In 1967, in response to widespread public concern aroused by medical reports of asbestos(石棉) related deaths, the National Medical Research Council organized a committee of inquiry to investigate the health threats associated with the use of asbestos in the building industry. After examining evidences provided by medical researchers and building workers and management, the Council published a report which included advice for dealing with asbestos. The report confirming the findings of similar research in the United States and Canada. Exposure to relatively small quantities of asbestosis fibers, they concluded, was directly responsible for" the development of cancers, asbestosis(石棉沉滞症) and related "diseases. Taking into account evidence provided by economists and building industry management, however, the report assumed that despite the availability of other materials, asbestos would continue to play a major role in the British building industry for many years to come because of its availability and low cost. As a result, the council gave a series of recommendations which were intended to reduce the risks to those who might be exposed to asbestos in working environments. They recommended that, where possible, asbestos-free materials should be employed. In cases where asbestos was employed, it was recommended that it should be used in such a way that loose fibers were less likely to enter the air. The report recommended that special care should be taken during working in environments which contain asbestos. Workers should wear protective equipment and take special care to remove dust from the environment and clothing with the use of vacuum cleaner. The report identified five factors which determine the level of risk involved. The state and type of asbestos is critical to determining the risk factors. In addition, dust formation was found to be limited where the asbestos was used when wet rather than dry. The choice of tools was also found to affect the quantities of asbestos particles that enter the air. Machine tools produce greater quantifies of dust than hand tools and, where possible, the use of the latter was recommended. A critical factor that takes place in risk reduction is the adequate ventilation of the working environment. When work takes place in an enclosed space, more asbestos particles circulate and it was therefore recommended that natural or machine ventilation should be used. By closely following this advice, it was claimed that exposure could be reduced to a reasonably practical minimum.

"Always". "Never". These are probably the two most powerful words in the English language. Even more powerful than yes and no, since saying yes(or no)applies to the moment or subject at hand, while saying "always" or "never" sets the tone for everything to come. The two words can be powerful in a beneficial way, or in an adversely negative way. If you use "always" in affirmations such as "I am always increasing my level of joy and aliveness", or "I am always growing nearer and nearer to my divine reality", or "I am always at the right place at the right time", etc. , then these uses of the word "always" become an empowerment. However, when we use the word "always" in negative situations, such as "I always get it wrong", or "I always catch a cold", etc. then we are "creating our reality" in a powerful way. The use of the word ALWAYS is very powerful, so is the use of NEVER. While I encourage you to find empowering ways to use the word "always", I also encourage you to drop completely the word NEVER. One cannot use that word positively? Even if you say "I never catch a cold", or "My husband never cheats on me", or whatever, the focus is still on something you don"t want in your life—a cold, a cheating husband, etc. It is better to replace those statements(and thoughts)with "I am always healthy", or if you"re not quite comfortable with that statement, then say "Each day, I get healthier and healthier". Or rather than focus on the picture of a cheating husband, better to focus on "My husband is always faithful to me", or "My husband and I are faithful and honest with each other". You can ask your subconscious to help you root out your use of the word "always" and the word "never". Ask your subconscious to alert you when you use those words whether in thought or conversation. When you catch yourself "creating your reality" in a way that does not meet your highest vision of a happy life, then rephrase your thought or statement. If you find yourself saying " I always" followed by a negative projection, you could, at the least, replace the "always" with "in the past, I . . . "(omitting the word "always" or "never"). In this way, you at least keep that picture tied to your past, and free your future for something which is more in keeping with your dreams and vision for yourself. I leave you with these thoughts: May you always be blessed with many wonderfull experiences. May your heart always be full of love for yourself and for others. So be it!

When they advise your kids to "get an education" if you want to raise your income, they tell you only half the truth. What they really mean is to get just enough education to provide manpower for your society, but not too much that prove an embarrassment to your society. Get high school diploma, at least. Without that, you are occupationally dead, unless your name happens to be George Bernard Shaw or Thomas Alva Edison and you can successfully drop out in grade school. Get a college degree, if possible. With a B.A., you are on the launching pad(发射台). But now you have to start to put on the brakes. If you go for a master"s degree, make sure it is a M.B.A., and only from a first-rate university. Beyond this, the famous law of diminishing returns begins to take effect. Do you know, for instance, that long-haul truck drivers earn more a year than full professors? Yes, the average 1977 salary for those truckers was $24,000, while the full professors managed to average just $23,930. A Ph.D is the highest degree you can get, but except in a few specialized fields such as physics or chemistry, where the degree can quickly be turned to industrial or commercial purposes, you are facing a dim future. There are more Ph.Ds unemployed or underemployed in this country than in any other part of the world by far. If you become a doctor of philosophy in English or history or anthropology or political science or language or—worst of all—in philosophy, you run the risk of becoming overeducated for our national demands. Not for our needs, mind you, but for our demands. Thousands of Ph.Ds are selling shoes, driving cabs, waiting on tables and filling out fruitless applications month after month. And then maybe taking a job in some high school or backwater college that pays much less than the janitor(看门人) earns. You can equate the level of income with the level of education only so far. Far enough, that is, to make you useful to the gross national product, but not so far that nobody can turn much of a profit on you.

Much of the world should go on a diet in 2014. More than a third of adults【C1】______were estimated to be【C2】______or obese in 2008, according to a report by the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), a think tank in London. That"s a 23 per cent increase on 1980. In the last three decades, the number of adults estimated to be obese in the developing world has almost quadrupled to 904 million, overtaking the number in【C3】______countries."The most shocking thing is the degree to which obesity is now【C4】______developing as well as developed economies," says Tim Lobstein of the International Association for the Study of Obesity in London. "The problems【C5】______by overconsumption of fats and【C6】______are now global, not just Western, problems." The rise is【C7】______to a "creeping homogeni-sation" (spreading) of diets across the world, says the report, which says rising【C8】______, advertising and globalisation all play a part It criticizes policy-makers in most countries for being slow or【C9】______to tackle the problem. "We see a big 【C10】______ in what governments recommend people eat as part of their 【C11】______ campaigns and what people actually eat," says Sharada Keats. "We need governments to【C12】______the scale of the problem and start putting in place【C13】______steps to tackle it." Some countries have【C14】______to go against the grain and【C15】______. For example, South Koreans ate four times more【C16】______in 2008 than they did in 1980. The report【C17】______this to government health drives, which include【C18】______programs on how to【C19】______low-fat meals, showing what governments can do when they【C20】______ .

You are going to read a list of heading and a text about Conrad Block"s recent strategy. Choose the most suitable heading from the list for each numbered paragraph. The first and last paragraph of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.A. Separation of HollingerB. Profits of newspaperC. The ideal business modelD. Hollinger denies the rumorE. Difficult to share in the international marketF. Lord Black sells his remaining local newspapers in Canada He has been selling newspaper titles in Canada. backing a new one in New York and trying to quash rumours that he is selling them in Britain. What exactly is Conrad Black, chairman of Hollingar, ex-Canadian, newly ennobled Briton, up to? (41)______. Last month, Lord Black of Crossharbour as he is now known, sold his remaining local newspapers in Canada. This came shortly after he had offloaded his residual 50% stake in the National Post, the Canadian daily paper he founded only in 1998, to Can West Global Communications. This Canadian media group had already picked up the other half last year, along with most of Lord Black"s other local newspapers in the country, for $1.8 billion. (42)______. Shorn of its Canadian operations, and apart from the tiny Jerusalem Post, Hollinger has now been pared down to two chief assets: the Chicago Sun-Times, plus a bagful of local papers in that area, and the Daily Telegraph, Britain"s most popular broadsheet paper. After the group recently reported a net loss of $9 million for the nine months to September. excluding exceptional items, rumours swirled that even the Telegraph might be for sale. (43)______. Not so, says Hollinger. Although earnings at the Telegraph and its Sunday sister are well down on last year, and the papers plan to sack up to 40 editorial staff, they still provide most of the group"s profits. "There is no substance at all to the story that the Telegraph is for sale", says Daniel Colson, Hollinger"s vice-chairman. Indeed, having stemmed the National Post"s losses and booked a good price for the sale of most of its Canadian assets last year, the group has cut its heavy debt burden and is wall-placed to look for new projects. (44)______. But what? Economies of scale in the newspaper market are best achieved with the local and regional press. The ideal business model, says Peter Kreisky of Mercer Management Consulting, is a geographical cluster of regional titles. With local monopoly power, this can bring down the cost of paper and ink, of printing and distribution, and of marketing. Hollinger enjoys many of these benefits in the Chicago area, where it has 97 papers. (45)______. But it is far harder to achieve cost-sharing across international borders. Most national papers are still owned in their home country. Those that belong to an international owner, such as Hollinger, Tony O"Reilly"s Independent News and Media and Rupert Murdoch"s News Corp, concentrate on English-speaking markets. Yet owning newspapers is as much to do with kudos and influence as it is about profits. Although he would not rule out opportunities even in non-English-speaking parts of Europe, Lord Black"s sights now seem to be set on the United States. He has just made a small bet on a new quality paper, The New York Sun, by putting in $2 million, or about 13% of the total investment. Although Hollinger stresses that it is only loosely involved, the project is nevertheless intriguing. There has long been a view that New York. a city of 8 million people, ought m be able to support more than one all-round quality newspaper; yet the New York Times, with a circulation of 1.1 million, has no direct cross-town rival. Lord Black"s experience of launching a new title, The National Post, in Canada may be salutary. He managed to create a franchise from nothing in a competitive market, and in doing so stirred up political controversy in consensus-minded Canada. But it never made him any money, which may be why his bet on The New York Sun is so modest. Buying established but faltering papers would make more sense. "There will be investment opportunities arising from this economic downturn that H. advantage of", says Mr. Colson, "not only in New York, but elsewhere in the US".

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (1-5). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use.[A] Set a Good Example for Your Kids[B] Build Your Kids" Work Skills[C] Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities[D] Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis[E] Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies[F] Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are[G] Build Your Kids" Sense of Responsibility Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job"s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult"s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I call "work-life uneasiness". 【C1】______ You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best. 【C2】______ Kids need a range of authentic role models—as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying "I have no idea." They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good. 【C3】______ Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities. 【C4】______ Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs. 【C5】______ They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations. What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.

For the past 10, 000 years humans have influenced the plants they use at first unknowingly, later by design. Today's crops have been created by a process of selection and classical breeding. More specific improvements in breeding will be possible in future. Science has cracked the genetic information code. Green gene technology is an effective tool in crop breeding, enabling us to develop new crops even more rapidly and specifically.【F1】 We can make them more efficient, optimizing their contents and valuable substances to suit the wishes and requirements of customers and the processing industry. Their metabolism can be individually modified, making them produce starch, protein and fats with special properties. Through gene transfer plants can be made more resistant to viruses, bacteria, harmful fungi and insect pests. 【F2】 Genetically modified plants can be cultivated to possess improved stress behavior, with the result that they absorb water better in dry locations and can make more efficient use of soil nutrients. We can also optimize weed control. To do so, we make crops tolerant to environmentally sound and easily degradable herbicides. This is not as simple as it sounds. But we have been successful: Innovator has been on the Canadian market since 1995. This is the first oilseed rape variety to contain the glufosinate tolerance gene, facilitating the use of AgrEvo' s broad-spectrum herbicide liberty. We are committed to green gene technology, with which we aim to make crop breeding even more efficient and environmentally friendly.【F3】 Before being brought on to the market these genetically modified plants are researched and tested for years until the questions posed regarding their safety have been answered. 【F4】 This is a great opportunity for us to realize our vision: the use of faster methods to breed varieties which will continue to provide us with sufficient food and raw materials in future. Our fossil reserves will soon be exhausted. Experts estimate that we only have e-nough oil for another 43 years and natural gas for less than 60. 【F5】 This means we must rethink and act accordingly, using new crop varieties to step up the move to reusable sources of raw materials and energy. In other words, green gene technology is the key technology for sustainable agriculture.

There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.

The CLBC—the Central London Broadcasting Corporation—steals from the rest of the country by taking its money and spending it on itself. Provincials have noted this for years, but now there are signs that the shrugged "what did you expect?" patience is wearing thin. Just as it clearly has in Scotland. The Scots, whether formally separate or not, are going to insist on a new settlement. This is a difficult moment for BBC senior management. Facing a hostile government, it is being squeezed financially just as media globalisation and technical transformation challenge its traditional model. But this revolt of the provincial peasants will grow. The London aristocrats fawning at court could be in trouble. London is a centripetal force sucking the life out of the rest of Britain. For centuries, it has been dominant, as most capitals are, but until recently there were other capitals, proudly representing the other regions, with their own culture, political stance and achievements. People came to London to make their names or their fortunes, but most stayed, rooted in their own provincial world. Most still do, but the Londoncentric BBC does not recognise it. In fact, the BBC has known all this for years, but it is drawn into the vortex, even though it knows it cannot afford to ignore the rest of the country. Its response is tokenism. Policy won't change until attitudes change, from recruitment, to where creative people are based, to who is allowed on the air. We do have the occasional regional voice, in its Sunday Best. For years, the attitudes offered to us have been ones of metropolitan superiority. People in the provinces have appeared on screen patronised by stylish southerners who occasionally venture north, like visiting anthropologists, to investigate the habits of the weird natives. Their lives are editorialised by the southerners, filtered and interpreted. What current affairs programmes come from anywhere but central London? Oh, but if they came from Birmingham or Leeds, no one would watch them? Well, virtually no one watches Newsnight, but that doesn't stop it boring us with the usual metropolitan talking heads. My response is that the BBC has a pre-eminent responsibility to swim against the tide, to reach out to everyone and engage in a truly national conversation. To be a platform for the whole country. A stage for the exploration of our culture, culturein its richest sense. An institution everyone feels they own, one that represents them. It could yet become the catalyst for the whole nation's rediscovery of its cultural and economic wealth. It would certainly remind Londoners that the peasants don't live in caves. Even though they talk funny.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) John Winston Lennon was born into a world at war with itself—a perfect symbol of the internal contradictions that defined his life and music. German aircraft were dropping bombs on his city at the very moment of his arrival. (41)______. Lennon also had a powerful attachment to his mother Julia that lingered long after she died in 1958; the classic 1968 album The Beatles, (known as the "White Album" for its white album liner) included his song "Julia"—an exquisite expression of raw sorrow. When he and McCartney first met on July 6th, 1957—at a church picnic where Lennon"s band was a star attraction—Lennon was budding into a fusion of bold attitude, keen wit and honest charm. The Beatles gave him the room to bloom. (42)______. In a few ways, the current boy-band phenomenon is simply the Beatles with a modern twist: huge record sales, adoring young women queued up on the sidewalks outside their concerts, and the circus-like atmosphere surrounding their every move. With his sharp, handsome features and an attractive warmth contrasted by his acid turn of phrase, Lennon evoked as much hysterical female desire as any member of the Back Street Boys, if not all of them put together. (43)______. Lennon and Ono skillfully used the disbelief and scorn that often greeted their provocative exploits to promote their peace campaigns: demonstrating in their bed clothes for an end to the Vietnam War in the spring of 1969 and paying for huge "WAR IS OVER!" signs in twelve cities around the world the following Christmas. (44)______. A peculiar irony of Lennon"s story is the way we tend to worship the Man and the Beatle at the expense of the solo artist. To be frank, Lennon was not always terrific on his own. (45)______.A. Today, the popularity of the Beatles seems like a distant miracle, an ancient explosion of energetic teenage joy. Surviving films and historical accounts only hint at the magic of the two years, 1963 and 1964, in which the Beatles brought Britain, and then America happily to their knees.B. The Beatles wore suits and chatted cheerfully with reporters in that first couple of years. They also moved quickly to seize control—of their music, their careers and their individual destinies.C. His image as the intellectual Beatle—the shy, brilliant seeker of truth with a stubborn streak and a smart mouth—was rooted in his days as a would-be art student and teenage rebel with a remarkable intellect. He found substitute father figures in American rock musicians.D. On the final day of his life, Lennon gave an interview to promote what would be his final album. When asked about his 1971 single recording "Power to the People," Lennon said he now believed that people do have the power. "I don"t mean the power of the gun," he explained. "They have the power to make and create the society they want."E. The couple planted trees for peace at Coventry Cathedral in England and, in early 1970, cut their hair for peace. In openly courting public scorn, Lennon and Ono engineered a vital public debate about peace and love as realistic goals, not just naive nonsense.F. The key line in those "WAR IS OVER!" signs was in the small type near the bottom: IF YOU WANT IT. When John Lennon died, he left us with a unique body of work and the most valuable lesson rock & roll has to offer: anything is possible—if you want it.G. He never did better than the intensity and howl of his John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band album, but there is much in Lennon"s post-Beatle music to be appreciated. Recorded during his so-called lost weekend—a period of separation from Ono—the 1974 album Walls and Bridges is a striking testimony to the wretched desperation he felt.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G. Some of the paragraphs have been placed for you. (10 points)A. "For decades, the cognitive and neural sciences have treated mental processes as though they involved passing discrete packets of information in a strictly feed-forward fashion from one cognitive module to the next or in a string of individuated binary symbols—like a digital computer," said Spivey. "More recently, however, a growing number of studies, such as our support dynamical-systems approaches to the mind. In this model, perception and cognition are mathematically described as a continuous trajectory through a high-dimensional mental space; the neural activation patterns flow back and forth to produce nonlinear, self-organized, emergent properties—like a biological organism.B. The computer metaphor describes cognition as being in a particular discrete state, for example, "on or off" or in values of either zero or one, and in a static state until moving on. If there was ambiguity, the model assumed that the mind jumps the gun to one state or the other, and if it realizes it is wrong, it then makes a correction.C. In his study, 42 students listened to instructions to click on pictures of different objects on a computer screen. When the students heard a word, such as "candle," and were presented with two pictures whose names did not sound alike, such as a candle and a jacket, the trajectories of their mouse movements were quite straight and directly to the candle. But when the students heard "candle" and were presented with two pictures with similarly sounding names, such as candle and candy, they were slower to click on the correct object, and their mouse trajectories were much more curved. Spivey said that the listeners started processing what they heard even before the entire word was spoken.D. In a new study published online this week in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (June 27—July 1), Michael Spivey, a psycholinguist and associate professor of psychology at Cornell, tracked the mouse movements of undergraduate students while working at a computer. The findings provide compelling evidence that language comprehension is a continuous process.E. Whereas the older models of language processing theorized that neural systems process words in a series of discrete stages, the alternative model suggests that sensory input is processed continuously so that even partial linguistic input can start "the dynamic competition between simultaneously active representations."F. "When there was ambiguity, the participants briefly didn"t know which picture was correct and so for several dozen milliseconds, they were in multiple states at once. They didn"t move all the way to one picture and then correct their movement if they realized they were wrong, but instead they traveled through an intermediate gray area," explained Spivey. "The degree of curvature of the trajectory shows how much the other object is competing for their interpretation; the curve shows continuous competition. They sort of partially heard the word both ways, and their resolution of the ambiguity was gradual rather than discrete it"s a dynamical system."G. "In thinking of cognition as working as a biological organism does, on the other hand, you do not have to be in one state or another like a computer, but can have values in between—you can be partially in one state and another, and then eventually gravitate to a unique interpretation, as in finally recognizing a spoken word," Spivey said.Order: D is the first paragraph and E is the last.

Marriage is, for many people, their most important relationship, the source of much happiness, and, for some, even adds extra years to their life. While the【C1】______between marriage and well-being has been【C2】______studied, predicting marital success is【C3】______. Exactly which people are likely to make successful 【C4】______and what can they do to【C5】______the odds of being successful and happy in marriage? "The state of marriage is that it's going in two directions. For people with a college degree, marriage is still going【C6】______." However, Cherlin explains, "for people with less 【C7】______, there's less marriage and more breakups." Happy marriage【C8】______are much less common in such households. Another predictor of successful marriages is the quality of a【C9】______childhood relationship with their parents. "The kind of relationships you have with your parents【C10】______up are predictive of marital quality in【C11】______Umberson says. Finally, there is a chicken-and-egg【C12】______to successful marriages. "People who are married are【C13】______than people who aren't. The question is how much of this is【C14】______and how much is effect?" While natural selection【C15】______has an impact here, Cherlin says, "people who are【C16】______happy are more likely to get married, but marriage makes them even healthier." The【C17】______to good marriages is similar in Umberson's view. "I think it's the presence of emotional support, and that the person you're with does make you feel emotionally supported," she says.【C18】______, "If your partner is 【C19】______and demanding" all the time, those "are just red flags" in terms of marital happiness. And in terms of【C20】______, she notes, "marital strain is worse for your health than marital happiness is good for your health."

A."Ijustdon"tknowhowtomotivatethemtodoabetterjob.We"reinabudgetcrunchandIhaveabsolutelynofinancialrewardsatmydisposal.Infact,we"llprobablyhavetolaysomepeopleoffinthenearfuture.It"shardformetomakethejobinterestingandchallengingbecauseitisn"t—it"sboring,routinepaperwork,andthereisn"tmuchyoucandoaboutit.B."Finally,Ican"tsaytothemthattheirpromotionswillhingeontheexcellenceoftheirpaperwork.Firstofall,theyknowit"snottrue.Iftheirperformanceisadequate,mostaremorelikelytogetpromotedjustbystayingontheforceacertainnumberofyearsthanforsomespecificoutstandingact.Second,theyweretrainedtodothejobtheydooutinthestreets,nottofilloutforms.Allthroughtheircareeritisthearrestsandinterventionsthatgetnoticed.C."I"vegotarealproblemwithmyofficers.Theycomeontheforceasyoung,inexperiencedmen,andwesendthemoutonthestreet,eitherincarsoronabeat.Theyseemtolikethecontacttheyhavewiththepublic,theactioninvolvedincrimeprevention,andtheapprehensionofcriminals.Theyalsolikehelpingpeopleoutatfires,accidents,andotheremergencies.D."Somepeoplehavesuggestedanumberofthingslikeusingconvictionrecordsasaperformancecriterion.However,weknowthat"snotfair—toomanyotherthingsareinvolved.Badpaperworkincreasesthechancethatyouloseincourt,butgoodpaperworkdoesn"tnecessarilymeanyou"llwin.Wetriedsettingupteamcompetitionsbasedontheexcellenceofthereports,buttheguyscaughtontothatprettyquickly.Noonewasgettinganytypeofrewardforwinningthecompetition,andtheyfiguredwhyshouldtheylaborwhentherewasnopayoff.E."Theproblemoccurswhentheygetbacktothestation.Theyhatetodothepaperwork,andbecausetheydislikeit,thejobisfrequentlyputoffordoneinadequately.Thislackofattentionhurtsuslateronwhenwegettocourt.Weneedclear,factualreports.Theymustbehighlydetailedandunambiguous.Assoonasonepartofareportisshowntobeinadequateorincorrect,therestofthereportissuspect.Poorreportingprobablycausesustolosemorecasesthananyotherfactor.F."SoIjustdon"tknowwhattodo.I"vebeengropinginthedarkinanumberofyears.AndIhopethatthisseminarwillshedsomelightonthisproblemofmineandhelpmeoutinmyfuturework."G.Alargemetropolitancitygovernmentwasputtingonanumberofseminarsforadministrators,managersand/orexecutivesofvariousdepartmentsthroughoutthecity.Atoneofthesesessionsthetopictobediscussedwasmotivation—howwecangetpublicservantsmotivatedtodoagoodjob.Thedifficultyofapolicecaptainbecamethecentralfocusofthediscussion.

Write a letter to a friend of yours to 1) recommend one of your favorite movies and 2) give reasons for your recommendation. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

Man is born free but is everywhere in debt. In the rich world, getting hold of your first credit card is a rite of passage far more important for your daily life than casting your first vote. Buying your first home normally requires taking on a debt several times the size of your annual income. And even if you shun the temptation of borrowing to indulge yourself, you are still saddled with your portion of the national debt. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s a rise in debt levels accompanied the "great moderation", when growth was steady and unemployment and inflation remained low. No longer did Western banks have to raise rates to halt consumer booms. By the early 2000s a vast international scheme of vendor financing had been created. Those who cautioned against rising debt levels were dismissed as doom-mongers; after all, asset prices were rising even faster, so balance-sheets looked healthy. And with the economy advancing, debtors could afford to meet their interest payments. In short, it paid to borrow and it paid to lend. Like alcohol, a debt boom tends to induce euphoria. Traders and investors saw the asset-price rises as proof of their brilliance; central banks and governments thought that rising markets and higher tax revenues attested to the soundness of their policies. The answer to all problems seemed to be more debt. Depressed? Use your credit card for a shopping spree "because you're worth it". Want to get rich quick? Work for a private-equity or hedge-fund firm, using borrowed money to enhance returns. Looking for faster growth for your company? Borrow money and make an acquisition. And if the economy is in recession, let the government go into deficit to bolster spending. Debt increased at every level, from consumers to companies to banks to whole countries. The effect varied from country to country, but a survey by the McKinsey Global Institute found that average total debt(private and public sector combined)in ten mature economies rose from 200% of GDP in 1995 to 300% in 2008. There were even more startling rises in Iceland and Ireland, where debt-to-GDP ratios reached 1,200% and 700% respectively. The burdens proved too much for those two countries, plunging them into financial crisis. Such turmoil is a sign that debt is not the instant solution it was made out to be. From early 2007 onwards there were signs that economies were reaching the limit of their ability to absorb more borrowing. The growth-boosting potential of debt seemed to peter out. According to Leigh Skene of Lombard Street Research, each additional dollar of debt was associated with less and less growth.

Have you ever been afraid to talk back when you were treated unfairly? Have you ever bought something just because the salesman talked you into it? Are you afraid to ask someone for a date? Many people are afraid to assert themselves, Dr. Alberti, author of Stand Up, Speak Out, and Talk Back, thinks it"s because their self-respect is low. "Our whole set-up is designed to make people distrust themselves," says Alberti, "There"s always "superior" around a parent, a teacher, a boss who "knows better". There superiors often gain when they chip away at your self-image." But Alberti and other scientists are doing something to help people assert themselves. They offer "assertiveness training" courses, AT for short. In the AT courses people learn that they have a right to be themselves. They learn to speak out and feel good about doing so. They learn to be more active without hurting other people. In one way, learning to speak out is to overcome fear. A group taking an AT course will help the timid person to lose his fear. But, AT uses an even stronger motive—the need to share. The timid person speaks out in the group because he wants to tell how he feels. Whether or not you speak up for yourself depends on your self-image. If someone you face is more "important" than you, you may feel less of a person. You start to doubt your own good sense. You go by the other person "s demand. But, why should you? AT says you can get to feel good about yourself. And once you do, you can learn to speak out.

Biographies can be wearisome contrivances, often too long and too detailed for their own good. Biographers make the mistake of spending too much time worshipping their subjects. Think of the authoritative three-volume life of Robert Frost by Lawrence Thompson, for example, and how the biographer passed, over the many years of its making, from hero worship to intense dislike of thepoet he shadowed for almost a quarter of a century. Yes, too long and intense an acquaintance can lead to sourness. As the bicentenary of Charles Darwin"s birth on February 12th approaches, it is good to welcome a biography which is relatively small, but in no way superficial or meager. Ruth Padel has achieved this feat by writing her great-great-grandfather"s life in a sequence of often quite short poems. Through her verses she seeks to capture the "voice" of Darwin. Ms Padel embeds many of Darwin"s own words—from his books or his letters—in her poems, and the results tend to give the sense of being jointly authored. Sometimes she shapes entire pieces of quotation into her own poetic passages. If this seems to be a bit of sly plagiarism, it doesn"t feel like it. It feels more like a skillful act of collaboration between the living and the dead, one melding easily with the other. Why does this book work so well? How does it manage to say so much in so few words? Ms Padel seems to have caught the essence of the man"s .character, as if in a butterfly net. She enters into his cast of mind, bringing across his hyper-sensitivity, his sense of fragility, his lifelong boldness, and the poems are a sequence of snapshots—often small, intermittent and delicately imagistic—of particularly crucial incidents in his life; of moments of intellectual illumination. It is not easy to describe a whole life in relatively few words. You need to find some way of filling in the background. Ms Padel has overcome this problem by having paragraphs of notes run, in a single column, beside the texts of the poems so that they can be read side by side. And why are poems a good way of iUuminating a life such as Darwin"s? The best lyric poems— think of Keats or Shelley, for example—are moments of sudden insight. And Darwin, throughout, was in the grip of something very similar: a terrible, destabilizing sense of wonder. He sensed hints of the marvelous everywhere he looked. All the sadder then—and this is something that Ms Padel does not explain—that, later in life, the man who carried with him on the Beagle Channel a copy of Milton"s "Paradise Lost" found that he could no longer enjoy poetry.

Lookatthepictureandwriteanarticleonamarketingstrategy:discountpromotion.Yourarticleshouldmeetthefollowingtworequirements:1)interpretthemessageconveyedbythepicture2)makeyourcommentsonthephenomenonYoushouldwrite160～200wordsneatly.

To walk among me stars has been a dream of human kind since the beginning of time, wandering among the heavens that inspire legends and fantasies across the ages. Today, that dream has become a reality, a memory of some of the greatest human achievements in history: walking on the moon, sending probes to distant planets and discovering the secrets behind the mysteries of the cosmos. In the middle of the twentieth century, however, humans were at the halfway point between viewing space travel as a dream and as a reality. To them it was a goal rather than a memory, and the two main forces working toward that goal were the world"s two superpowers, the Soviet Union and the United States. Both of the great nations, on the advent of incredibly efficient rocket thrusters capable of propelling manmade objects into space, strove to achieve the victory of finding a place among the stars and securing the considerable international prestige associated with that monumental achievement. The Soviet Union gained the initial upper hand in the "Space Race," as it is commonly called, sending the first animal into space with. its Sputnik program. Its success and momentum carried it forward, achieving the second remarkable goal of putting a human cosmonaut into orbit around the earth and, more importantly, bringing him safely back to earth. The United States, sensing its losing position in the Space Race, set out to achieve the most ambitious goal yeti, to put a man on the moon. The resources of the entire nation were mobilized to work toward that goal under the orders of President John F. Kennedy, in an attempt to assert itself as a contender in the Space Race despite the Soviet Union"s early victories. After several years, all the efforts bore fruit, when Neil Armstrong, an American became the first man to walk on file moon. With the utterance of his famous words, "That"s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind," Armstrong stated what everyone was thinking. The impossible has been achieved, for such a feat was considered impossible a scant hundred years prior. With the space program continuing forward, the future does indeed seem to hold unlimited possibilities for human kind. An international space station is now orbiting the earth and there are even plans for colonizing planets, bringing the dreams and fantasies of yesterday in line with the reality of today.