I won't be modest. I am gratified to discover that a paper I penned on inequality made its way into Matt Miller's Washington Post column last week. Mr Miller asks why rising inequality has not【C1】______America's least-favored classes to agitate for a【C2】______He agrees with my verdict: that access to【C3】______goods among the least well-off has ensured that material inequality is not as【C4】______as income inequality. 【C5】______modem conveniences have taken some of the【C6】______out of a relatively small income. This in turn has【C7】______the drive to seek causes of and cures for【C8】______'s discomfort. So the gap between rich and poor is sometimes less【C9】______, even if it is great and growing. Day-to-day experience is mostly a matter of our【C10】______circumstances, and if those are【C11】______enough, a widening gap in income, consumption or wealth is【C12】______to come often to our attention. Even if the abstract fact of rising inequality does come across our radar, it may【C13】______our sense of justice only if we've become convinced that inequality itself is【C14】______, or if we face related catastrophes. When I wrote the paper, official measures of income inequality had increased a good deal over the past few decades【C15】______consumption inequality seemed to have remained【C16】______New research suggests that consumption inequality has been increasing with income inequality【C17】______This may be true, but it seems【C18】______to the question of why America's poor aren't storming the barriers. The consumption data concerns how much we【C19】______, not how we experience what we buy, and that's the real issue. Even if we could agree that inequality in real standards of living is rising, this is not something we actually experience unless we are hungry, or【C20】______with the entertainments of our leisure.

Prewriting refers to strategies you can use to generate ideas before starting the first draft of a paper. Prewriting techniques are like the warm-ups you do【C1】______going out to jog—they loosen you up, get you moving, and help you 【C2】______a sense of confidence. Since prewriting techniques encourage【C3】______exploration, they also help you discover【C4】______interests you most about your subject Having such a focus early in the writing process【C5】______you from plunging into your initial draft without first giving some thought to what you want to say. 【C6】______ prewriting saves you time in the long run by keeping you on course. Prewriting can help you in【C7】______ways, too. When we write, we often continually critique what we【C8】______on paper. "This makes no sense," "This is stupid," "I can"t say that," and other critical thoughts【C9】______into our minds. Such【C10】______, self-critical comments very often, if not always, 【C11】______the flow of our thoughts and reinforce the fear that we have nothing to say and aren"t very good at writing. During prewriting, you【C12】______ignore your internal critic. Your purpose is simply to get ideas down on paper【C13】______evaluating their effectiveness. Writing without immediately judging what you produce can be liberating. Once you feel less【C14】______, you"ll probably find that you can generate a good deal of material, and that can make your 【C15】______soar. One【C16】______advantage of prewriting: The random associations【C17】______prewriting tap the mind"s ability to make【C18】______connections. When you pre-write, you"re like an archaeologist going on a【C19】______. On the one hand, you may not unearth anything; on the other hand, you may stumble upon one interesting【C20】______after another. Prewriting helps you appreciate—right from the start—this element of surprise in the writing process.

Even at the Vatican, not all sacred beliefs are absolute: Thou shalt not kill, but war can be just. Now, behind the quiet walls, a clash is shaping up involving two poles of near certainty: the church"s long-held ban on condoms and its advocacy of human life. The issue is AIDS. Church officials recently confirmed that Pope Benedict XVI had requested a report on whether it might be acceptable for Catholics to use condoms in one narrow circumstance: to protect life inside a marriage when one partner is infected with H.I.V. or is sick with AIDS. Whatever the pope decides, church officials and other experts broadly agree that it is remarkable that so delicate an issue is being taken up. But they also agree that such an inquiry is logical, and particularly significant from this pope, who was Pope John Paul II"s strict enforcer of church doctrine. "In some ways, maybe he has got the greatest capacity to do it because there is no doubt about his orthodoxy", said the. Rev. Jon Fuller, a Jesuit physician who runs an AIDS clinic at the Boston Medical Center. The issue has surfaced repeatedly as one of the most complicated and delicate facing the church. For years, some influential cardinals and theologians have argued for a change for couples affected by AIDS in the name of protecting life, while others have fiercely attacked the possibility as demoting the church"s long advocacy of abstinence and marital fidelity to fight the disease. The news broke just after Benedict celebrated his first anniversary as pope, a relatively quiet papal year. But he devoted his first encyclical to love, specifically between a man and a woman in marriage. Indeed, with regard to condoms, the only change apparently being considered is in the specific case of married couples. But any change would be unpopular with conservative Catholics, some of whom have expressed disappointment that Benedict has displayed a softer face now as defender of the faith than he did when he was still Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, the papal adviser. "It"s just hard to imagine that any pope—and this pope—would change the teaching", said Austin Ruse, president of the Culture of Life Foundation, a Catholic-oriented advocacy group in Washington that opposes abortion and contraception. It is too soon to know where the pope is heading. Far less contentious issues can take years to inch through the Vatican"s nexus of belief and bureaucracy, prayer and politics, and Cardinal Javier Lozano Barragan, the pope"s top aide on health care issues, and other officials declined requests for interviews.

In an interview last month, Frank Church, chairman of the Senate committee that is investigating the CIA, issued an oblique but impassioned warning, that the technology of eavesdropping had become so highly developed that Americans might soon be left with "no place to hide". That day may have arrived. Newsweek has learned that the country"s most secret intelligence operation, the National Security Agency, already possesses the computerized equipment to monitor nearly all overseas telephone calls and most domestic and international printed messages. The agency"s devices monitor thousands of telephone circuits, cable lines and the microwave transmissions that carry an increasing share of both spoken and written communications. Computers are programmed to watch for "trigger" words or phrases indicating that a message might interest intelligence analysis, when the trigger is pulled, entire messages are tape-recorded or printed out. That kind of eavesdropping is, however, relatively simple compared with the breakthroughs that lie ahead in the field of snoopery. Already it is technically feasible to "bug" an electric typewriter by picking up its feeble electronic emissions from a remote location and then translating them into words. And some scientists believe that it may be possible in the future for remote electronic equipment to intercept and "read" human brain waves. Where such capabilities exist, so too does the potential for abuse. It is the old story of technology rushing forward with some new wonder, before the man who supposedly control the machines have figure out how to prevent the machines from controlling them.

The homeless make up a growing percentage of America" s population.【C1】______, homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments can"t possibly【C2】______. To help homeless people【C3】______independence, the federal government must support job training programs,【C4】______the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing. 【C5】______everyone agrees on the number of Americans who are homeless. Estimates【C6】______ anywhere from 600, 000 to 3 million.【C7】______the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is【C8】______. One of the federal government"s studies【C9】______that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade. Finding ways to【C10】______this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. 【C11】______when homeless individuals manage to find a【C12】______that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day【C13】______the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others,【C14】______not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday【C15】______kills needed to turn their lives【C16】______. Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are【C17】______programs that address the many needs of the homeless.【C18】______Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts,【C19】______it, "There has to be【C20】______of programs. What"s needed is a package deal."

The environmental and social costs of closing and rehabilitating(恢复) old and abandoned mines around the world are likely in trillions of dollars, and far beyond the capability of mining companies alone to deal with, Sir Robert Wilson, chairman of London-based metals giant Rio Tinto Plc said on Tuesday. (46) Wilson told Reuters at a mining industry conference on sustainable development in Toronto that a recent estimate puts rehabilitation costs just in the United States, where regulation is stricter than in many other countries, at $35 billion. "If you look at where the real problems are, in Russia, Eastern Europe, South Africa, India, China, the extent of the (mine) legacy issues is enormous, and it"s totally beyond the capability of this industry, either financially or technically, to make a meaningful contribution to that", Wilson said. (47) "Huge" and "gigantic" were other terms being tossed around to describe the problem of old and abandoned mines at the three-day Global Mining Initiative meeting in Toronto, which is being held in preparation for the World Summit for Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in August. But attempts were few at fixing an exact cost on what the industry calls "heritage issues"—the environmental destruction and tears in the social fabric left over from a 100 years of mining projects that no one has taken responsibility for. Prod they are still happening, some experts at the conference said. James Kuipers, of the U.S. Center for Science in Public Participation, which provides technical services to local and tribal governments, said his group estimates that 95 percent of operating mines in the United States have only vague plans for dealing with the environmental consequences of shutting down, such as the pollution of local water courses. (48) He said that in cases where owners have just walked away or gone bankrupt, it is the taxpayer that has been stuck with the liability. "The public no longer favors new mining in the United States, and mistrusts existing mines", he added. Wilson told Reuters that most large, established companies are able to come to terms with mine closures. Rio Tinto and several other big companies make serious provisions for environmental and social rehabilitation as the planning stages of their projects, he said. (49) "But there are some particular areas of concern for large gold operations in the United States, which have got quite a substantial environmental heritage. I know that is worrying one or two companies quite a lot in terms of the potentially very large liabilities that will be crystallized(明确) on closure. There are going to be some companies that are going to be sweating on this a bit", he said. (50) Many delegates at the conference stressed that governments must become more involved in the issues of mine closings and Kuipers suggested taxing metals consumption to help pay for the clean-up. Some said a global closure fund should be created with contributions from industry, government and institutions. But World Bank official Monika Weber Fahr, who noted that the World Bank is the No. 1 source of mine-closing finances, warned that knowing there is a back-up would encourage irresponsibility. "It should be the polluter that should be paying", she said.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) Cardiologists have pioneered the world"s first non-surgical bypass operation to turn a vein into an artery using a new technique to divert blood flow in a man with severe heart disease. (41)______. Although major heart surgery is becoming commonplace, with more than 28,000 bypass operations in the UK annually, it is traumatic for patients and involves a long recovery period. The new technique was carried out by an international team bf doctors who performed the non-invasive surgery on a 53-year-old German patient. (42)______. According to a special report in Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association, cardiologists developed a special catheter(导管) which was inserted into one of his leg arteries, threaded up through the aorta(主动脉) to the top of the diseased artery, which was the only part still open and receiving blood. (43)______. A thin, flexible wire was threaded through the needle and the needle and catheter were with drawn, leaving the wire behind and a small angioplasty(血管成形术) balloon, which was used to widen the channel. Finally, the vein was blocked off just above the new channel allowing blood from the artery to be rerouted down the vein. (44)______. Dr. Stephen Oesterle, who led the team, said: "This milestone marks the first coronary artery bypass performed with a catheter. The technology offers a realistic hope for truly minimally invasive bypass procedures in the future." Dr. Oesterle is director of cardiology at Massachusetts General Hospital and associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School in Boston. Melanie Haddon, cardiac nurse at the British Heart Foundation, said it was likely to be many years before the procedure was routinely used in hospitals. "Non-invasive surgery, such as this new method, could help minimize the risks, bringing great benefits to the patient." A clot-busting drug combined with 10-minute spurts of exercise has been found to grow new blood vessels in children with heart disease. (45)______. X-rays showed that over a five month period a network of tiny new blood vessels formed in two of the patients. In all seven individuals, the treatment was associated with improved blood flow to the heart muscle in the areas around the blockage.A. In every case, the therapy increased the size of the blocked artery allowing more blood to pass through.B. The diabetic patient, who has not bean named, had suffered severe chest pains because one of his coronary arteries was severely blocked and depriving his heart muscle of oxygen, but he was considered by doctors to be unsuitable for traditional bypass surgery.C. Then, guided by ultra-sound a physician pushed a needle from inside the catheter through the artery wall and into the adjacent vein.D. The keyhole procedure, which avoids the extensive invasive surgery of a conventional bypass, will offer hope to tens of thousands of people at risk from heart attacks. Coronary heart disease, where the arteries are progressively silted up with fatty deposits, is responsible in a major industrial country like Britain for more than 160,000 deaths each year.E. After the procedure, the vein effectively became an artery, carrying blood in the reverse direction from the previous way, and feeding the starved heart tissue with oxygen.F. Researchers in Japan studied seven children and teenagers, aged 6 to 19, who had a totally blocked artery and could not be helped by surgery. They were asked to exercise on a bicycle ma chine twice a day for 10 days and given the anti-clotting drug before each session.G. It is very premature to suggest that this technique will significantly reduce the need for coronary bypass surgery in the near future. It won"t be a solution for everyone. The reality is that veins are not always located that close to an artery, so it wouldn"t work under certain circumstances.

Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwriteanessayentitled"OnCulturalExchanges".Intheessay,youshould(1)describethepictures;(2)interprettheirmeaning;(3)giveyouropinionaboutthephenomenon.

The scourge that"s plaguing cruise lines—and causing thousands of tourists to rethink their holiday travel plans—didn"t start this year, nor did it even start on a ship. It began, as far as the Centers for Disease Control(CDC) can tell, in Norwalk, U.S., in October 1968, when 116 elementary school children and teachers suddenly became iii. The CDC investigated, and the cause was discovered to be a small, spherical, previously unclassified virus that scientists named, appropriately enough, the Norwalk virus. Flash forward 34 years, and Norwalk-like viruses (there"s a whole family of them) are all over the news as one ocean liner after another limps into port with passengers complaining of nausea and vomiting. The CDC, which gets called in whenever more than 2% of a vessel"s passengers come down with the same disease, identified Norwalk as the infectious agent and oversaw thorough ship cleaning—which, to the dismay of the owners of the cruise lines, haven"t made the problem go away. So are we in the middle of an oceangoing epidemic? Not according to Dave Forney, chief of the CDC"s vessel-sanitation program. He sees this kind of thing all the time; a similar outbreak on sever al ships in Alaska last year got almost no press. In fact, he says, as far as gastrointestinal illness goes, fewer people may be getting sick this year than last. Norwalk-like viruses, it turns out, are extremely common—perhaps second only to cold viruses-and they tend to break out whenever people congregate in close quarters for more than two or three days. Oceangoing pleasure ships provide excellent breeding grounds, but so do schools, hotels, camps, nursing homes and hospitals. "Whenever we look for this virus," says Dr. Marc Widdowson, a CDC epidemiologist, "we find it." Just last week 100 students (of 500) at the Varsity Acres Elementary School in Calgary, Canada, stayed home sick. School trick? Hardly. The Norwalk virus had struck again. If ocean cruises are your idea of fun, don"t despair. This might even be a great time to go shipping for a bargain. The ships have been cleaned. The food and water have been examined and found virus free. According to the CDC, it was probably the passengers who brought the virus aboard. Of course, if you are ill or recovering from a stomach bug, you might do everybody a favor and put off your travel until the infectious period has passed (it can take a couple of weeks). To reduce your chances of getting sick, the best thing to do is wash your hands—frequently and thoroughly—and keep them out of" your mouth. One more thing: if, like me, you are prone to motion sickness, don"t forget to pack your Drama mine.

Students"Self-careAbilityWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

It was inevitable that any of President George W. Bush"s fans had to be very disappointed by his decision to implement high tariffs on steel imported to the U.S. The president"s defense was pathetic. He argued that the steel tariffs were somehow consistent with free trade, that the domestic industry was important and struggling, and that the relief was a temporary measure to allow time for restructuring. One reason that this argument is absurd is that U.S. integrated steel companies ("Big Steel") have received various forms of government protection and subsidy for more than 30 years. Instead of encouraging the industry to restructure, the long-term protection has sustained inefficient companies and cost U.S. consumers dearly. As Anne O. Krueger, now deputy managing director of the International Monetary Fund, said in a report on Big Steel: "The American Big Steel industry has been the champion lobbyist and seeker of protection....It provides a key and disillusioning example of the ability special interests to lobby in Washington for measures which hurt the general public and help a very small group." Since 1950s, Big Steel has been reluctant to make the investments needed to match the new technologies introduced elsewhere. It agreed to high wages for its unionized labor force. Hence, the companies have difficulty in competing not only with more efficient producers in Asia and Europe but also with technologically advanced U.S. mini-mills, which rely on scrap metal as an input. Led by Nucor Cor., these mills now capture about half of overall U.S. sales. The profitability of U.S. steel companies depends also on steel prices, which, despite attempts at protection by the U.S. and other governments, are determined primarily in world markets. These prices are relatively high as recently as early 2000 but have since declined with the world recession to reach the lowest dollar values of the last 20 years. Although these low prices are unfortunate for U.S. producers, they are beneficial for the overall U.S. economy. The low prices are also signal that the inefficient Big Steel companies should go out of business even faster than they have been. Instead of leaving or modernizing, the dying Big Steel industry complains that foreigners dump steels by selling at low prices. However, it is hard to see why it is bad for the overall U.S. economy if foreign producers wish to sell us their goods at low prices. After all, the extreme case of dumping is one where foreigners give us their steel for free and why would that be a bad thing?

The author of some forty novels, a number of plays, volumes of verse, historical, critical and autobiographical works, an editor and translator, Jack Lindsay is clearly an extraordinarily prolific writer—a fact which can easily obscure his very real distinction in some of the areas into which he bas ventured. His co editorship of Vision in Sydney in the early 1920"s, for example, is still felt to have introduced a significant period in Australian culture, while his study of Kickens written in 1950 is highly regarded. But of all his work it is probably the novel to which he has made his most significant contribution. Since 1936 when, to use his own words in Fanfrolico and after, he "reached bedrock", Lindsay bas maintained a consistent Marxist viewpoint—and it is this viewpoint which if nothing else has guaranteed his novels a minor but certainly not negligible place in modern British literature. Feeling that "the historical novel is a form that bas a limitless future as a fighting weapon and as a cultural instrument" (New Masses, January 1937), Lindsay first attempted to formulate his Marxist convictions in fiction mainly set in the past: particularly in his trilogy in English novels—1949 (dealing with the Digger and Leveller movements), Lost Birthright (the Wilkesite agitations), and Men of Forth-Eight (written in 1939, the Chartist and revolutionary uprisings in Europe). Basically these works set out, with most success in the first volume, to vivify the historical traditions behind English Socialism and attempted to demonstrate that it stood, in Lindsay"s words, for the "true completion of the national destiny". Although the war years saw the virtual disintegration of the left-wing writing movement of the 1930s, Lindsay himself carried on: delving into contemporary affairs in We Shall Return and Beyond Terror, novels in which the epithets formerly reserved for the evil capitalists or Franco"s soldiers have been transferred rather crudely to the German troops. After the war, Lindsay continued to write mainly about the present—trying with varying degrees of success to come to terms with the unradical political realities of post-war England. In the series of novels known collectively as The British Way, and beginning with Betrayed Spring in 1953, it seemed at first as if his solution was simply to resort to more and more obvious authorial manipulation and heavy-banded didacticism. Fortunately, however, from Revolt of the Sons, this process was reversed, as Lindsay began to show an increasing tendency to ignore party solutions, to fail indeed to give anything but the most elementary political consciousness to his characters, so that in his latest (and what appears to be his last) contemporary novel, Choice of Times, his hero, Colin, ends on a note of desperation: "Everything must be different, I can"t live this way any longer. But how can I change it, how?" To his credit as an artist, Lindsay doesn"t give him any explicit answer.

Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebrate the fact that he got his new home in exchange for a red paper clip. Starting a year ago, MacDonald bartered the clip for increasingly valuable stuff, including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat. Having announced his aim(the house)in advance, MacDonald likely got a boost from techies eager to see the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power. "My whole motto was " Start small, think big, and have fun"", says MacDonald , 26, "I really kept my effort on the creative side rather than the business side." Yet as odd as the MacDonald exchange was, barter is now big business on the Net. This year more than 400,000 companies worldwide will exchange some $10 billion worth of goods and services on a growing number of barter sites. These Web sites allow companies to trade products for a virtual currency, which they can use to buy goods from other members. In Iceland, garment-maker Kapusalan sells a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetid exchange, earning virtual money that it uses to buy machinery and pay part of employee salaries. The Troc-Services exchange in France offers more than 4,600 services, from math lessons to ironing. This is not a primitive barter system. By creating currencies, the Internet removes a major barrier— what Bob Meyer, publisher of Barter News, calls "the double coincidence of wants". That is, two parties once not only had to find each other, but also an exchange of goods that both desired. Now, they can price the deal in virtual currency. Barter also helps firms make use of idle capacity. For example, advertising is "hugely bartered" because many media, particularly on the Web, can supply new ad space at little cost. Moreover, Internet ads don"t register in industry-growth statistics, because many exchanges are arranged outside the formal exchanges. Like eBay, most barter sites allow members to "grade" trading partners for honesty, quality and so on. Barter exchanges can allow firms in countries with hyperinflation or nontradable currencies to enter global trades. Next year, a nonprofit exchange called Quick Lift Two(QL2)plans to open in Nairobi, offering barter deals to 38,000 Kenyan farmers in remote areas. Two small planes will deliver the goods. QL2 director Gacii Waciuma says the farmers are excited to be "liberated from corrupt middlemen." For them, barter evokes a bright future, not a precapitalist past.

BPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D./B

With its common interest in lawbreaking but its immense range of subject-matter and widely-varying method of treatment, the crime novel could make a legitimate claim to be regarded as a separate branch of the traditional novel. The detective story is probably the most respectful (at any in the narrow sense of word) of the crime species. Its creation is often the relaxation of University dons, literary economists, scientists or even poets. Fatalities may occur more frequently and mysteriously than might be expected in polite society, which is familiar to us, if not from our own experience, at least in the newspaper or the lives of friends. The characters, though normally realized superficially, are as recognizable human and consistent as our less intimate associates. As story set in a more remote environment, African jungle or Australian bush, ancient China or gas-lit London, appeals to our interest in geography or history, most detective story writers are conscientious in providing a reasonably authentic back-ground. The elaborate, carefully-assembled plot, despised by the modern intellectual critics and creators of significant novels, has found refuge in the murder mystery, with its sprinkling of clues, its spicing with apparent impossibilities, all with appropriate solutions and explanations at the end. With the guilt of escapism from Real Life nagging gently, we secretly delight in the unmasking of evil by a vaguely super-human detective, who sees through and dispels the cloud of suspicion which has hovered so unjustly over the innocent. Though its villain also receives his rightful deserts, the thriller presents a less comfortable and credible world. The sequence of fist fights, revolver duels, car crashes and escaped from gas-filled cellars exhausts the reader far more than the hero, who, suffering from at least two broken ribs, one black eye, uncountable bruises and a hangover, can still chase and overpower an armed villain with the physique of a wrestler. He moves dangerously through a world of merciless gangs, brutality, a vicious lust for power and money and, in contrast to the detective tale, with a great criminal whose defeat seems almost accidental. Perhaps we miss in the thriller the security of being safely led by our calm investigator past a score of red herrings and blind avenues to a final gathering of suspects when an unchallengeable explanation of all that has bewildered us is given justice and goodness prevail. All that we vainly hope for from life is granted vicariously.

What"s your earliest memory? Do you remember learning to walk? The birth of a sibling? Nursery school? Adults rarely remember events from much before kindergarten, just as children younger than 3 or 4 seldom recall any specific experiences (as distinct from general knowledge). Psychologists have floated all sorts of explanations for this "childhood amnesia". The reductionists appealed to the neurological, arguing that the hippocampus, the brain region responsible for forming memories, doesn"t mature until about the age of 2. But the reigning theory holds that since adults do not think like children, they cannot access childhood memories. Adults are struck with grown-up "schema", the bare bones of narratives. (46) When they riffle through the mental filing cabinet in search of fragments of childhood memories to hang on this narrative skeleton, according to this theory, they don"t find any that fit. It"s like trying to find the French word in an English index. Now psychologist Katherine Nelson of the City University of New York offers a new explanation for childhood amnesia. (47) She argues that children don"t even form lasting, long-term memories of personal experiences until they learn to use someone else"s description of those experiences to turn their own short-term, fleeting recollections into permanent memories. In other words, children have to talk about their experiences and hear others talk about them — hear Mom recount that day"s trip to the dinosaur museum, hear Dad remember aloud their trip to the amusement park. Why should memory depend so heavily on narrative? Nelson marshals evidence that the mind structures remembrances that way. (48) Children whose mothers talk about the day"s activities as they wind down toward bedtime, for instance, remember more of the day"s special events than do children whose mothers don"t offer this novelistic framework. Talking about an event in a narrative way helps a child remember it. (49) And learning to structure memories as a long-running narrative, Nelson suggests, is the key to a permanent "autobiographical memory", the specific remembrances that form one"s life story. (What you had for lunch yesterday isn"t part of it; what you ate on your first date with your future spouse may be. ) Language, of course, is the key to such a narrative. Children learn to engage in talking about the past. The establishment of these memories is related to the experience of talking to other people about them. (50) In particular, a child must recognize that a retelling — of that museum trip, say — is just the trip itself in another medium, that of speech rather than experience. That doesn"t happen until the child is perhaps four or five. By the time she"s ready for kindergarten she"ll remember all sorts of things. And she may even, by then, have learned not to blurt them out in public.

You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan. Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

"Equal Justice Under Law", reads the motto atop the U.S. Supreme Court building. The words are lofty, but for the thousands of people who trudge through the criminal-justice system daily and who speak no English, the phrase means legally nothing. For many of these defendants, the words are also legally empty. American justice for those who do not comprehend English is "anything but uniform, let alone understandable. There are no nationwide standards for court interpreters, little training and virtually no monitoring. "Everybody gets a piece of due process", says David Fellmeth, a senior court interpreter in New York City. "But how big a piece depends on the interpreter". Horror stories regularly fill court dockets. In a New York federal court, a translated undercover wire quotes a Cuban defendant: "I don"t even have the ten kilos". The defendant means kilos of currency (Cuban cents), but the translated statement suggests kilograms of drugs. In a New Jersey homicide trial, the prosecutor asks whether the testimony of a witness is lengthier than the translation. "Yes", responds the Polish interpreter, "but everything else was not important". Congress tried to surmount the language barriers in the federal courts by passing legislation eleven years ago authorizing Government-paid interpreters for those who do not speak English. So far, though, only 308 people have passed the rigorous Spanish-only federal certification process—a cadre far too small to handle the 43,000 annual requests for interpreters in 60 languages. The situation in the states is breaker. Last year Cook County, IH, processed 40,000 requests, and the New York courts sought out interpreters 250 times a day. As in the federal system, Spanish is the language most in demand. Only a handful of states test their interpreters for language skills. Thus in many local courts, translation may be a free-lance project for the secretary who speaks a little French or a favor requested from a relative of the defendant. "A family member is the worst person you can use", says Maureen Dunn, an interpreter for the deaf. "They have their own side of the story, and they add and omit things". Besides, interpretation is a sophisticated art. It demands not only a broad vocabulary and instant recall but also the ability to reproduce tone and nuance and a good working knowledge of street slang. "Most people believe that if you are bilingual, you can interpret", says Jack Leeth of the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts. "That"s about as true as saying that if you have two hands, you can automatically be a concert pianist". Professional interpreters are among the first to admit the sad state of translation in the courts. They are often relegated to clerical status, with low pay, and asked to work without time to prepare. Says New York interpreter Gabriel Felix: "We could use a central administrator, dictionaries and in some courts a place to hang our coats, a chair and a desk." Some jurisdictions are trying to make improvements. New York and New Jersey are broadening their testing and sending their interpreters to school for further training. The Federal Government is working on new requirements for Navajo and Haitian-Creole interpreters. And in Los Angeles a federal lawsuit is demanding certified interpreters in immigration proceedings. For now, however, the quality of court interpreting around the country depends on the luck of the draw.

TheInternetWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

Cigarette smoking is a health hazard of sufficient importance in the United States. It was 50 years ago this month that America' s Surgeon General sounded that warning, marking the beginning of the end of cigarette manufacturing—and of smoking itself—as a respectable activity. Some 20 million Americans have died from the habit since then. But advertising restrictions and smoking bans have had their effect: the proportion of American adults who smoke has dropped from 43% to 18%; smoking rates among teenagers are at a record low. In many other countries the trends are similar. The current Surgeon General, Boris Lushniak, marked the half-century with a report on January 17th, declaring smoking even deadlier than previously thought. He added diabetes, colorectal cancer and other ailments to the list of ills it causes, and promised end-game strategies to extinguish cigarettes altogether. New technologies such as e-cigarettes promise to deliver nicotine less riskily. E-cigarettes give users a hit of vapour infused with nicotine. In America, sales of the manufacturer, who is the fastest e-cigarettes-adopter, have jumped from nearly nothing five years ago to at least 1 billion in 2013. At first, it looked as if e-cigarettes might lure smokers from the big tobacco brands to startups such as NJOY. But tobacco companies have bigger war chests , more knowledge of smokers' habits and better ties to distributors than the newcomers. Some experts reckon Americans will puff more e-cigarettes than normal ones within a decade, but tobacco folk are skeptical. E-cigarettes account for just 1% of America's cigarette market. In Europe 7% of smokers had tried e-cigarettes by 2012 but only 1% kept them up. And no one knows what sort of restrictions regulators will eventually place on reduced risk products, including e-cigarettes. If these companies can manage the transition to less harmful smokes, and convince regulators to be sensible, the tobacco giants could keep up the sort of performance that has made their shares such a fine investment over the years. But some analysts are not so sure. Many tobacco firms are struggling to deliver the consistency of the earnings-per-share model we've seen in the past. If that persists, investors may fall out of love with the industry. A half-century after the Surgeon General' s alarm, they, and hopeless smokers, are its last remaining friends.