian Gulf oil to Brazilian coffee is quoted in my name. Take a look at me: I carry an engraving of George Washington after Gilbert Stuart"s painting. Bank tellers stack me face up so that they can look at George in the eye. It"s a security feature. Counterfeit portraits often look dull or one-dimensional. Seven Presidents are shown on my other denominations, but it"s unlikely you"ve eyed Mckinley, Cleveland or Madison. No. $1, 000 or $5 , 000 bills have been issued since 1969 because demand is small. Salmon P. Chase, Lincoln"s Secretary of the treasury, graces the $10, 000 bill.But only 345 of these are still in your hands. Chase and the three Presidents were retired from circulation in 1969: whenever one of them shows his face, the Federal Reserve Bank ships him to the treasury for destruction.

填空题Translate the following paragraphs into English?帮助穷人，帮助真正的穷人，这个目标要比仅仅缩小贫富差距更有价值。如果因为实行高税率，富人的财富减少了，某些人也许会感到高兴，但没人会因此变富。可如果穷人变富了，那整个国家都将从中受益。即使是简单地基于人道主义考虑，集中资金和政策优势解决贫困问题也是非常值得的。而且在极端贫困地区长大成人这个不利条件也使人对机会均等的信仰产生怀疑。帮助下层社会的人重新回到社会主流中来，符合所有人的利益．