By the 1950"s and 60"s "going for Chinese" had become part of the suburban vernacular. In places like New York City, eating Chinese food became intertwined with the traditions of other ethnic groups, especially that of Jewish immigrants. Many Jewish families faithfully visited their favorite Chinese restaurant every Sunday night. Among the menus in the exhibition are selections from Glatt Wok: Kosher Chinese Restaurant and Takeout in Monsey, N.Y., and Wok Toy in Cedarhurst, N.Y. Until 1965 Cantonese-speaking immigrants, mainly from the county of Toisan, dominated the industry and menus reflected a standard repertory of tasty but bland Americanizations of Cantonese dishes. But loosening immigration restrictions that year brought a flood of people from many different regions of China, starting "authenticity revolution," said Ed Schoenfeld, a restaurateur and Chinese food consultant. Top chefs who were trained in spicy and more unusual regional specialties, like Hunan and Sichunan cooking, came to New York then, Mr. Schoenfeld said. President Richard M. Nixon"s trip to China in 1972 awakened interest in the country and accounts of his meals helped whet diners" appetites for new dishes. An illustration of a scowling Nixon with a pair of chopsticks glares down from the wall at the exhibition. Hunan and Sichuan restaurants in New York influenced the taste of the whole country, Mr. Schoenfeld said. Dishes like General Tso"s chicken and crispy orange beef caught on everywhere. But as with the Cantonese food before it, Mr. Schoenfeld said, the cooking degraded over time, as it became mass produced. Today"s batter-fried, syrup-laden version of Chinese food, he said, bears little resemblance to authentic cuisine. The real explosion of Chinese restaurants that made them ubiquitous came in the 1980"s, said Betty Xie, editor of Chinese Restaurant News. "Now you see there are almost one or two Chinese restaurants in every town in the United States," she said. There are signs that some have tired of Chinese food. A 2004 Zagat survey showed that its popularity has ebbed somewhat in New York City. But the journey of the Chinese restaurant remains the story of the American dream, as experienced by a constant but evolving stream of Chinese immigrants who realized the potential of 12-hour days, borrowed capital and a willingness to cook whatever Americans wanted. Sales margins are tight, and wages are low. Restaurants are passed from one family member to the next, or sold by one Chinese family to another. Often a contingency written into Sales contracts is that the previous owners train the new owners. "The competition in Chinese communities is cutthroat," Mr. Chen, the co-curator, said. "What people realize is you can make much, much better profit in places like Montana."

In a paper just published in Science, Peter Gordon of Columbia University uses his study of the Piraha and their counting system to try to answer a tricky linguistic question. The Piraha, a group of hunter-gatherers who live along the banks of the Maiei River in Brazil, use a system of counting called "one-two-many". In this, the word for "one" translates to "roughly one" (similar to "one or two" in English), the word for "two" means "a slightly larger amount than one" (similar to "a few" in English), and the word for "many" means "a much larger amount". This question was posed by Benjamin Lee Whorl in the 1930s. Whorl studied Hopi, an Amerindian language very different from the Eurasian languages that had hitherto been the subject of academic linguistics. His work led him to suggest that language not only influences thought but, more strongly, that it determines thought. While there is no dispute that language influences what people think about, evidence suggesting it determines thought is inconclusive. For example, in 1972, Eleanor Rosch and Karl Heider investigated the colour-naming abilities of the Dani people of Indonesia. The Dani have words for only two colours.-black and white. But Dr. Rosch and Dr. Heider found that, even so, Dani could distinguish and comprehend other colours. That does not support the deterministic version of the Whorl hypothesis. While recognising that there are such things as colours for which you have no name is certainly a cognitive leap, it may not be a good test of Whorf"s ideas. Colours, after all, are out there everywhere. Numbers, by contrast, are abstract, so may be a better test. Dr. Gordon therefore spent a month with the Piraha and elicited the help of seven of them to see how far their grasp of numbers extended. The tests began simply, with a row of, say, seven evenly spaced batteries. Gradually, they got more complicated. The more complicated tests included tasks such as matching numbers of unevenly spaced objects, replicating the number of objects from memory, and copying a number of straight lines from a drawing. In the tests that involved matching the number and layout of objects they could see, participants were pretty good when faced with two or three items, but found it harder to cope as the number of items rose. Things were worse when the participants had to remember the number of objects in a layout and replicate it "blind", rather than matching a layout they could see. In this case the success rate dropped to zero when the number of items became, in terms of their language, "many". And line drawing produced the worst results of all—though that could have had as much to do with the fact that drawing is not part of Piraha culture as it did with the difficulties of numerical abstraction. Indeed, Dr. Gordon described the task of reproducing straight lines as being accomplished only with "heavy sighs and groans".

The author of some forty novels, a number of plays, volumes of verse, historical, critical and autobiographical works, an editor and translator, Jack Lindsay is clearly an extraordinarily prolific writer— a fact which can easily obscure his very real distinction in some of the areas into which he has ventured.【F1】 His co-editorship of Vision in Sydney in the early 1920s, for example, is still felt to have introduced a significant period in Australian culture, while his study of Kickens written in 1930 is highly regarded. But of all his work it is probably the novel to which he has made his most significant contribution. Since 1916 when, to use his own words in Fanfrolico and after, he "reached bedrock," Lindsay has maintained a consistent Marxist viewpoint—【F2】 and it is this viewpoint which if nothing else has guaranteed his novels a minor but certainly not negligible place in modern British literature. Feeling that "the historical novel is a form that has a limitless future as a fighting weapon and as a cultural instrument", Lindsay first attempted to formulate his Marxist convictions in fiction mainly set in the past; particularly in his trilogy in English novels—1929, Lost Birthright, and Men of Forty-Eight(written in 1919, the Chartist and revolutionary uprisings in Europe).【F3】 Basically these works set out, with most success in the first volume, to vivify the historical traditions behind English Socialism and attempted to demonstrate that it stood, in Lindsay's words, for the "true completion of the national destiny". 【F4】 After the war Lindsay continued to write mainly about the present—trying with varying degrees of success to come to terms with the unradical political realities of post-war England. 【F5】 In the series of novels known collectively as "The British War", and beginning with Betrayed Spring in 1933, it seemed at first as if his solution was simply to resort to more and more obvious authorial manipulation and heavy-handed didacticism. Fortunately, however, from Revolt of the Sons, this process was reversed, as Lindsay began to show an increasing tendency to ignore party solutions, to fail indeed to give anything but the most elementary political consciousness to his characters, so that in his latest(and what appears to be his last)contemporary novel, Choice of Times, his hero, Colin, ends on a note of desperation: "Everything must be different, I can't live this way any longer. But how can I change it, how? " To his credit as an artist, Lindsay doesn't give him any explicit answer.

Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world." Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neu-roscientists still don't know quite how we do it.

There are certain people who behave in a quite peculiar fashion during the work of analysis. When one speaks hopefully to them or expresses satisfaction with the progress of the treatment, they show signs of discontent and their condition invariably becomes worse. One begins by regarding this as defiance and as an attempt to prove their superiority to the physician, but late one comes to take a deeper and juster view. One becomes convinced, not only that such people cannot endure any praise or appreciation, but that they react inversely to the progress of the treatment. Every partial solution that ought to result, and in other people does result, in an improvement or a temporary suspension of symptoms produces in them for the time being an intensification of their illness; they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better. They exhibit what is known as a "negative therapeutic reaction". There is no doubt that there is something in these people that sets itself against their recovery, and its approach is dreaded as though it were a danger. We are accustomed to say that the need for illness has got the upper hand in them over the desire for recovery. If we analyze this resistance in the usual way—then, even after fixation to the various forms of gain from illness, the greater part of it is still left over; and this reveals itself as the most powerful of all obstacles to recovery, more powerful than the familiar ones of narcissistic inaccessibility, a negative attitude towards the physician and clinging to the gain from illness. In the end we come to see that we are dealing with what may be called a "moral" factor, a sense of guilt, which is finding satisfaction in the illness and refuses to give up the punishment of suffering. We shall be right in regarding this disencouraging explanation as final. But as far as the patient is concerned this sense of guilt is dumb; it does not tell him he is guilty, he feels iii. This sense of guilt expresses itself only as a resistance to recovery which it is extremely difficult to overcome. It is also particularly difficult to convince the patient that this motive lies behind his continuing to be iii; he holds fast to the more obvious explanation that treatment by analysis is not the fight remedy for his case.

如何充分利用上大学的时间 ——1986年英译汉及详解 It would be interesting to discover how many young people go to university without any clear idea of what they are going to do afterwards.【F1】 If one considers the enormous variety of courses offered, it is not hard to see how difficult it is for a student to select the course most suited to his interests and abilities. 【F2】 If a student goes to university to acquire a broader perspective of life, to enlarge his ideas and to learn to think for himself, he will undoubtedly benefit. 【F3】 Schools often have too restricting an atmosphere, with its time tables and disciplines, to allow him much time for independent assessment of the work he is asked to do. 【F4】 Most students would, I believe, profit by a year of such exploration of different academic studies, especially those "all rounders" with no particular interest. They should have longer time to decide in what subject they want to take their degrees, so that in later life, they do not look back and say, "I should like to have been an archaeologist. If I hadn"t taken a degree in Modern Languages, I shouldn"t have ended up as an interpreter, but it"s too late now. I couldn"t go back and begin all over again." 【F5】 There is, of course, another side to the question of how to make the best use of one"s time at university. 【F6】 This is the case of the student who excels in a particular branch of learning. 【F7】 He is immediately accepted by the University of his choice, and spends his three or four years becoming a specialist, emerging with a first-class Honour Degree and very little knowledge of what the rest of the world is all about. 【F8】 It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice. Only in this way can we be sure that we are not to have, on the one hand, a band of specialists ignorant of anything outside of their own subject, and on the other hand, an ever increasing number of graduates qualified in subjects for which there is little or no demand in the working world.

The world is undergoing tremendous changes. The rise of globalization, both an economic and cultural trend that has swept throughout the world, has forged new ground as we enter the 21st century. But are the effects of globalization always positive? Some say no. Michael Tenet, head of the International Institute for Foreign Relations in Atlanta, is worried about current resentment throughout the world toward the rise of globalization. "Ever since the 1980s and the economic collapse of the Asian Tigers in the late 1990s, there has been a re-evaluation of the role of globalization as a force for good", he said. "Incomes in many countries have declined and the gap between the most rich and the most poor has been aggravated. Without further intervention by governments, we could see a tragedy expressed in an increased level of poverty throughout the Latin America and Asia". Yet George Frank, an influential economist who works on Wall Street, sees no such danger. "Economic liberalization, increased transparency and market-based reforms have positive effect in the long run, even if market mechanisms can produce short-term destabilization problems", he said. "What is most important is that barriers to trade continue to fall so that active competition for Consumer goods reduces prices and in turn raises the average level of income". Others feel that globalization"s cultural impact may be more important than its economic implications. Janice Yawee, a native of Africa, feels strongly that globalization is undermining her local culture and language. "Most of the world"s dialects will become extinct under globalization. We"re paving the world with McDonald"s and English slang. It tears me up inside", she said. Governments of different countries have had mixed responses to the wave of globalization. The United States is generally seen as an active proponent of greater free trade, and it certainly has enormous cultural influence by virtue of its near monopoly on worldwide entertainment. But other countries, most notably in Europe and developing nations, have sought to reduce the impact that globalization has on their domestic affairs. "When I was a boy we had very little to speak of", says one Singaporean resident. "Now our country has developed into a booming hub for international finance". Others, however, are not so optimistic. "Globalization is an evil force that must be halted", a union official at a car plant in Detroit recently commented, "It"s sucking away jobs and killing the spirit of our country". (401 words)Notes:slang 俚语。tear up 撕碎，挖开。proponent 支持者，拥护者。hub 轮毂。suck away减少。

The collapse of Enron, the largest bankruptcy in American history, has rung out a banner year for American business failures. In Europe, the fallout from the Swissair and Sabena insolvencies continues. In the current global slump, more companies are likely to go under. Now is a perfect time to reconsider how to handle such failures, let them sink, or give them a chance to swim? In America, bankruptcy has come to mean a second chance for bust businesses. The famous "Chapter 11" law aims to give a company time to get back on its feet, by shielding it from debt payments and prodding banks to negotiate with their debtor. It even allows an insolvent company to receive fresh finance after it goes bust. On the other side of the Atlantic, when companies stumble, almost as much effort is spent in fingering the guilty as in trying to salvage a viable business. British and French laws, for example, can make a failing company"s directors face criminal penalties and personal liability. Moreover, bankers have the power, at the first sign of trouble, to push a company into the arms of the receivers. Some modest changes are afoot, however. Britain is considering moves that would bring its rules closer to America"s. New laws in Germany should also make it easier to revive sick companies, although trade unions still have their say. But even with the arrival of the euro and moves towards a single financial market, going bust in Europe is a strictly local affair. Long before America had a single currency, the American constitution provided uniform bankruptcy laws, observes Elizabeth Warren of the Harvard Law School. Europe"s patchwork of national laws, according to Bill Brandt of Development Specialists, a consultancy, inhibits lending and makes it difficult to fix ailing firms. Transatlantic insolvencies are even harder, as a Belgian-based software company, Lernout and Hauspie, discovered this year. Its American reorganization plan was thwarted by a Belgian judge, who ordered a sale of the firm"s assets. As the European Union inches toward greater harmonization, should it try to mimic America? Critics of Chapter 11 think not. They argue that America"s bankruptcy system is wasteful, lets failed managers go unpunished, and gives some companies an unfair advantage. In Chapter 11, admittedly, lawyers and advisers gobble up fees, but a recent study argues that the fees are no larger than those for most mergers and acquisitions. One common complaint, that managers enjoy the high life while creditors go begging, fails to stand up to the data from America"s previous wave of bankruptcies in the early 1990s. Stuart Gilson of the Harvard Business School found that more than two-thirds of top managers were ousted within two years of a bankruptcy filing. More troubling is that some American firms seem to enjoy second and third trips to bankruptcy court, cheekily termed Chapters 22 and 33. Some see this as evidence that, too often, they use Chapter 11 to keep running. But there is more to the story.

There are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization. You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching. 【F1】 But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field. There is, in other words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making general judgments. We can call these people "generalists." 【F2】 And these "generalists" are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other people' s work, to begin it and judge it. The specialist understands one field; his concern is with technique and tools. He is a "trained" man; and his educational background is properly technical or professional. The generalist—and especially the administrator—deals with people; his concern is with leadership, with planning, and with direction giving. He is an "educated" man; and the humanities are his strongest foundation. 【F3】 Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator, and very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in particular field. Any organization needs both kinds of people, though different organizations need them in different proportions. 【F4】 It is your task to find out, during your training period, one of the two kinds of jobs into which you fit, and to plan your career accordingly. Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you—but this is pure accident. Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job. 【F5】 At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job; it is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness for being an employee.

BPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese./B

In her novel of "Reunion, American Style", Rona Jaffe suggests that a class reunion "is more than a sentimental journey. It is also a way of answering the question that lies at the back of nearly all our minds. Did they do better than I?" Jaffe' s observation may be misplaced but not completely lost. 【F1】 According to a study conducted by social psychologist Jack Sparacino, the overwhelming majority who attend reunions aren 't there invidiously to compare their recent accomplishments with those of their former classmates. Instead, they hope, primarily, to relive their earlier successes. Certainly, a few return to show their former classmates how well they have done; others enjoy observing the changes that have occurred in their classmates (not always in themselves, of course). 【F2】 But the majorities who attend their class reunions do so to relive the good times they remember having when they were younger. 【F3】 In his study, attendees had been more popular, more often re garded as attractive, and more involved in extracurricular activities than those classmates who chose not to attend. For those who turned up at their reunions, then, the old times were also the good times! It would appear that Americans have a special fondness for reunions, judging by their prevalence. Major league baseball players, fraternity members, veterans groups, high school and college graduates, and former Boy Scouts all hold reunions on a regular basis. In addition, family reunions frequently attract blood relatives from faraway places who spend considerable money and time to reunite. 【F4】 Actually, in their affection for reuniting with friends, family or colleagues, Americans are probably no different from any other people, except that Americans have created an amazing number and variety of institutionalized forms of gatherings to facilitate the satisfaction of this desire. Indeed, reunions have increasingly become formal events that are organized on a regular basis and, in the process, they have also become big business. Shell Norris of Class Reunion, Inc., says that Chicago alone has 1,500 high school reunions each year. A conservative estimate on the national level would be 10,000 annually. At one time, all high school reunions were organized by volunteers, usually female homemakers. 【F5】 In the last few years, however, as more and more women have entered the labour force, alumni reunions are increasingly being planned by specialized companies rather than by part-time volunteers. The first college reunion was held by the alumni of Yale University in 1792. Graduates of Pennsylvania, Princeton, Stanford, and Brown followed suit. And by the end of the 19th century, most 4-year institutions were holding alumni reunions.

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G. Some of the paragraphs have been placed for you. (10 points)A. Since white was the color of the kind of paradise! So much longed to live in someday, grey left behind nothing more than a bitter taste of emptiness and depression. I can remember how noticed once, that any other color must be a symbol for something, a feeling or whatever. Only grey seemed to stand for absolutely nothing. This was the world I lived in, and so did he.B. I used to work in a mechanical way, following the same rhythm over and over again, and so did he. But every time I was about to give up, he would lift his head and give me a little smile, as if he could guess my thoughts. I think it was actually his eyes that impressed me most. They were so dark and straight, and though they seems to be hiding anything, I couldn"t get rid of the impression that somehow he must be hiding something.C. Those days were more than hard for all of us. There seemed to be no way to escape from the greyness of our everyday life, which was the only color that surrounded us. The huge concrete blocks we lived in was grey, the grey of the factory dust, even the color of our clothes, that once might have been white was grey. It must have been a bright and shining white.., and I can"t exactly recall how much time I spent trying to imagine the kind of white it might have been.D. Well, to make a long story short, he died only a year after he started working with us. It was a car accident and he didn"t have to suffer very long. I went to his funeral and the only person I met there was an old lady, maybe his mother. She told me that he had lost his family just the year before and after that he didn"t speak any more. He hadn"t said a single word. First I didn"t believe her. I just thought that he was a fairly quiet person; besides there was nothing much to say anyway. But suddenly I realized that I couldn"t recall ever having heard his voice at all. Only then did I realize it!E. Having our job in the factory was still luxury though, considering the fact that most of us had families to feed. And not long after he started to work there, I would always find him working at the machine next to mine. We"d work for hours next to each other, staying quiet, with our thoughts drifting away to a different place but still aware of our hands doing the same movements over and over again. We were doing that until the bell would ring to end the work for the day.F. He gave me so much and I knew so little about him. He had been my friend and now I had lost him without having had the chance to give anything back. He had been so strong that he was able to give whatever had happened. I felt weak and guilty in those days. But after that I started to care for the people around me. I think I started to live.G. He wasn"t a guy of big words, and he seemed to live entirely in his own world. I remember that during the days he worked with us, none of us exactly knew who he was, where he came from or what he was looking for, and afterwards he disappeared. Nobody knew where he had gone, what he was doing or if he had friends or a family to stay with. I guess, we didn"t even know his name—and even if we did, I"ve forgotten it anyway.Order: G is the first paragraph and F is the last one.

Latin America—a place long associated with financial disaster—has remained improbably calm, while the ripples of America's subprime-mortgage crisis have spread all over the place. Banks have reported no unpleasant surprises. Brazil and Peru have been blessed with coveted investment-grade ratings. Surprisingly, perhaps the fleetest country of all has been Argentina. Since it emerged from the financial crisis of 2001-02, it has been one of the world's fastest-growing economies. It is expected to expand faster than most of its neighbors again this year. How has such a perennial economic miscreant proven so resilient to the credit crunch? Quite simply, it barely has no credit. Back when its economy virtually collapsed, the country suffered a run on its banks, followed by a freeze on withdrawals, and a massive currency devaluation. As a result, bank lending to the private sector shrivelled, from 23.8% of GDP in 2000 to 10.8% in 2003. Since then, it has rebounded to a piddling 13%; by contrast, the ratio in Brazil was 36.5% in 2006. Almost all of these loans in Argentina are accessible only on a short-term basis. Once its recovery began in June 2002, Argentina became a paradise for business. Unemployment of over 20% kept wages down, and the devaluation gave exporters an edge on foreign competitors. The ample productive capacity left idle by the crisis meant firms could expand without making big investments. And the windfall profits reaped by agricultural exporters, thanks to record commodities prices, enabled many of them to finance new projects out of earnings. Hence the economy could grow at almost 9% a year with little need for credit. But such a fortuitous confluence of factors could not last. Starting in early 2005, inflation picked up, a sign that the installed capacity was starting to limit output. Salaries and prices for raw materials increased sharply, cutting into profits. And farmers were particularly hard hit when the government nearly doubled the taxes it leaves on farm exports. Now, just as companies need to embark on big investments if they are to keep growing, their margins are no longer big enough to pay for the expansion and they need to borrow. So, the time is ripe for the country's financial system to recover. But a number of things are in the way. Foremost is Argentina's business risk. Those in the informal economy (which represents over 40% of GDP) can neither save nor borrow legally, lest they become known to the taxmen. The rest remain cowed by memories of the crisis. Although Argentines have poured their savings into property, fuelling a construction boom, they still hold about four-fifths of their deposits abroad. Inflation, fuelled by a public-spending binge, state-mandated wage increases, and a cheap currency, is not helping either. No one knows how high it is. The consumer-price index is doctored to keep the official rate below 10%, but private estimates suggest it is near 25%. Without a reliable index of inflation, lending is all but impossible, even for the medium term. And the central bank has kept interest rates strongly negative in real terms, encouraging workers to spend their wages rather than to save.

Richard Rorty was one of the most talked-about thinkers in America. Every professional philosopher in the English-speaking world had to study his masterpiece, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, published in 1979.【F1】 But the reason why he was a superstar is that it was not only philosophers who read him; students and teachers in many other branches of the humanities fellunder his spell as well. This wide appeal was partly due to his approachable style and breadth of learning. It also helped that he attacked philosophy as a self-important pretender with no monopoly on deep truths. In fact, for Rorty there weren"t really any deep truths at all. He saw himself as a pragmatist in the American tradition of William James and (especially) John Dewey.【F2】 He says that beliefs should be.judged by their usefulness, and not by any supposed correspondence with an ultimate reality that hides behind the landscape of everyday life. This sort of pragmatism reduces philosophy to just one form of enlightening conversation among many. Rorty began studies at the University of Chicago at the age of 15. He was married, divorced and remarried. There were rows with departmental colleagues. He wrote a lot and died of cancer.【F3】 If Neil Gross, who is an American sociologist, had set out to write a traditional biography of Rorty, he would not have had a gripping tale to tell. Instead he has used Rorty as a case study in the sociological analysis of academe. Why did he do it?【F4】 Unfortunately for anyone who is not a professional sociologist, Mr.Gross is more interested in distinguishing subtly different ways of answering this question than he is in the question itself. And his writing seems almost designed to make pedestrian generalizations sound as if they are insights:【F5】 "As thinkers move across the life course and are affiliated with different institutions, they may pick up from some of them the same elements that they integrate into their self-concept narratives." Almost by accident, Mr.Gross does shed some light on Rorty"s development. He shows that his estrangement from his colleagues at Princeton was a natural evolution from his early studies in Chicago and graduate work at Yale. Those who agree with Rorty"s critique of philosophy will be tempted to conclude from this volume that sociology is even worse.

"Of all the gin joints in all the towns in all the world, she walks into mine." It"s a classic quote from the film Casablanca, but can a computer【C1】______the magic of such classic lines? Cristian Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil and colleagues at Cornell University have taught a computer to【C2】______classic quotes with an accuracy【C3】______that of mankind. It means computers might one day help film【C4】______test their latest classic lines. The Cornell team collected quotes from the Internet Movie Database, which contains a list of lines flagged by users as deserving to be【C5】______. The context【C6】______a line is uttered can make a quote more notable, so as a control, the team【C7】______each classic quote with an ordinary one from the【C8】______context It was the same【C9】______and spoken by the same character at around the same point in the film. The computer analysed the pairs of quotes— around 2200 in total—for language【C10】______, unusual words, and word combinations. The computer【C11】______to recognize several characteristics【C12】______to the classic quotes, creating a model that could help find them. "The phrases contain【C13】______combinations of words, but at the same time they have a sentence structure that is common, so they are【C14】______to use," says Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil. The analysis also showed that classic lines often have a(n) 【C15】______: they can be widely used because they don"t contain words that【C16】______them to a specific context. The model was able to【C17】______between classic and ordinary quotes with 64 percent accuracy.【C18】______scored 78 percent The team【C19】______that political candidates could use the model to assess their【C20】______.

You are ill and can not go to school. There fore you have to write a sick leave which should include: 1) the description of your illness; 2) your aim of writing the sick leave. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the note. Use "Li Ming" instead. (10 points)

BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B

A. Title; ON MAKING FRIENDS B. Time limit: 40 minutes C. Word limit; 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence) D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence; "As a human being, one can hardly do without a friend. " E. Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) Outline: 1. The need for friends 2. True friendship 3. My principle in making friends

Apart from a new football stadium and some smart university buildings, most of Middlesbrough looks as though it came to a dead halt in the 1980s. It boomed on steel and chemicals after iron ore was discovered in 1850. Just over a century later, as Britain"s traditional industries failed, it seemed to have reached the end of the road. Now government leaders hope that splendor and glamour can revive it. The most startling sign of this improbable ambition is an expensive art gallery. The ￡19.2 million Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art (MIMA) houses the local council"s collection of modern British paintings and ceramics. It opens on January 28th with works on loan for the occasion by artists rarely seen in the region—Picasso, Matisse, Jackson Pollock—alongside pictures by contemporary names such as Chris ofili and Damien Hirst. The glass-fronted modernist gallery, by Dutch architect Erick van Egeraat, sits on once-ruined land opposite the Victorian town hall and 1960s council buildings. The landscaped space in between has become a vast new square. "Middlesbrough lost its heart years ago," says Ray Mallon, the town"s frank elected mayor. "Now we have created a new heart." Locals are dubious. It looks nice, but they can"t see many people going to it; those who want culture go to Newcastle. Mr. Mallon is not worried by such comments. He says MIMA will lure some of the 7 million people who live within an hour and a halfs drive from the town, and persuade them to spend money there. With 5% of the town"s 137,600 residents claiming unemployment—twice the national average—and business registrations at half the national rate, outside money is needed. Using art for regeneration is a well-tried process, especially in northern England. Liverpool"s Tate North gallery and Salford"s Lowry Centre succeed because they are part of bigger attractions and in big cities. But Gateshead"s Baltic Mills art gallery and Sunderland"s National Glass Centre have struggled to draw visitors, and both have needed extra subsidies. Godfrey Worsdale, MIMA"s director, reckons he will achieve his aim of 110,000 visitors a year. Galleries that run into trouble, he says, tend to have single themes with niche appeal. Still, since 96% of MIMA"s cost has come from public funds and as two-thirds of the ￡1 million running cost will fall on local taxpayers, the council is taking a risk. "It is not going to be profitable," says Mr. Mallon bravely. "What it can do is make the town profitable."

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B