One of the interesting things researchers at the UCLA Medical Center have discovered is that the environment of medical treatment can actually be enhanced if seriously ill patients can be kept free of depression.【F1】 In a project involving 75 malignant melanoma patients, it was learned that a direct connection exists between the mental state of the patient and the ability of the immune system to do its job. In a condition of emotional devastation, immune function is impaired.【F2】 Conversely, liberation from depression and panic is frequently accompanied by an increase in the body's interleukins, vital substances in the immune system that help active cancer-killing immune cells. The wise physician, therefore, is conscious of both the physical and emotional needs of the patients. People who have heart attacks are especially prone to despair.【F3】 After they come through the emergency phase of the episode, they begin to reflect on all the things they think they will be unable to do. They wonder whether they will be able to continue at their jobs, whether they will be able to perform satisfactorily at sex, whether they can play tennis or golf again. In short, they contemplate an existence drained of usefulness and joy. The spark goes out of their souls.【F4】 It may help for these people to know that in addition to the miracles that modern medicine can perform, the heart can make its own bypass around the occluded arteries and that collateral circulation can provide a rich supply of oxygen. A heart attack need not be regarded as consignment to a mincing life-style. Under circumstances of good nutrition, a reasonable amount of exercise and a decrease in the wear and tear of stressful events, life expectancy need not be curtailed. Plainly, the American people need to be re-educated about their health. They need to know that they are the possessors of a remarkably robust mechanism. They need to be de-intimidated about disease.【F5】 They need to understand the concept of a patient-physician partnership in which the best that medical science has to offer is combined with the magnificent resources of mind and body. We need not wait, of course, for a catastrophic illness before we develop confidence in our ability to rise to a serious challenge. Confidence is useful on the everyday level. We are stronger than we think. Much stronger.

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

An alarming one fifth of all Medicare patients discharged from the hospital end up back in the hospital within 30 days, and fully a third return within 90 days. If this yo-yoing could be greatly reduced, Medicare could save billions of dollars. Many patients would certainly benefit from the better care. High rates of rehospitalization are partly the fault of the hospitals. The more fundamental problem is the fragmented nature of the American medical system: too often, healthcare providers fail to communicate with one another, patients fall between the cracks and no one seems clearly in charge of a patient"s welfare. A new analysis by three researchers, published in The New England Journal of Medicine, estimated that unplanned rehospitalizations among fee-for-service beneficiaries cost Medicare $ 17. 4 billion in fiscal year 2004, which is a big chunk of the $ 102. 6 billion that Medicare paid hospitals that year. Most patients were readmitted for problems other than those that led to their original hospitalizations. Surgical patients, for example, were typically readmitted for such medical conditions as pneumonia, heart failure or bacterial infections. Some of these readmissions may have been unavoidable in an elderly, sick population. But many could surely have been prevented through better planning and coordination. The most disturbing finding was that half of the medical(nonsurgical)patients readmitted within 30 days had not seen a physician for follow-up care after they were discharged. They were apparently left on their own, perhaps with poorly understood instructions from the hospital on how to take care of themselves. There was also wide variation in readmission rates between hospitals and between states: only 13 percent of patients were readmitted within 30 days in Idaho, compared with 22 percent in Maryland. That suggests that there is plenty of room for improvement. The rates were adjusted to compensate for the severity of patients" illnesses, so hospitals and states with high readmission rates can"t easily blame caring for sicker patients. Proposed solutions include better discharge planning by hospitals, more effective education of patients and closer cooperation between hospitals and physicians to ensure follow-up care. The Obama administration, as part of its ambitious health care reform, has proposed that Medicare use incentives and penalties to encourage hospitals and doctors to cooperate in overseeing care from hospitalization through the first 30 days after discharge. The administration estimates the approach could save $ 26 billion over 10 years. It is a sound idea that should also improve the lives of patients.

How men first learned to invent words is unknown; in other words, the origin of language is a mystery. All we really know is that men,【B1】______animals, somehow invented certain【B2】______to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things,【B3】______they could communicate with each other; and that later they agreed 【B4】_______ certain signs, called letters, which could be 【B5】_______ to represent those sounds, and which could be 【B6】_______ down. Those sounds, whether spoken, 【B7】_______ written in letters, we call words. The power of words, then, lies in their【B8】______—the things they bring up before our minds. Words become 【B9】_______ with meaning for us by experience;【B10】______the longer we live, the more certain words【B11】______the happy and sad events of our past to us; and the more we read and【B12】______, the more the number of words that mean something to us【B13】______. Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal【B14】______to our minds and emotions. This【B15】______and telling use of words is what we call【B16】______style. Above all, the real poet is a master of【B17】______. He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music, and which【B18】______their position and association can【B19】______men to tears. We should, therefore, learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will【B20】______our speech or writing silly and vulgar.

Drunk drivers cause hundreds of traffic accidents each year, many of which end in fatalities. In recent years, two organizations have been formed to combat this deadly menace. MADD(Mothers Against Drunk Driving)was formed to stop drunk driving kids and teens, support the victims of it and prevent underage drinking. SADD(Students Against Destructive Decisions)was created to provide students with the best prevention and tools to deal with underage drinking, drug use, impaired driving and other destructive decisions. The two organizations lake different approaches to drunk driving and each is succeeding in its own way. MADD was founded in 1980 by Cindy Lightner, following the death of her 13 year old daughter who was killed by a drunk driver out of bail for a hit and run accident only two days earlier. Lightner and other mothers who had lost children to drunk drivers formed MADD in an effort to stop the more than 30,000 alcohol related driving deaths each year. They worked, not only to educate the public about the dangers of drunk driving, but to change societal attitudes about drinking and driving. MADD expanded its campaign from "Don"t Drive Drunk" to "Don"t Drink and Drive". To accomplish this, it has recommended higher beverage taxes, lower drunk driving arrest thresholds, and roadblocks designed to frighten people out of social drinking. It has also created Victim Impact Panels, where people convicted of driving while intoxicated hear the stories of parents, relatives and friends of victims of drunk driving accidents. Twenty-six years after the founding of MADD, alcohol related driving deaths in the United States have been reduced to about 17,000 annually. SADD was founded by Robert Anastas of Wayland High School in Massachusetts as Students Against Driving Drunk in 1981. SADD emerged as a response to more than 6,000 young people being killed in alcohol related accidents each year. SADD"s approach to the problem was to develop educational programs in school chapters ranging from middle schools to colleges. In 1997, SADD expanded its mission to include underage drinking, substance abuse, impaired driving, violence, and suicide. SADD"s programs are keyed to the needs of individual school locations. These include peer-led classes, forums, workshops, conferences and rallies, and other awareness-raising activities. Over its first decade, SADD has worked with many federal and state agencies, nonprofit groups and foundations to get its message across. By 1990, due in part to the work of SADD, the number of young people killed in alcohol related accidents fell to 2,000 per year. Both MADD and SADD have been influential in reducing the number of alcohol related deaths in the United States. Each has taken a different approach to the problem of drunk driving and come up with viable solution.

His father had a small business in the city of Pisa which is in the north of Italy near the sea.

Tom, your classmate, has won English Speaking Contest sponsored by CCTV. You watched the contest at that time and you are very proud of him. Now, you are going to write him a letter to convey your congratulations on his success. Write your letter in no less than 100 words and write it neatly. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use" Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingpicture.Inyouressay,youshould1.describethepicturebriefly,2.interpretitsintendedmeaning,and3.giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)

It is hard to box against a southpaw, as Apollo Creed found out when he fought Rocky Balboa in the first of an interminable series of movies. While "Rocky" is fiction, the strategic advantage of being left-handed in a fight is very real, simply because most fight-handed people have little experience of fighting left-handers, but not vice versa. The orthodox view of human handedness is that it is connected to the bilateral specialisation of the brain that has concentrated language-processing functions on the left side of that organ. Because, long ago in the evolutionary past, an ancestor of humans underwent a contortion that twisted its head around 180" relative to its body, the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa. In humans, the left brain is usually dominant. And on average, left-handers are smaller and lighter than right-handers. That should "put them at an evolutionary disadvantage. Sporting advantage notwithstanding, therefore, the existence of left-handedness poses a problem for biologists. But Charlotte Faurie thinks he knows the answer. As any schoolboy could tell you, winning fights enhances your status. If, in prehistory, this translated into increased reproductive success, it might have been enough to maintain a certain proportion of left-handers in the population, by balancing the costs of being left-handed with the advantages gained in fighting. If that is true, then there will be a higher proportion of left-handers in societies with higher levels of violence, since the advantages of being left-handed will be enhanced in such societies. Dr. Faurie set out to test this hypothesis. Fighting in modern societies often involves the use of technology, notably firearms, that is unlikely to give any advantage to left-handers. So Dr. Faurie decided to confine his investigation to the proportion of left-handers and the level of violence in traditional societies. By trawling the literature, checking with police departments, and even going out into the field and asking people, Dr. Faurie found that the proportion of left-handers in a traditional society is, in deed, correlated with its homicide rate. One of the highest proportions of left-handers, for example, was found among the Yanomamo of South America. Raiding and warfare are central to Yanomarno culture. The murder rate is 4.15 per 1,000 inhabitants per year. And, according to Dr. Faurie, 22.6% of Yanomamo are left-handed. In contrast, Dioula-speaking people of Burkina Faso in West Africa are virtual pacifists. There are only 0.013 murders per 1,000 inhabitants among them and only 3.4% of the population is left-handed. While there is no suggestion that left-handed people axe more violent than the right-handed, it looks as though they are more successfully violent. Perhaps that helps to explain the double meaning of the word "sinister".

If the technological revolution continues to have its effects, there will be fewer and fewer jobs available, particularly to school-leavers and those over the age of fifty. 【C1】______ there are only half the number of jobs in the future, men and women will have to share them. Two people will 【C2】______ work only twenty hours each 【C3】______ the forty they are currently 【C4】______ to. It is a well-known fact that those who suffer from stress at work are often not high-powered executives but 【C5】______ workers doing boring, 【C6】______ jobs, especially those on production lines. Unemployment often has a 【C7】______ effect on its victims. If we wish to prevent this type of stress and the depression that frequently follows long periods of it, we will have to find ways of educating people to 【C8】______ this sudden increase in leisure time. Many have already 【C9】______ pills and tablets to 【C10】______ sleeplessness and anxiety, two of the symptoms of long-term stress and depression. In America, we 【C11】______ $650 million a year on different kinds of medicines. We 【C12】______ an astonishing three million sleeping tablets every night. 【C13】______ these "drug of the mind" can be extremely useful in cases of crisis, the majority of patients would be 【C14】______ without them. The boredom and frustration of unemployment are not the only 【C15】______ of stress: poor housing, family problems, overcrowding and financial worry are all significant factors. 【C16】______, doctors believe that if people learnt to breathe properly, took more exercise, used their leisure time more 【C17】______ and expressed their anger instead of 【C18】______ it up, they would not depend so much on drugs, 【C19】______ treat only the 【C20】______ and not the cause of the stress.

Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.

In the past 35 years, hundreds of millions of Chinese have found productive, if often exhausting, work in the country's growing cities. This extraordinary mobilization of labour is the biggest economic event of the past half-century. The world has seen nothing on such scale before. Will it see anything like it again? The answer lies across the Himalayas in India. India is an ancient civilization but a youthful country. Its working-age population is rising by about 12m people a year, even as China's shrank last year by 3m. Within a decade India will have the biggest potential workforce in the world. Optimists look forward to a bumper "demographic dividend" , the result of more workers per dependant and more saving out of income. This combination accounted for perhaps a third of the East Asian miracle. India "has time on its side, literally," boasted one prominent politician, Kamal Nath, in a 2008 book entitled "India's Century". But although India's dreamers have faith in its youth, the country's youngest have growing reason to doubt India. The economy raised aspirations that it has subsequently failed to meet. From 2005 to 2007 it grew by about 9% a year. In 2010 it even grew faster than China (if the two economies are measured consistently). But growth has since halved. India's impressive savings rate, the other side of the demographic dividend, has also slipped. Worryingly, a growing share of household saving is bypassing the financial system altogether, seeking refuge from inflation in gold, bricks and mortar. The last time a Congress-led government liberalized the economy in earnest—in 1991—over 40% of today's Indians had yet to be born. Their anxieties must seem remote to India's elderly politicians. The average age of cabinet minister is 65. The country has never had a prime minister born in independent India. One man who might buck that trend, Rahul Gandhi, is the son, grandson and the great-grandson of former prime ministers. India is run by gerontocrats (老年统治者) and epigones (子孙): grey hairs and groomed heirs. The apparent indifference of the police to the way young women in particular are treated has underlined the way that old India fails to protect new India.

Comforting a Heartbroken Friend Write an e-mail of about 100 words based on the following situation: Your friend David just broke up with his girlfriend and was feeling sad Now write him an e-mail to comfort him, and ask him not to lose confidence in himself. Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

Some people talk about immigration in terms of politics, some in terms of history. But the core of the matter is numbers. The Labor Department says that immigrants make up about 15 percent of the work force. It"s estimated that a third of those are undocumented workers. The Pew Hispanic Center estimates that one in four farmhands in the United States is an undocumented immigrant, and that they make up a significant portion of the people who build our houses, clean our office buildings and prepare our food. America has become a nation dependent on the presence of newcomers, both those with green cards and those without. Business leaders say agriculture, construction, meatpacking and other industries would collapse without them. Sure, it would be great if everyone were here legally, if the immigration service weren"t such a disaster that getting a green card is a life"s work. It would be great if other nations had economies robust enough to support their citizens so leaving home wasn"t the only answer. But at a certain point public policy means dealing not only with how things ought to be but with how they are. Here"s how they are: these people work the jobs we don"t want, sometimes two and three jobs at a time. They do it on the cheap, which is tough, so that their children won"t have to, which is good. They use services like hospitals and schools, which is a drain on public coffers, and they pay taxes, which contribute to them. Immigration is never about today, always about tomorrow, an exercise in that thing some native-born Americans seem to have lost the knack for: deferred gratification. It"s the educated man who arrived in the Washington D.C., area and took a job doing landscaping, then found work as a painter, then was hired to fix up an entire apartment complex by someone who liked his work ethic. He started his own business and wound up employing others. Does it matter that he arrived in this country with no work visa if he is now supporting the nation"s economy? If any towns, whose aging populations were on the wane before the immigrants arrived, succeed in driving newcomers away, those who remain will find themselves surrounded by empty storefronts, deserted restaurants and houses that will not sell. It"s the civic equivalent of starving to death because you don"t care for the food. But at least everyone involved can tell themselves their town wasted away while they were speaking English.

Write a job offer rejection letter of about 100 words, stating exactly why you reject the offer. You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address.

Twenty-seven years ago, Egypt revised its secular constitution to enshrine Muslim sharia as "the principal source of legislation". To most citizens, most of the time, that seeming contradiction—between secularism and religion—has not made much difference. Nine in ten Egyptians are Sunni Muslims and expect Islam to govern such things as marriage, divorce and inheritance. Nearly all the rest profess Christianity or Judaism, faiths recognised and protected in Islam.【F1】 But to the small minority who embrace other faiths, or who have tried to leave Islam, it has, until lately, made an increasingly troubling difference. Members of Egypt's 2, 000-strong Bahai community, for instance, have found they cannot state their religion on the national identity cards that all Egyptians are obliged to produce to secure such things as driver's licenses, bank accounts, social insurance and state schooling. Hundreds of Coptic Christians who have converted to Islam, often to escape the Orthodox sect's ban on divorce, find they cannot revert to their original faith.【F2】 In some cases, children raised as Christians have discovered that, because a divorced parent converted to Islam, they too have become officially Muslim, and cannot claim otherwise. 【F3】 Such restrictions on religious freedom are not directly a product of sharia, say human-rights campaigners, but rather of rigid interpretations of Islamic law by over-zealous officials. In their strict view, Bahai belief cannot be recognised as a legitimate faith, since it arose in the 19th century, long after Islam staked its claim to be the final revelation in a chain of prophecies beginning with Adam. Likewise, they brand any attempt to leave Islam, whatever the circumstances, as a form of apostasy, punishable by death. But such views have lately been challenged. Last year Ali Gomaa, the Grand Mufti, who is the government's highest religious adviser, declared that nowhere in Islam's sacred texts did it say that apostasy need be punished in the present rather than by God in the afterlife. In the past month, Egyptian courts have issued two rulings that, while restricted in scope, should ease some bothersome strictures. Bahais may now leave the space for religion on their identity cards blank.【F4】 Twelve former Christians won a lawsuit and may now return to their original faith, on condition that their identity documents note their previous adherence to Islam. 【F5】 Small steps, perhaps, but they point the way towards freedom of choice and citizenship based on equal rights rather than membership of a privileged religion.

Gandhi"s pacifism can be separated to some extent from his other teachings.【F1】 Its motive was religious, but he claimed also for it that it was a definitive technique, a method, capable of producing desired political results. 【F2】 Gandhi"s attitude was not that of most Western pacifists. Satyagraha, the method Gandhi proposed and practiced, first evolved in South Africa, was a sort of non-violent warfare, a way of defeating the enemy without hurting him and without feeling or arousing hatred. It entailed such things as civil disobedience, strikes, lying down in front of railway trains, enduring police charges without running away and without hitting back, and the like. Gandhi objected to "passive resistance" as a translation of Satyagraha: in Gujarati, it seems, the word means "firmness in the truth". 【F3】 In his early days Gandhi served as a stretcher-bearer on the British side in the Boer War, and he was prepared to do the same again in the war of 1914-1918, even after he had completely abjured violence he was honest enough to see that in war it is usually necessary to take sides. 【F4】 Since his whole political life centred round a struggle for national independence, he could not and, indeed, he did not take the sterile and dishonest line of pretending that in every war both sides are exactly the same and it makes no difference who wins. Nor did he, like most Western pacifists, specialize in avoiding awkward questions. In relation to the late war, one question that every pacifist had a clear obligation to answer was: "What about the Jews? Are you prepared to see them exterminated? If not, how do you propose to save them without resorting to war?"【F5】 I must say that I have never heard, from any Western pacifist, an honest answer to this question, though I have heard plenty of evasions, usually of the "you"re another" type. But it so happens that Gandhi was asked a somewhat similar question in 1938 and that his answer is on record in Mr. Louis Fischer" s Gandhi and Stalin. According to Mr. Fischer, Gandhi" s view was that the German Jews ought to commit collective suicide, which "would have aroused the world and the people of Germany to Hitler"s violence."

The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "So much importance attached to intellectual pursuits. " According to many books and articles, New England"s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life. To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans" theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church—important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity. The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts churches in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness. We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized. Their thinking often had a traditional superstitious quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope—all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: "come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people." One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churches. Meanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane" s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion. "Our main end was to catch fish. "

long thin leg

While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. "Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men," according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York"s Veteran" s Administration Hospital. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries(the female reproductive organs)removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males. Adding to a woman" s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased "opportunities" for stress. "It" s not necessarily that women don" t cope as well. It" s just that they have so much more to cope with," says Dr. Yehuda "Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men" s," she observes, "it"s just that they"re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner." Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. "I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating." Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. "I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better." Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. "It" s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck ." Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez" s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.