BeaCivic-mindedTouristWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

Studythefollowingpiechartscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourexample(s).Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSHWERSHEET2.(20points)

Can earthquake be predicted? Scientists are (1)_____ programs to predict where and when an earthquake will occur. They hope to (2)_____ an early warning system that can be used to (3)_____ earth-quakes so that lives can be saved. The scientists who are (4)_____ this work is called seismologists. The word seismologist is (5)_____ from the Greek word seismos, meaning earthquake. Earthquakes are the most dangerous and (6)_____ of all natural events. They occur in many parts of the world. Giant earthquakes have been (7)_____ in Iran, China, India, Alaska, and so on. Two of the biggest earthquakes that were ever recorded (8)_____ in China and Alaska, which measured about 8.5 on the Richter Scale. The Richter Scale was (9)_____ by Charles Richter in 1935, and compares the energy (10)_____ of earthquakes. An earthquake that measures a 2 on the scale can be felt but causes (11)_____ damage. One that measures 4.5 on the scale can cause slight damage, and an earth-quake that has a reading of over 7 can cause (12)_____ damage. It is important to note that a reading of 4 indicates a quake ten times as strong as one with a reading of 3. How do earthquakes occur? Earthquakes are caused by the shifting of rocks along cracks, or faults, in the earth"s crust. The (13)_____ is produced when rocks near each other are pulled (14)_____ different directions. Earthquake (15)_____ is in its infancy. Scientists have only a (16)_____ understanding of the physical (17)_____ that cause earthquakes. Much more research has to be done. New and more up-to-date (18)_____ have to be found for collecting earthquake data and analyzing it. (19)_____, seismologists have had some success in predicting earthquakes. Several small earthquakes were predicted. While this is a small start, it is (20)_____ a beginning.

Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1.describethedrawingbriefly,2.explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3.supportyourviewwithoneortwoexample(s).YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)

Science has long since had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Galileo"s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief the Catholic Church or poet William Black"s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century. Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics-but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked "antiscience" in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University. Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason", held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Miss) information", which assembled last June near Buffalo. Antiscience clearly means different things to different people; Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned sciences objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview. A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research. Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, those manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest. The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth. Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. "The term "antiscience" can lump together too many, quite different things", notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. "They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened."

You are supposed to invite Dr. King to make a speech about the future development of computer science at the annual conference of your department. Write a letter to Mr. King to 1) invite him on behalf of your department, 2) tell him the time and place of the conference, 3) promise to give him further details later. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

Prudent investors learned long ago that putting your eggs into lots of baskets reduces risk. Conservationists have now hit on a similar idea: a population of endangered animals will have a better chance of survival if it is divided into interconnected groups. The prospects of the species will be better because the chance that all the constituent subpopulations will die out at the same time is low. And, in the long term, it matters little if one or two groups do disappear, because immigrants from better-faring patches will eventually re-establish the species" old haunts. One endangered species divided in just this way is the world"s rarest carnivore, the Ethiopian wolf, which lives high in the meadows of the Bale Mountains. Just 350 exist in three pockets of meadow connected by narrow" valleys in the Bale Mountains National Park, with a further 150 outside this area. Two of the main threats to the Ethiopian wolf come from diseases carried by domestic dogs. One of these, rabies, is of particular concern because it is epidemic in the dog population. At first blush, vaccinating the wolves against rabies seems a simple solution. It would be ambitious, because the prevailing thinking—that all individuals matter and therefore all outbreaks of disease should be completely halted—implies that a large proportion of wolves would need to be vaccinated. Dan Haydon, of the University of Glasgow, and his colleagues believe that conservation biologists should think differently. With the exception of humans, species are important but individuals are not. Some outbreaks of disease can be tolerated. In a paper published this week in Nature, they recast the mathematics of vaccination with this in mind. On epidemiologists" standard assumption that every individual counts, vaccination programmes are intended to prevent epidemics by ensuring that each infected animal, on average, passes the disease on to less than one healthy animal. This implies that around two-thirds of all the wolves would need to be vaccinated. A programme that sought to save a species rather than individuals would allow each infected wolf to pass the disease on to more than one healthy animal and hence require fewer vaccinations. Dr Haydon and his colleagues have calculated, using data from a rabies outbreak in 2003, that vaccinating between 10% and 25% would suffice, provided veterinarians gave jabs to those wolves living in the narrow valleys that connect the subpopulations. If the threat of rabies arose every five years, targeting all the wolves in the corridors would cut the risk of extinction over a 20-year period by fourfold. If this were backed up by vaccinating a mere 10% of the wolves in the three connected meadows, the chance of extinction would drop to less than one in 1,000. Saving a few seems to be an efficient way of protecting the many.

Parents looking to steer their teens away from drugs may want to encourage them stay in bed longer. Lack of sleep seems to lead to increased drug use—not the other way around, as many researchers previously concluded—and this is likely to be a pattern of behaviour that teenagers acquire from their friends. Establishing whether one behaviour leads to another usually requires an experiment in which a particular variable is controled. But in the first analysis of its kind, Mednick and her team used changes in the friendship networks of 90,000 teens during the course of a school year as a "natural experiment" to discover what influences led them to use cannabis. They say their analysis showed not only that cannabis and poor sleep spread together, but also that lack of sleep was causing marijuana use. Having one friend who had less than 7 hours of shut-eye a night increased the likelihood that a teenager had also used marijuana by 20 per cent, the team found. Also, the more sleep-deprived friends the teenager had, the more likely it was that he or she smoked dope. The team also found that the most popular teenagers were the ones most likely to sleep poorly, do drugs and pass these behaviours on. To reduce the possibility that a shared environmental factor may explain these connections, Med-nick"s team took into account differences between teenagers, including race, sex, parents" income and education. Another complication is that teenagers tend to pick friends based on a mutual interest, be it football or French or recreational drug use. But Mednick says that the pattern of changes in the social networks show the teens are not simply picking like-minded friends, but that friends are driving each other"s behaviour. Mutual friends had more influence on the sleep habits and drug use of one another than pairs where only one person named the other as a friend. Teens whose friendship was not mutually felt by a classmate they named had little or no effect on that friend"s behaviour. Susan Tapert, a psychologist also at UC San Diego who was not involved in the study, agrees that poor sleep may lead to drug use, but also says the two behaviours probably reinforce one another. Mednick hopes to use a similar approach to find out if sleeping badly is related to gambling and other impulsive acts. Team member James Fowler sees social networks as a useful tool for teasing out cause and effect. He and Mednick write: "People are connected, and so their health behaviours are connected."

The Supreme Court"s recent decision allowing regional interstate banks has done away with one restriction in America"s banking operation, although many others still remain. Although the ruling does not apply to very large money-center banks, it is a move in a liberalizing direction that could at last push Congress into framing a sensible legal and regulatory system that allows banks to plan their future beyond the next court case. The restrictive laws that the courts are interpreting are mainly a legacy of the bank failures of the 1930"s. The current high rate of bank failure—higher than at any time since the Great Depression—has made legislators afraid to remove the restrictions. While their legislative timidity is understandable, it is also mistaken. One reason so many American banks are getting into trouble is precisely that the old restrictions make it hard for them to build a domestic base large and strong enough to support their activities in today"s telecommunicating round-the-clock, around-the-world financial markets. In trying to escape from this restrictions, banks are taking enormous, and what should be unnecessary, risks. For example, would a large bank be buying small, failed savings banks at inflated prices if federal laws and states regulations permitted that bank to explain instead through the acquisition of financially healthy banks in the region? Of course not. The solution is clear. American banks will be sounder when they are not geographically limited. The house of Representative"s banking committee has shown part of the way forward by recommending common-sense, though limited, legislation for a five-year transition to nationwide banking. This would give regional banks time to group together to form counterweights to the big money-center banks. Without this breathing space the big money-center banks might soon extend across the country to develop. But any such legislation should be regarded as only a way station on the road towards a complete examination of America"s suitable banking legislation.

Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of pre-industrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions. The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside: migrating to the New World was simply a "natural spillover". Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English—they would rather have stayed home—by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to the notion that used to flourish in American history textbooks, there was never a typical New World community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyn"s third proposition suggests two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants: one group came as indentured servants, another came to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to pre-industrial North America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730"s, however, American employers demanded skilled workers. Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of the Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished university, and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they gave up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American. political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.Notes: spillover n.外流。indentured servant合同工。hinterland n.内地。Anglo-American英裔美国人的。periphery n.边缘。anti-aristocratic反贵族的。demographics 人口统计(特点)

Studythefollowingpiechartscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethepiecharts,2)analyzetheirmeaningand3)suggestcounter-measures.Youshouldwriteabout160—200wordsneatly.

There is nothing unusual there.

This eye on the consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase.

What does the future hold for the problem of housing? A good (1)_____ depends, of course, on the meaning of" future". If one is thinking in (2)_____ of science fiction and the space age (3)_____ at least possible to assume that man will have solved such trivial and earthly problems as housing. Writers of science fiction have (4)_____ the suggestion that men will live in great comfort, with every (5)_____ device to make life smooth, healthy and easy, (6)_____ not happy. But they have not said what his house will be made of. The problems of the next generation or two can more readily be imagined. Scientists have already pointed out that (7)_____ something is done either to restrict the world"s rapid growth in population or to discover and develop new sources of food (or both), millions of people will be dying of starvation or, (8)_____, suffering from under feeding before this (9)_____ is out. But nobody has worked out any plan for housing these growing populations. Admittedly the worse situations will occur in the (10)_____ parts of the world, where housing can be of light structure, or in backward areas where standards are (11)_____ low. But even the minimum shelter requires materials of (12)_____ kind, and in the crowded, bulging towns the low-standard" housing" of flattened petrol mans and dirty canvas is far more wasteful (13)_____ ground space than can be tolerated. Since the war, Hong Kong has suffered the kind of crisis which is likely to (14)_____ in many other places during the next generation. (15)_____ millions of refugees arrived to (16)_____ the already growing population and emergency steps had to be taken to prevent squalor and disease and the (17)_____ of crime. Hong Kong is only one small part of what will certainly become a vast problem and not (18)_____ a housing problem, because when population grows at this rate there are (19)_____ problems of education, transport, water supply and so on. Not every area may have the same resources as Hong Kong to (20)_____ and the search for quicker and cheaper methods of construction must never cease.

A key reason the news media exists with special privileges is to be our watchdogs. Reporters" charge is to alert us when something is wrong, when human or natural disasters are about to threaten our welfare. When it comes to natural disasters, the news media do a praisable job of reporting the obvious, but not a very good one of preparing the public for what might happen, for alerting us to potential difficulties. When it comes to human disasters, especially problems in government and economic matters, the press has failed miserably. For example, Time magazine finally told the public in a recent cover story what only the most quick observers already knew: "The Great Retirement Ripoff(偷窃): Millions of Americans who think they will retire with benefits are going be shocked. How corporations are picking people"s pockets—with the help of Congress...How can this legal?" Where was the media when each piece of corporate-biased legislation was being passed? Why wasn"t Congress afraid to pass such legislation? Because the media has decided that news concerning Congress is of little interest to its audience. TV news managers have believed that economic and social issues are too complicated for the public to grasp. Newspaper editors occasionally print such stories, but mostly they concentrate on human-interest features, consumer health sections and entertainment. Hard news holes are shrinking and investigative journalism is carried out only on occasion. It is too difficult and costly. Besides, it antagonizes advertisers while seldom increasing circulation. Magazines that would look into such subjects seem to be dying out. The result is that no one is watching the rich and powerful so they can do almost anything with impunity(不受惩罚). Millions of Americans have been robbed in broad daylight while the news media has busied itself with celebrity trials and sensational crime stories. Corporations steal the public blind under legislation authorized by government officials. Companies file for bankruptcy protection, cutting off medical and life-insurance benefits for retirees. It isn"t a new phenomenon. For the most part, today"s press has let down the American public time and time again. If it seems to be getting worse, it"s because there are so many segments of the media that should be telling us, in an accurate and fair manner, what our elected officials are doing before it"s too late to take action. It"s harder to blame corporations because they make no bones about their mission: make as much money as possible at all costs. Those in Congress are supposed to protect us and look out for our interests. Yet, it appears they constantly help their powerful supporters who often buy their offices for them. No one is doing the right thing. The joke apparently is on all of us—the old and the sick who will have no help in the future and the young burdened with the debt of caring for their impoverished elders for the rest of their lives.