Consumers and producers obviously make decisions that mold the economy, but there is a third major【C1】______to consider, the role of government. Government has a powerful【C2】______on the economy in at least four ways: Direct Services. The postal system, for example, is a federal system【C3】______ the entire nation, as is the large and complex establishment. Conversely the【C4】______and maintenance of most highways is the responsibility of the individual states, and the public educational systems, 【C5】______ a large funding role by the federal government, are primarily【C6】______for by state or city governments. Police and fire protection and sanitation services are【C7】______the responsibilities of local government. Regulation and Control. The government regulates and controls private enterprise, in many ways, for the【C8】______of assuring that business serves the best interests of the people【C9】______a whole. Regulation is【C10】______in areas where private enterprise is【C11】______a monopoly, such as in telephone or electric service. Public policy【C12】______ such companies to make a reasonable profit,【C13】______limits their ability to raise prices unfairly, since the public depends on their services. Often control is exercised to protect the public, as for example, when the Food and Drug Administration bans【C14】______drugs, or requires standards of 【C15】______in food. Stabilization and Growth. Branches of government including Congress attempt to control the extremes of boom and bust of inflation and depression, by【C16】______tax rates, the money supply, and the use of credit. They can also【C17】______the economy through changes in the amount of public spending by the government itself. Direct Assistance. The government【C18】______businesses and individuals with many kinds of help. For example, tariffs permit certain products to remain relatively【C19】______of foreign competition; imports are sometimes taxed【C20】______American products are able to compete better with certain foreign goods.

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about laughing. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph (41—45). The first paragraph of the text is not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. (10 points)A. What have they found?B. Is it true that laughing can make us healthier?C. So why do people laugh so much?D. What makes you laugh?E. How did you come to research it?F. So what"s it for? Why are you interested in laughter? It"s a universal phenomenon, and one of the most common things we do. We laugh many times a day, for many different reasons, but rarely think about it, and seldom consciously control it. We know so little about the different kinds and functions of laughter, and my interest really starts there. Why do we do it? What can laughter teach us about our positive emotions and social behaviour? There"s so much we don"t know about how the brain contributes to emotion and I think we can get at understanding this by studying laughter.(41)______. Only 10 or 20 per cent of laughing is a response to humour. Most of the time it"s a message we send to other people—communicating joyful disposition, a willingness to bond and so on. It occupies a special place in social interaction and is a fascinating feature of our biology, with motor, emotional and cognitive components. Scientists study all kinds of emotions and behaviour, but few focus on this most basic ingredient. Laughter gives us a clue that we have powerful systems in our brain which respond to pleasure, happiness and joy. It"s also involved in events such as release of fear.(42)______. My professional focus has always been on emotional behaviour. I spent many years investigating the neural basis of fear in rats, and came to laughter via that route. When I was working with rats, I noticed that when they were alone, in an exposed environment, they were scared and quite uncomfortable. Back in a cage with others, they seemed much happier. It looked as if they played with one another—real rough-and-tumble—and I wondered whether they were also laughing. The neurobiologist Jaak Panksepp had shown that juvenile rats make short vocalisations, pitched too high for humans to hear, during rough-and-tumble play. He thinks these are similar to laughter. This made me wonder about the roots of laughter.(43)______. Everything humans do has a function, and laughing is no exception. Its function is surely communication. We need to build social structures in order to live well in our society and evolution has selected laughter as a useful device for promoting social communication. In other words, it must have a survival advantage for the species.(44)______. The brain scans are usually done while people are responding to humorous material. You see brainwave activity spread from the sensory processing area of the occipital lobe, the bit at the back of the brain that processes visual signals, to the brain"s frontal lobe. It seems that the frontal lobe is involved in recognising things as funny. The left side of the frontal lobe analyses the words and structure of jokes while the right side does the intellectual analyses required to "get" jokes. Finally, activity spreads to the motor areas of the brain controlling the physical task of laughing. We also know about these complex pathways involved in laughter from neurological illness and injury. Sometimes after brain damage, tumours, stroke or brain disorders such as Parkinson"s disease, people get "stonefaced syndrome" and can"t laugh.(45)______. I laugh a lot when I watch amateur videos of children, because they"re so natural. I"m sure they"re not forcing anything funny to happen. I don"t particularly laugh hard at jokes, but rather at situations. I also love old comedy movies such as Laurel and Hardy and an extremely ticklish. After starting to study laughter in depth, I began to laugh and smile more in social situations, those involving either closeness or hostility. Laughter really creates a bridge between people, disarms them, and facilitates amicable behaviour.

To Journalists, three of anything makes a trend. So after three school shootings in six days, speculation about an epidemic of violence in American classrooms was inevitable, and wrong. Violence in schools has fallen by half since the mid-1990s; children are more than 100 times more likely to be murdered outside the school walls than within them. On September 27th a 53-year-old petty criminal, Duane Morrison, walked into a school in Bailey, Colorado, with two guns. He took six girls hostage, molested some of them, and killed one before committing suicide as police stormed the room. And on September 29th a boy brought two guns into his school in Cazenovia, Wisconsin. Prosecutors say that 15-year-old Eric Hainstock may have planned to kill several people. But staff acted quickly when they saw him with a shotgun, calling the police and putting the school into "lock-down". The head teacher, who confronted him in a corridor, was the only one killed. October 2nd a 32-year-old milk-truck driver, Charles Roberts, entered a one-room Amish school in Nickel Mines, Pennsylvania. He lined the girls up, tied their feet and, after an hour, shot them, killing at least five. He killed himself as police broke into the classroom. What to make of such horrors? Some experts see the Colorado and Pennsylvania cases as an extreme manifestation of a culture of violence against women. Both killers appeared to have a sexual motive, and both let all the boys in the classroom go free. But it is hard to infer from such unusual examples, and one must note that violence against women is less than half what it was in 1995. Other experts see all three cases as symptomatic of a change in the way men commit suicide. Helen Smith, a forensic psychologist, told a radio audience "men are deciding to take their lives, "and they"re not going alone anymore. They"re taking people down with them". True, but not very often. Gun-control enthusiasts think school massacres show the need for tighter restrictions. It is too easy, they say, for criminals such as Mr. Morrison and juveniles such as Mr. Hainstock to obtain guns. Gun enthusiasts draw the opposite conclusion: that if more teachers carried concealed handguns, they could shoot potential child-killers before they kill. George Bush has now called for a conference on school violence. Will it unearth anything new, or valuable? After the Columbine massacre in 1999, the FBI produced a report on school shooters. It concluded that it was impossible to draw up a useful profile of a potential shooter because "a great many adolescents who will never commit violent acts will show some of the behaviours on any checklist of warning signs".

Studythefollowinggraphgivenbelowandwriteandessayofabout200words.Youressayshouldcovertheinformationofthegraphandmeetthefollowingrequirement:1)interpretthegraph;2)explainthechanges;3)yourcomments.

In 1951, Time magazine set out to paint a portrait of the nation"s youth, those born into the Great Depression. It doomed them as the Silent Generation, and a generally dull lot: cautious and obedient, uninterested in striking out in new directions or shaping the great issues of the day—the outwardly efficient types whose inner agonies the novel Revolutionary Road would analyze a decadelater. "Youth"s ambitions have shrunk," the magazine declared. "Few youngsters today want to mine diamonds in South Africa, ranch in Paraguay, climb Mount Everest, find a cure for cancer, sail around the world or build an industrial empire. Some would like to own a small, independent business, but most want a good job with a big firm, and with it, a kind of suburban idyll." The young soldier "lacks flame,,," students were "docile notetakers." And the young writer"s talent "sometimes turns out to be nothing more than a byproduct of his nervous disposition." "The best thing that can be said for American youth, in or out of uniform, is that it has learned that it must try to make the best of a bad and difficult job, whether that job is life, war, or both," Time concluded. "The generation which has been called the oldest young generation in the world has achieved a certain maturity." Today we are in a recession the depth and duration of which are unknown; Friday"s job loss figures were just the latest suggestion that it could well be prolonged and profound rather than shorter and shallower. So what of the youth shaped by what some are already calling the Great Recession? Will a publication looking back from 2030 damn them with such faint praise? Will they marry younger, be satisfied with stable but less exciting jobs? Will their children mock them for reusing tea bags and counting pennies as if this paycheck were the last? At the very least, they will deal with tremendous instability, just as their Depression forebears did. "The "30s challenged the whole idea of the American dream, the idea of open economic possibilities," said Morris Dickstein, an English professor at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. "The version you get of that today is the loss of confidence on the part of both parent and children that life in the next generation will inevitably be better." How today"s young will be affected 10, 20 or 40 years on will depend on many things. If history is any guide, what will matter most is where this recession generation is in the historical process.

After having finished the end-of-term exams, you have gone straight home without saying goodbye to your roommate Li Hong. Write a letter to her: 1) explaining the situation, and 2) inviting her home during the vacation. You should write about 100 words. Do not Sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

What is less well understood by the general public is that there have been a number of trends which have further contributed to the diminishment of excavation as an activity. As Bahn puts it "there have been two major trends over time: first, excavation has become far slower and more painstaking....The work is incredibly meticulous... Secondly, we can learn far more from what we have." The conclusions to be drawn from this would appear to be contradictory. As technology improves we are able to undertake a wide variety of analysis from microscopic, radio carbon dating or even DNA samples. The ability to determine more, from fewer samples again suggests that less excavation is required. Moreover, more often than not the balance of effort now rests with the specialist analysers such as pollen experts and dating analysis rather than the excavators. So, again some of the requirements for extensive excavation have diminished through the advancement of other analytical techniques and not just surface survey techniques. Furthermore, Archaeology itself has changed in a number of ways. No longer is the emphasis simply upon the acquisition of material culture or artifacts. In many cases, we have a reasonable understanding of the surviving material culture. In deed, in Egypt and Italy, items are rebuffed in the ground simply because the museums are too full, theft may be ripe, preservation difficult and documentation slow. The emergence of processual archaeology under Binford and others again moved archaeology to wards broader concepts of explanation, process, deduction, hypothesis testing, question setting and response. Answering questions about the organisation of societies, the environment and their life have a much greater importance today. And answering these how and why questions implies a much broader scope, of work. Excavation alone cannot answer all these questions. Archaeology needs a structured research process. This procedure is described by Renfrew and Bahn as research design. Research design has four components, namely: formulation, the collection and recording, processing and analysis and publication. For example, more detailed work in the formulation part can focus lines of enquiry into a specific area and thereby again reduce the amount of excavation required. As the questions currently posed by Archaeologists tend to be more "strategic" the focus of the field work is also of a strategic nature. Overall landscapes, context, trading patterns and systems are more important than individual sites. As such this requires different techniques. AS Greene states "field work today is rarely directed at a single site. It usually forms part of a comprehensive study of an area." He continues "studies are designed to elucidate the broad agricultural, economic, and social developments".

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

Bold-faced, with a hyphen and ending in the adjectival "-ed", was coined by Shakespeare in Henry VI, Part I, when Lord Talbot, rescuing his son on a French battlefield, spoke of his "proud desire of bold-faced Victoria". It was picked up in the 19th century by typesetters to describe a type-like Clarendon, Antique or a thick version of Bodoni—that stood out confidently, even impudently, from the page. The adjective was used in an 1880 article in The New York Times (we were hyphenated then): "One of the handbills" distributed by the Ku Klux Klan, noted, a disapproving reporter, was "printed in bold-faced type on yellow paper". Newspaper gossip columnists in the 30"s, to catch the reader"s eye, began using this bold type for the names that made news in what was then called "cafe society" (in contrast to "high" society, whose members claimed to prefer to stay out of those columns). In our time, the typeface metaphor was applied to a set of famous human faces. A fashion reporter—John Duka of The Times—was an early user of the phrase, as he wrote acerbically on Sept. 22, 1981: "At the overheated parties at Calvin Klein"s apartment, Saks Fifth Avenue, Bergdorf Goodman and Studio 54, the bold-faced names said the week had been so crammed that they were feeling a little under the breath, you know. " Rita Kempley of The Washington Post noted in 1987 the sought-after status of "a bold-faced name in People magazine"; by 1999, Alan Peppard of The Dallas Morning News recalled to Texas Monthly that he began with a "social column", but "now we live in an age of celebrity, and there are very few people who care about what the debutantes are doing. So I call it celebrity, society, famous people, rich people, bold-faced names". The New York Times, which never had, does not have and is grimly determined never to have a "gossip column", introduced a "people column" in 2001. (When its current editor, Joyce Wadler, took a six-week break recently, she subheaded that item with a self-mocking "Air Kiss! Smooch! Ciao!") The column covers the doings of celebrities, media biggies, fashion plates, show-biz stars, haut monde notables, perennial personages and others famous for their fame. Its confident, fashionable and modern moniker became the driving force behind the recent popularization of the phrase with the former compound adjective, now an attributive noun: Bold-faced Names.

In Plato"s Utopia, here are three classes: the common people, the soldiers, and the guardians chosen by the legislator. The main problem, as Plato perceives, is to insure that the guardians shall carry out the intention of the legislator. For this purpose the first thing he proposes is education. Education is divided into two parts, music and gymnastics. (46) Each has a wider meaning than at present: "music" means everything that is in the province of the muses, and "gymnastics" means everything concerned with physical training fitness. "Music" is almost as wide as what is now called "culture", and "gymnastics" is somewhat wider than what "athletics" means in the modern sense. Culture is to be devoted to making men gentlemen, in the sense which, largely owing to Plato, is familiar in England. The Athens of his day was, in one respect, analogous to England in the nineteenth century: (47) there was in each an aristocracy enjoying wealth and social prestige, but having no monopoly of political power; and in each the aristocracy had to secure as much power as it could by means of impressive behavior. In Plato"s Utopia, however, the aristocracy rules unchecked. Gravity, decorum and courage seem to be the qualities mainly to be cultivated in education. (48) There is to be a rigid censorship from very early years over the literature to which the young have access and the music they are allowed to hear. Mothers and nurses are to tell their children only authorized stories. Also, there is a censorship of music. The Lydian and Ionian harmonies are to be forbidden, the first because it expresses sorrow, the second because it is relaxed. (49) Only the Dorian (for courage) and the Phrygian (for temperance) are to be allowed, and permissible rhythms must be simple, and such as are expressive of a courageous and harmonious life. As for gymnastics, the training of the body is to be very austere. No one is to eat fish, or meat cooked otherwise than roasted, and there must be no sauces or candies. People brought up on his regimen, he says, will have no need of doctors. Gymnastics applies to the training of mind as well. Up to a certain age, the young are to see no ugliness or vice. (50) But at a suitable moment, they must be exposed to "enchantments", both in the shape of terrors that must not terrify, and of bad pleasures that must not seduce the will. Only after they have withstood these tests will they be judged fit to be guardians.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) Among the celebrated pantheon of Holly wood royalty, few are as well-respected and universally adored as Gregory Peck. For more than fifty years, he has been a major presence in the theater, on television, and most importantly, on the big screen. (41)______. As General MacArthur, Melville"s Captain Ahab, and Atticus Finch, he has presented audiences with compelling stories of strength and masculinity. Eldred Gregory Peck was born on April 5, 1916 in La Jolla, California. By the time he was six, his parents had divorced. For a number of years he lived with his maternal grandmother, but at the age of ten was" sent to St. John"s Military Academy in Los Angeles. The four years he spent there were important in forming his sense of personal discipline. After the Academy, he returned to live with his father, a local pharmacist, and to attend public high school. (42)______. There, his abilities were almost immediately recognized. In 1942, Peck made his debut on Broadway with The Morning Star. Though many of his early plays were doomed to short runs, it seemed clear that Peck was destined for something bigger. In 1944 that "something bigger" arrived in the form of his first two Hollywood roles, as Vladimir in Days of Glory and Father Francis Chisholm in The Keys of the Kingdom. (43)______. This early success provided him the rare opportunity of working with the best directors in Hollywood. Over the next three years he appeared in Alfred Hitchcock"s Spellbound (1945), King Vidor"s Duel in the Sun (1946), and Etia Kazan"s Gentleman"s Agreement (1947). Despite concerns over public acceptance of the last one, a meditation on American anti-Semitism, it surprised many by winning an Oscar for Best Picture and a nomination for Best Actor. This success seemed not only a validation of Peck"s abilities as an artist but of his moral convictions as well. (44)______. Tough and caring, he was the quintessential mid-century American man—the good-looking romantic lead across from Audrey Hepburn as well as the rugged World War 1I bomber commander. For many, the actor and the characters he portrayed were inseparable; the authority of his passionate yet firm demeanor was attractive to post-war Americans who longed for a more stable time. (45)______. While continuing to act on television and in Hollywood throughout the 19805 and 19905, Peck has focused much of his energy on spending time with his wife, children, and grandchildren. For Peck, life as a father and as a public figure have been inseparable; he was simultaneously a major voice against the Vietnam war, while remaining a patriotic supporter of his son who was fighting there. If years of breathing life into characters such as Captain Keith Mallory and General MacArthur taught him anything, it was that life during wartime was profoundly complex; and rarely bas there been a time free from war or struggle. In his more than fifty films, Peck has continually attempted to investigate these complex struggles, and in doing so has created a library of stories that shed light on human possibility and social reality.A. Though an amiable and fun-loving man at home, Peck"s stern presence made him one of the screen"s great patriarchs.B. For many, Peck is a symbol of the American man at his best—a pillar of moral courage and a constant defender of traditional values.C. During the 19605 and 19705, Peck continued to challenge himself as an actor, appearing in thrillers, war films, westerns and in his best known film, To Kill A Mockingbird (1962). Based on the book by Harper Lee, To Kill A Mockingbird addresses problems of racism and moral justice in personal and powerful ways. As Atticus Finch, a lawyer in a small Southern town, Peck created a character that remains a great example of an individual"s struggle for humanity within deeply inhumane conditions. It seems clear however, that the reason for Peck"s constant assertion that To Kill A Mockingbird is his best (and favorite) film, was the film"s attention to the lives of children and the importance of family. D. Gregory Peck passed away on June 12th, 2003, at the age of 87.E. While Days of Glory was coolly received, his role as the taciturn Scottish missionary in The Keys of the Kingdom was a resounding triumph and brought him his first Oscar nomination for Best Actor.F. After graduating, Peck enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley. Greatly influenced by his father"s desires for him to be a doctor, Peck began as a premed student. By the time he was a senior, however, he found his real interests to be in writing and acting. Peek soon realized that he had a natural gift as both an expressive actor and a storyteller. After graduating in 1939, he changed his name from E1dred to Gregory and moved to New York.G. At 85, Peck turned his attention back to where he got his start, the stage. He traveled the country visiting small play houses and colleges, speaking about his life and experiences as a father, a celebrity, and as an actor.

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about the development of maritime laws. Choose the most suitable heading from the list for each numbered paragraph. The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.A. Fist convention of Comite Maritime InternationalB. The convention having been revised three timesC. Why is unification of maritime law necessary?D. The convention with the most signature states.E. Incompatible time scaleF. The salvage convention According to Constitution: "The Comite Maritime International (CMI) is a non-governmental international organization, the object of which is to contribute by all appropriate means and activities to the unification of maritime law in all its aspects. To this end it shall promote the establishment of national associations of maritime law and shall co-operate with other international organizations. "The CMI has been doing just that since 1897. (41)______. In an address to the University of Turin in 1860, the Jurist Mancini said: "The sea with its winds, its storms and its dangers never changes and this demands a necessary uniformity of juridical regime". In other words, those involved in the world of maritime trade need to know that wherever they trade the applicable law will, by and large, be the same. Traditionally, uniformity is achieved by means of international conventions or other forms of agreement negotiated between governments and enforced domestically by those same governments. (42)______. It is tempting to measure the success of a convention on a strictly numerical basis. If that is the proper criterion of success, one could say that one of the most successful conventions ever produced was the very first CMI convention—the Collision Convention of 1910. The terms of this convention were agreed on September 23, 1910 and the convention entered into force less than three years later, on March 1, 1913. (43)______. Almost as successful, in numerical terms, is a convention of similar vintage, namely the Salvage Convention of 1910. Less than three years elapsed between agreement of the text at the Brussels Diplomatic Conference and entry into force on March 1, 1913. we are, quite properly, starting to see a number of denunciations of this convention, as countries adopt the new salvage Convention of 1989. It is worth recording that the Salvage Convention of 1989, designed to replace the 1910 Convention, did not enter into force until July 1996, more than seven years after agreement. The latest information available is that forty States have now ratified or acceded to the 1989 convention. (44)______. The text of the first Limitation Convention was agreed at the Brussels Diplomatic Conference in August 1924, but did not enter into force until 1931-seven years after the text had been agreed. This convention was not widely supported, and eventually attracted only fifteen ratifications or accessions. The CMI had a second go at limitation with its 1957 Convention, the text of which was agreed in October of that year. It entered into force in May 1968 and has been ratified or acceded to by fifty-one states, though of course a number have subsequently denounced this convention in order to embrace the third CMI Limitation Convention, that of 1976. At the latest count the 76 Convention has been ratified or acceded to by thirty-seven states. The fourth instrument on limitation, namely the 1996 Protocol, has not yet come into force, despite the passage of six years since the Diplomatic Conference at Which the text of the was agreed. (45)______. By almost any standard of measurement, the most successful maritime law convention of all time: the Civil Liability Convention of 1969. The text of that convention (to which the CMI contributed both in background research and drafting) was agreed at a Diplomatic Conference in 1969 and it entered into force six years later, in June 1975. The convention has, at various stages, been acceded to or ratified by 103 states (with two additional "provisional" ratifications). If we add to this the various states and dependencies that come in under the UK umbrella, we realize that we are looking at a hugely successful convention. Conventions and other unifying instruments are born in adversity. An area of law may come under review because one or two" states have been confronted by a maritime legal problem that has affected them directly. Those sponsoring states may well spend some time reviewing the problem and producing the first draft of an instrument. Eventually, this draft may be offered to the International Maritime Organization"s (IMO) Legal Committee for inclusion in its work program. Over ensuing years (the Legal Committee meeting every sic months or so), issues presented by the draft will be debated, new issues will be raised, and the instrument will be endlessly re-drafted. At some stage, the view will be taken that the instrument is sufficiently mature to warrant a Diplomatic Conference at which the text will be finalized. If the instrument is approved at the Diplomatic Conference, it will sit for twelve months awaiting signature and then be open to ratification and accession. The instrument will contain an entry into force requirement, which will need to be satisfied.

It's not easy to talk about your feelings when you're four weeks old. That's a shame, because from the moment we're born we have a lot to say. If parents knew how to respond, troubled babies might be a lot less likely to grow into troubled kids. For all the progress that science has made in unraveling the secrets of the child's brain, it's moms and grandmothers who have always had the right idea. A child with problems, they insist, makes no secret of it from the start, coming into the world timid, moody, jumpy or worse. Experts often dismiss such claims as nonsense at best, blame ducking at worst, but there may be more to it than that. A growing body of research shows that newborns do tip their emotional hand early on, giving parents a chance to take control of behavioral problems and maybe even prevent conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or depression from fully taking hold. Says Lawrence Diller, a professor at the University of California, San Francisco: "Using parenting techniques tailored to a child's personality can improve things dramatically for both parents and kids." The idea of revealing infant behavior is not new. In the 1950s, husband-and-wife psychiatric team Stella Chess and Alexander Thomas, both now 87, identified nine parameters of temperament—activity level, attention span, adaptability, intensity, distractibility, mood, sensory threshold, response to challenge and predictability of functions such as eating and sleeping—that emerge at about four weeks and indicate a lot about personality. "At one month, behavior starts to be discernible," says Chess today. "These differences define it." Half a century ago, that message didn't get through. Chess and Thomas were dismissed as "determinists"—a damning label in an era in which babies were seen as blank slates upon which parents could write any personality at all. But practitioners see new wisdom in the old findings. Using their methods as well as newer personality tests, behavioral scientists find that only 60% of babies have easy temperaments from birth. Most of the rest exhibit significant moodiness, defiance or other traits that place them in the so-called difficult category. Without intervention, 80% of these kids—mostly boys—will act out, becoming oppositional and hyperexcitable, and run a greater risk of developing ADHD. The remaining 20%—mostly girls—become withdrawn and run a greater risk of developing phobias, depression or compulsions. Clearly, not every baby in the difficult group deteriorates this way. One key is the parents. To be sure, if a child is apt to a clinical condition such as ADHD, even the most deft parenting won't avert the problem altogether—but it can improve things.

BSection III Writing/B

In the next century we"ll be able to alter our DNA radically, encoding our visions and vanities while concocting new life-forms.【F1】 When Dr. Frankenstein made his monster, he wrestled with the moral issue of whether he should allow it to reproduce, "Had I the right, for my own benefit, to inflict the curse upon everlasting generations?" Will such questions require us to develop new moral philosophies? Probably not. Instead, we"ll reach again for a time tested moral concept, one sometimes called the Golden Rule and which Kant, the millennium"s most prudent moralist, conjured up into a categorical imperative:【F2】 Do unto others as you would have them do unto you; treat each person as an individual rather than as a means to some end. 【F3】 Under this moral precept we should recoil at human cloning, because it inevitably entails using humans as means to other humans" ends and valuing them as copies of others we loved or as collections of body parts, not as individuals in their own right. We should also draw a line, however fuzzy, that would permit using genetic engineering to cure diseases and disabilities but not to change the personal attributes that make someone an individual(IQ, physical appearance, gender and sexuality). The biotech age will also give us more reason to guard our personal privacy. Aldous Huxley in Brave New World, got it wrong: rather than centralizing power in the hands of the state, DNA technology has empowered individuals and families.【F4】 But the state will have an important role, making sure that no one, including insurance companies, can look at our genetic data without our permission or use it to discriminate against us. 【F5】 Then we can get ready for the breakthroughs that could come at the end of the next century and the technology is comparable to mapping our genes: plotting the 10 billion or more neurons of our brain. With that information we might someday be able to create artificial intelligences that think and experience consciousness in ways that are indistinguishable from a human brain. Eventually we might be able to replicate our own minds in a "dry ware" machine, so that we could live on without the "wet ware" of a biological brain and body. The 20th century"s revolution in info-technology will thereby merge with the 21st century"s revolution in biotechnology. But this is science fiction. Let"s turn the page now and get back to real science.

Most of the questions have been settled satisfactorily, and only a few questions of secondary importance remain to be discussed.

It seemed so promising—mirrors sprawled across desert land in the scorching southwest delivering clean electricity and helping Americans out of the increasing fuel crisis. Some scientists and industry developers claim that Nevada"s empty and sun-drenched expanses alone could supply enough electricity to power the entire country. Now even the optimists fear this wonderful prospect may be a mirage. Congress cannot make up their mind to extend the tax-reducing bill for solar-energy projects, which solar advocates say is critical to the future of their industry but which is due to expire at the end of the year. The latest attempt failed in the Senate earlier this month, prospects for a deal before November"s presidential and congressional elections now look dim. Uncertainty has led some investors to delay or abandon projects in the past few months. Rhone Resch, the president of the Solar Energy Industries Association, said if the tax-reducing bill is allowed to expire at the end of the year, "it will result in the loss of billions of dollars in new investments in solar. " Further dampening hopes for a big solar-energy boom, the federal Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has abruptly suspended new applications to put solar collectors on federal land. The agency says it has received more than 130 applications and needs to conduct a region-wide environmental impact study on the industry before it will accept any more. The study will take 22 months to complete, however. Few argue against trying to preserve precious water sources and protect desert tortoises and other creatures that might not enjoy cohabiting with sprawling fields of mirrors. But many solar advocates wonder why the government is not acting as cautiously when it comes to drilling for oil and gas. Senator Maria Cantwell, a Democrat from Washington State, wants a congressional probe into the proposed suspension. "The fact that the BLM pops this out without people even knowing about it, especially when solar thermal looks extremely promising as a power source, is not right," she says. Harry Reid of Nevada, who is the majority leader in the Senate, also condemns the BLM"s freeze, saying that it could "slow new development to a crawl". The BLM is not without its supporters, however. At a public meeting on June 23rd in Golden, Colorado, Alex Daue, of the Wilderness Society, said that his organization supports renewable energy development as long as it doesn"t damage other important resources. The message is clear: no rubber stamps, even for renewable energy.

Human-induced climate change is likely to make many parts of the world uninhabitable, or at least uneconomic. Over the course of a few decades, if not sooner hundreds of millions of people may be compelled to relocate because of environmental pressures. To a significant extent, water will be the most important determinant ofthese population movements. Dramatic alterations in the relation between water and society will be widespread, as emphasized in the new report from Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. These shifts may include rising sea levels, stronger tropical cyclones, the loss of soil moisture under higher temperatures, more intense precipitation and flooding, more frequent droughts, the melting of glaciers and the changing seasonality of snowmelt. Impacts will vary widely across the world. It will be important to keep our eye on at least four zones: low-lying coastal settlements, farm regions dependent on rivers fed by snowmelt and glacier melt, sub humid and arid regions, and humid areas in Southeast Asia vulnerable to changes in monsoon patterns. A significant rise in sea levels, even by a fraction of a meter could ruin tens or even hundreds of millions of people. One study found that although coastal areas less than 10 meters above sea level constitute only 2 percent of the world"s land, they contain 10 percent of its population These coastal zones are vulnerable to storm surges and increased intensity of tropical cyclones—call it the New Orleans Effect. Regions much farther inland will wither. Hundreds of millions of people, including many of the poorest farm households, live in river valleys where irrigation is fed by melting glaciers and snow. The annual snowmelt is coming earlier every year, synchronizing it less and less well with the summer growing season, and the glaciers are disappearing altogether. Thus, the vast numbers of farmers in the Indo-Gangetic Plain will most likely face severe disruptions in water availability. Until now, the climate debate has focused on the basic science and the costs and benefits of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Attention will now increasingly turn to the urgent challenge of adapting to the changes and helping those who are most affected. Some hard-hit places will be rescued by better infrastructure that protects against storm surges or economizes on water for agriculture.Others will shift successfully from agriculture to industry and services. Yet some places will be unable to adjust altogether, and suffering populations will most likely move. We are just beginning to understand these phenomena in quantitative terms. Economists, hydrologists, agronomists and climatologists will have to join forces to take the next steps in scientific understanding of this human crisis.

Marketers like to work on the demand side—take what's in demand, make it cheaper, run a lot of ads, make a profit. If you can increase demand for what you have already made, a lot of problems will take care of themselves. It's the promise made by the typical marketing organization: Give us money, and we'll increase demand. There's an overlooked alternative. If you can offer a scarce and coveted good or service that others can't, you win. What is both scarce and in demand? Things that are difficult: difficult to conceive, to convey, and to make. Sometimes difficult even, at first, to sell—maybe an unpopular idea or a product that's ahead of its time. In fact, just about the only thing that is not available in unlimited supply in an ever more efficient, connected world is the product of difficult work. It's no longer particularly difficult to run a complex factory. There are people across the globe able to do it more cheaply than you. Commoditization doesn't apply only to making and selling cheap goods. Almost everything they teach in business school is easy to do. It's easy to do the options pricing model. Providing audit services isn't difficult. Neither is running a high-traffic website. Amazon will do it for you for pennies on the dollar. With a lack of difficulty comes more choice, more variation, and, yes, lower prices. And so consumers of every stripe are jaded. This puts huge pressure on organizations, because the race to the bottom demands that they either do all this easy work faster or do it cheaper than they did it yesterday. And there's not a lot of room to do either one. The only refuge from the race to the bottom? Difficult work. Your only alternative is to create something scarce, something valuable, something that people will pay more for. What's difficult? Creating beauty is difficult, whether it's the tangible beauty of a brilliant innovation or the intangible essence of exceptional leadership. Beauty exists in an elegant and novel approach to a problem. Maybe it's captured in a simple device that works intuitively, reliably, and efficiently or in an effective solution—a "beautiful" solution—to an organizational dysfunction. And it exists in the act of connecting with and leading people. Leading changes is difficult. It's difficult to find, hire, and retain people who are eager and able to change the status quo. It's difficult to stick with a project that everyone seems to dislike. It's difficult to motivate a team of people who have been lied to or had their spirits dashed. People who can do difficult work will always be in demand. And yet our default is to do the easy work, busywork, and work that only requires activity, not real effort or guts. That's true of individuals, and also true of companies. That's because we regard our role as cranking out average stuff for average people, pushing down price, and, at best, marginally improving value. That used to be the way to grow an organization. No longer. The world will belong to those who can create something scarce, not something cheap. The race to the top has just begun.

Children model themselves largely on their parents. They do so mainly through identification. Children identify【C1】______a parent when they believe they have the qualities and feelings that are【C2】______of that parent. The things parents do and say—and the【C3】______they do and say to them—therefore strongly influence a child" s【C4】______. However, parents must consistently behave like the type of【C5】______they want their child to become. A parent"s actions【C6】______affect the self image that a child forms【C7】______identification. Children who see mainly positive qualities in their【C8】______will likely learn to see themselves in a positive way. Children who observe chiefly【C9】______qualities in their parents will have difficulty【C10】______positive qualities in themselves. Children may【C11】______their self image, however, as they become increasingly【C12】______by peers" group standards before they reach 13. Isolated events,【C13】______dramatic ones, do not necessarily have a permanent【C14】______on a child"s behavior. Children interpret such events according to their established attitudes and previous training. Children who know they are loved can,【C15】______, accept the divorce of their parent"s or a parent"s early【C16】______. But if children feel unloved, they may interpret such events【C17】______a sign of rejection or punishment. In the same way, all children are not influenced【C18】______by toys and games, reading matter, and television programs.【C19】______in the case of a dramatic change in family relations, the【C20】______of an activity or experience depends on how the child interprets it.