【F1】 The discovery last week of possible evidence of life on Mars has electrified debate over whether the universe is a barren void or a nursery pregnant with life. Scientists who have come stunningly close to repeating genesis, or the origin of life, in a test tube, say the building blocks for life exist everywhere. The challenge is putting them together. 【F2】 "The origin of life is a relatively easy concept and there's a wide variety of conditions under which it will take place," said late Stanley Miller, a professor at the University of California and a pioneer in the field. "Perhaps the remarkable thing is that even though Mars is not a favorable environment, the origin of life took place." Astronomers have found that the same gases present in our solar system are present throughout the universe. 【F3】 Efforts to make microscopic life from these basic elements on Earth suggests the chance of life arising under similar circumstances is the same everywhere, say chemists, biologists and other experts. "It seems fairly likely that life similar to ours, if there is water available ... would evolve in other environments in our galaxy or our universe," said James Ferris, a leading researcher and editor of the journal Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere. Underlying much of the research is the question: Was the development of life on Earth unique, or did the universe's chemical elements naturally evolve into life? 【F4】 The answer appears to be that at least the chemical reactions that set the stage for early life would be similar everywhere, but resultant living organisms would differ because of the genetic mutations in evolution. " If you've got the same starting materials and the same conditions, you're going to get the same compounds, that's for sure," Miller said. "The real question is whether or not there are chance elements in the formation of life." 【F5】 In a 1953 experiment, Miller mixed basic gases approximating the Earth's early atmosphere with an electric charge inside a glass chamber and produced amino acids, a primitive building block of life. He then suggested that life was a natural evolution. It seemed that science was on the verge of conjuring up creations in the laboratory, but the next 43 years were to present unexpected challenges. "Making the amino acids made it seem like the rest of the steps would be very easy; it's turned out to be more difficult than I thought it would be," Miller said in an interview.

Your son kicked his ball through your neighbor"s window. Write a letter to tell your neighbor 1) your regret at hearing the news, 2) your intention to compensate for the damage, 3) your apology. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

Tom, a friend of yours, would like to visit your part of China. Write a letter to give him advice about the following subjects: When and how to travel; what to bring; how long to stay; weather; health and medicine; which places to visit; what to buy. You should write about 100 words and do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

If it were only necessary to decide whether to teach elementary science to everyone on a mass basis or to find the gifted few and take them as far as they can go, our task would be fairly simple. The public school system, however, has no such【C1】______, 【C2】______the jobs must be carried 【C3】______at the same time. Because we depend so【C4】______upon science and technology for our 【C5】______, we must produce specialists in many fields. 【C6】______we live in a 【C7】______nation, whose citizens make the policies for the nation, large numbers of us must be educated to understand, to uphold, and【C8】______necessary, to judge the work of 【C9】______. The public school must educate both producers and 【C10】______of scientific services. In education, there should be a good balance【C11】______the branches of 【C12】______that contribute to effective thinking and 【C13】______ judgment. Such balance is defeated by【C14】______much emphasis on any one field. This 【C15】______of balance involves not only the【C16】______of the natural sciences, the social sciences and the arts but also relative emphasis among the natural sciences themselves. 【C17】______, we must have a balance between current and【C18】______knowledge. The attention of the public is continually drawn to new【C19】______in scientific fields and the discovery of new knowledge; these should not be allowed to turn our attention away from the sound, established materials that form the basis of【C20】______for beginners.

Exercise, everyone advises! But immediately, when you try, you run into trouble. (46) There is so much contradictory, sometimes incorrect advice about exercising that you become confused. Test yourself on the following true false quiz. It will tell you what you need to know. 1. The best way to reduce the mid-section is to do abdominal exercise. False. Many people believe that when specific muscles are exercised, the fatty tissues in the immediate area are "burned up". (47) The truth is that exercise burns fat from all over the body and not from one specific area, regardless of the type of exercise. Of course, if you reduce the fat throughout your body, you will certainly see results around your waistline too! 2. To maintain an adequate level of physical fitness, you need to exercise only twice a week. False. Studies conducted by NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, show that unexercised muscles lose their strength very quickly. After 48 to 72 hours, you must use the muscles again to reestablish the good physical effect. And what does that mean to you? (48) NASA scientists concluded that while daily exercise is most beneficial, three alternating days each week will maintain an adequate level of physical fitness. 3. To lose weight you should always "work up a good sweat" when exercising. False. Sweating only lowers body temperature to prevent overheating; it does not help you reduce weight. You may weigh less immediately after a workout, but this is due to water loss. Once you replace the liquid, you replace the weight. 4. If your breathing doesn"t return to normal within minutes after you finish exercising, you"ve exercised too much. True. Five minutes or so after exercising, your breathing should be normal, your heart shouldn"t be pounding, and you shouldn"t be exhausted. (49) Beneficial exercise is not overly difficult, unpleasant, and exhausting; it is moderate, enjoyable, and refreshing. 5. Walking is one of the best exercises. True. Walking helps circulation of blood throughout the body, and thus has a direct effect or your overall feeling of health. 6. The minimum amount of time you should spend exercising in a day is 20 minutes. True. There are more than 400 muscles that attach to your skeleton. (50) A good exercise routine should contract and stretch all these muscles, and this simply cannot be done with four or five exercises in five to ten minutes. From experience, I"ve found that about 20 minutes is the minimum amount of time needed for an adequate workout.

In the following article, some sentences have been removed. Choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. At picnics, ants are pests. But they have their uses. In industries such as mining, farming and forestry, they can help gauge the health of the environment by just crawling around and being antsy. It has been recognized for decades that ants—which are highly sensitive to ecological change—can provide a near-percent barometer of the state of an ecosystem. Only certain species, for instance, will continue to thrive at a forest site that has been cleared of trees. (41)______. And still others will move in and take up residence. By looking at which species populate a deforested area, scientists can determine how "stressed" the land is. (42)______. Ants are used simply because the>; are so common and comprise so many species. Where mine sites are being restored, for example, some ant species will recolonize the stripped land more quickly than others. (43)______. Australian mining company Capricorn Coal Management has been successfully using ant surveys for years to determine the rate of recovery of land that it is replanting near its German Creek mine in Queensland. Ant surveys also have been used with mine-site recovery projects in Africa and Brazil, where warm climates encourage dense and diverse ant populations. "We found it worked extremely well there", says Jonathan Majer, a professor of environmental biology. Yet the surveys are perfectly suited to climates throughout Asia, he says, because ants are so common throughout the region. As Majer puts it. "That"s the great thing about ants." Ant surveys are so highly-regarded as ecological indicators that governments worldwide accept their results when assessing the environmental impact of mining and tree harvesting. (44)______. Why not? Because many companies can"t afford the expense or the laboratory time needed to sift results for a comprehensive survey. The cost stems, also, from the scarcity of ant specialists. (45)______.A. This allowed scientists to gauge the pace and progress of the ecological recovery.B. Yet in other businesses, such as farming and property development, ant surveys aren"t used widely.C. Employing those people are expensive.D. They do this by sorting the ants, counting their numbers and comparing the results with those of earlier surveys.E. The evolution of ant species may have a strong impact on our ecosystem.F. Others will die out for lack of food."G. Cretaceous ants shared a couple of wasp-like traits together with modern ant-like characteristics.

How to Tackle the Housing Problem in Big Cities?

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

When recruiting at British universities, PricewaterhouseCoopers, one of the Big Four auditing firms with its headquarters in the New York City, presents candidates with an unusual exercise. They are asked to build a tall and sturdy tower using the smallest possible number of snap-together Lego bricks. Similarly, at Google Games, a recruiting event first staged by the search-engine giant in April, candidates are invited to build Lego bridges—the stronger the better. In each case, the company is trying to convey the idea that it offers a creative, fun working environment. "It was as much advertising as a way of trying to get recruits," says Brett Daniel, a student at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign who built the Google Games" weakest bridge. A Danish firm, based in Billund, Denmark, has embraced the corporate use of its colored plastic bricks. As part of a scheme called "Serious Play" it is certifying a growing number of professional Lego consultants, now present in 25 countries. They coach managers by getting them to build "metaphorical abstractions" of such things as corporate strategy, says Lego"s Jesper Jensen, who runs the scheme. Hisham El-Gamal of Quest, a management consultancy based in Cairo that offers Serious Play workshops, says demand for the two-day, $7,000 courses is booming. Firms in crisis, such as those corrupted by scandal or in the pains of a takeover, tend to be most receptive to the idea of Lego workshops, says Francois de Boissezon of Imagics, a consultancy based in Brussels. The results can be embarrassing, particularly for senior managers. Tsai Yu-Chen of UGene Mentor, a Serious Play consultancy based in Taipei, says a common exercise is modeling, but not naming, "the people you hate most". One chief executive was modeled as a figure so fat that he blocked a hallway, suggesting he was clogging up the company. Lego workshops are effective because child-like play is a form of instinctive behavior not regulated by conscious thought, says Lucio Margulis of Juego Serio, a consultancy in Buenos Aires. This produces "Eureka" moments: a perfectionist who realizes the absurdity of frustration over an imperfect Lego construction; the owner of a firm with dismal customer relations who models headquarters as a fort under siege; or an arrogant boss who depicts his staff as soldiers headed into battle. Even in the office, it seems, Lego has a part to play.

land for peace

Isaac Newton was not a pleasant man. His relations with other academics were notorious, with most of his later life spent embroiled in heated disputes. Following publication of Principia Mathematica—surely the most influential book ever written in physics—Newton had risen rapidly into public prominence. He was appointed president of the Royal Society and became the first scientist ever to be knighted. Newton soon clashed with the Astronomer Royal, John Flamsteed, who had earlier provided Newton with much needed data for Principia, but was now withholding information that Newton wanted. Newton would not take no for an answer; he had himself appointed to the governing body of the Royal Observatory and then tried to force immediate publication of the data. Eventually he arranged for Flamsteed"s work to he seized and prepared for publication by Flamsteed"s mortal enemy, Edmond Halley. But Flamsteed took the case to court, in the nick of time, and won a court order preventing distribution to the stolen work. Newton was incensed and sought his revenge by systematically deleting all reference to Flamsteed in later editions 9f Principia. A more serious dispute arose with the German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz. Both Leibniz and Newton had independently developed a branch of mathematics called calculus, which underlies most of modern physics. Although we now know that Newton discovered calculus years before Leibniz, he published his work much later. A major row ensued over who had been first, with scientist vigorously defending both contenders. It is remarkable, however, that most of the articles appearing in defense of Newton were originally written by his own hand—and only published in the name of friends! As the row grew, Leibniz made the mistake of appealing to the Royal Society to resolve the dispute. Newton, as president, appointed an "impartial" committee to investigate, coincidentally consisting entirely of Newton"s friends! But that was not all: Newton then wrote the committee"s report himself and had the Royal Society publish it, officially accusing Leibniz of plagiarism. Still unsatisfied, he then wrote an anonymous review of the report in the Royal Society"s own periodical. Following the death of Leibniz, Newton is reported to have declared that he had taken great satisfaction in "breaking Leibniz"s heart. During the period of these two disputes, Newton had already left Cambridge and academe. He had been active in anti-Catholic politics at Cambridge, and later in Parliament, and was rewarded eventually with the lucrative pest of Warden of the Royal Mint. Here he used his talents for deviousness and vitriol in a more socially acceptable way, successfully conducting a major campaign against counterfeiting, even sending several men to their death on the gallows.

The Senate has a not-to-be-missed opportunity in the next few weeks to pass legislation giving the Food and Drug Administration the power to regulate tobacco products. It should move quickly—during the brief period of calm before the senators must grapple with health care reform and other difficult issues. A bill to grant the F. D. A. the needed authority was approved by the House last year. It stalled in the Senate in the face of Republican threats to filibuster, a veto threat from President George W. Bush, and a crowded legislative schedule before the November elections. The prospects may be better this year—provided the Senate jumps on the issue early. The House has already passed a strong bill by a 298-to-112 margin. President Barack Obama supported it. The American Cancer Society, the American Heart Association, the American Lung Association and hundreds of other respected organizations backed it. So did Philip Morris, the industry giant, which is apparently confident that it could dominate any regulated marketplace. The bill would empower the F. D. A. to regulate the content of tobacco products and their marketing. The agency could order a reduction in nicotine levels and the elimination or reduction of other harmful ingredients. It could restrict marketing and sales to young people to the extent allowed by the First Amendment, crack down on misleading health claims and require larger, more effective health warnings on packages and advertisements. No senator should be fooled by a weak substitute bill offered by two tobacco-state senators, Richard Burr, a Republican, and Kay Hagan, a Democrat, both from North Carolina. Their bill would create a new regulatory agency within the Department of Health and Human Services to handle tobacco products on the superficially plausible rationale that the F. D. A. is already overburdened with its current regulation of drugs, medical devices and food safety. Such a fledgling agency would almost certainly be much less effective than the F. D. A. , especially since the senators don"t propose to grant it the broad powers and ample resources provided by the House-passed bill. As the Senate prepares for a bruising battle on health care reform, there would be no more fitting prelude than to authorize F. D. A. regulation of tobacco products that kill 400,000 Americans each year and impose huge costs on the health care system, corporations and the national economy.

In Europe, there has been a serious decline in physical activity over the past 50 years. Adults aged 20-60 years【C1】______500kcal less energy per day than they did 50 years ago. This is the 【C2】______ to the running of a marathon each week. Even【C3】______of participation in walking and cycling are declining, all of which suggests we should be【C4】______to the nearest gym. But the "green" policies of these establishments【C5】______to be pretty disappointing: factor in air-conditioning, laundering of towels, energy-consuming exercise【C6】______and the fact that 90% of exercisers【C7】______ to the gym. British Military Fitness, the UK"s leading【C8】______fitness provider, offers a programme of nationwide classes in parks, and on common lands, in the【C9】______of its Gym Intervention programme. The organisation【C10】______not just the fitness benefits of working out outside, also our need to spend time in the great outdoors to【C11】______overall mental and physical wellbeing. Group activity is declining as fast as our fit ness rates, so the complete ethical workout doesn"t merely【C12】______the greenness of the equipment, but also the social capital to be【C13】______by joining in.It also【C14】______to start early. Children urgently need to become more【C15】______, and yet according to Natural England, a public body that encourages people to enjoy their natural surroundings, the amount of time and【C16】______children have with nature is declining; fewer than 10% now play in natural places【C17】______woodlands, countryside and common land compared with 40% of children 40 years ago. Research shows that children who are【C18】______to nature will continue to visit【C19】______ landscapes in adulthood and be committed to【C20】______them.

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

The scientist who wants to predict the way which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behavior. He must 【B1】_______ data both on the resources of consumers and on the motive that 【B2】_______ to encourage or discourage money spending. If an economist were asked which of three groups borrow most—people with rising incomes,【B3】______incomes, or decreasing incomes—he would probably answer, those with 【B4】_______ incomes. 【B5】_______, the answer was: people with rising incomes. People with decreasing incomes were 【B6】_______ and people with stable incomes borrowed least. This shows us that traditional 【B7】_______ about the relation between earning and spending are not always【B8】______. Another traditional assumption is that if people who have money expect prices to go up, they will【B9】______to buy.【B10】______, research surveys have shown that this is not always true. The expectations of price increases may not【B11】______buying. One typical attitude was expressed【B12】______the wife of mechanic in an interview at a time of rising price. "In a few months," she said, "we’ll have【B13】______to spend on other things." Her family had been planning to buy a new car but they postponed this【B14】______. Furthermore, the rise in prices that has already taken place may be disliked and buyer' s【B15】______may be produced. This is shown by the following【B16】______comment: "I just don't pay these prices; they are too high." The investigations mentioned above were【B17】______in America. If prices have been stable and people consider that they are【B18】______, they are likely to buy. Thus, it appears that the common business policy of【B19】______stable prices is based on a correct understanding of consumer【B20】______.

The destruction of our natural resources and contamination of our food supply continue to occur, largely because of the extreme difficulty in affixing legal responsibility on those who continue to treat our environment with reckless abandon. Attempts to prevent pollution by legislation, economic incentives and friendly persuasion have been met by lawsuits, personal and industrial denial andlong delays—not only in accepting responsibility, but more importantly, in doing something about it. It seems that only when government decides it can afford tax incentives or production sacrifices is there any initiative for change. Where is industry"s and our recognition that protecting mankind"s great treasure is the single most important responsibility? If ever there will be time for environmental health professionals to come to the frontlines and provide leadership to solve environmental problems, that time is now. We are being asked, and, in fact, the public is demanding that we take positive action. It is our responsibility as professionals in environmental health to make the difference. Yes, the ecologists, the environmental activists and the conservationists serve to communicate, stimulate thinking and promote behavioral change. However, it is those of us who are paid to make the decisions to develop, improve and enforce environmental standards, I submit, who must lead the charge.We must recognize that environmental health issues do not stop at city limits, county lines, state or even federal boundaries. We can no longer afford to be tunnel-visioned in our approach. We must visualize issues from every perspective to make the objective decisions. We must express our views clearly to prevent media distortion and public confusion. I believe we have a three-part mission for the present. First, we must continue to press for improvements in the quality of life that people can make for themselves. Second, we must investigate and understand the link between environment and health. Third, we must be able to communicate technical information in a form that citizens can understand. If we can accomplish these three goals in this decade, maybe we can finally stop environmental degradation, and not merely hold it back. We will then be able to spend pollution dollars truly on prevention rather than on bandages.

Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn't they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets. How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don't have unpredictable things, you don't have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it. In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought. I've attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "the data are still inconclusive." "We know that," the men from the budget office have said, "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate. What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team."

If you are what you eat, then you are also what you buy to eat. And mostly what people buy is scrawled onto a grocery list, those ethereal scraps of paper that record the shorthand of where we shop and how we feed ourselves. Most grocery lists end up in the garbage. But if you live in St. Louis, they might have a half-life you never imagined: as a cultural document, posted on the Internet. For the past decade, Bill Keaggy, 33, the features photo editor at The St. Louis Post-Dispatch, has been collecting grocery lists and since 1999 has been posting them online at www.grocerylists.org. The collection, which now numbers more than 500 lists, is strangely addictive. The lists elicit twofold curiosity-about the kind of meal the person was planning and the kind of person who would make such a meal. What was the shopper with vodka, lighters, milk and ice cream on his list planning to do with them? In what order would they be consumed? Was it a he or a she? Who had written "Tootie food, kitten chow, bird food stick, toaster scrambles, coffee drinks"? Some shoppers organize their lists by aisle; others start with dairy, go to cleaning supplies and then back to dairy before veering off to Home Depot. A few meticulous ones note the price of every item. One shopper had written in large letters on an envelope, simply, "Milk." The thin lines of ink and pencil jutting and looping across crinkled and torn pieces of paper have a purely graphic beauty. One of life"s most banal duties, viewed through the curatorial lens, can somehow seem pregnant with possibility. It can even appear poetic, as in the list that reads "meat, cigs, buns, treats." One thing Keaggy discovered is that Dan Quayle is not alone-few people can spell bananas and bagels, let alone potato. One list calls for "suchi" and "strimp." "Some people pass judgment on the things they buy," Keaggy says. At the end of one list, the shopper wrote "Bud Light" and then "good beer." Another scribbled "good loaf of white bread." Some pass judgment on themselves, like the shopper who wrote "read, stay home or go somewhere, I act like my mom, go to Kentucky, underwear, lemon." People send messages to one another, too. Buried in one list is this statement: "If you buy more rice, I"ll punch you." And plenty of shoppers, like the one with both ice cream and diet pills on the list, reveal their vices.

By the time most people realized that whales were not oversize fish but warm-blooded mammals with large brains, sophisticated social structures and an elaborate language of squeals, clicks and low moans, it was nearly too late. The orgy of unrestrained whale hunting, which began in the 1600s and became industrialized in the 19th century, had already sent many species into serious decline. Environmental groups, fearing that the whales would become extinct, lobbied hard to bring the hunting and killing to a halt. In 1986 they came very close: the International Whaling Commission(IWC)voted to prohibit whaling, allowing it only for scientific purposes or, in a handful of cases, such as among native peoples in Alaska and Greenland, to preserve ancient food-gathering practices. But the treaty has proved all too easy to get around. Japan, Iceland and Norway, in particular, have slaughtered tens of thousands of whales in the past 20 years. The first two countries claim they are doing it for science, although much of the meat they take ends up on dinner tables. Norway doesn " t even bother pretending. It openly flouts the IWC"s rules. Now Japan has tipped the ante: at the annual meeting of the IWC last week in the Caribbean nation of St. Kilts and Nevis, the Japanese pushed through a resolution calling for a repeal of the whaling moratorium, declaring it "no longer necessary". Fortunately for the whales, the resolution isn"t binding. The vote was 33 to 32 in favor, but it would have taken a 75% majority to overturn the ban. For whaling opponents, however, the vote was an ominous sign of Japan"s power over the IWC—and of its willingness to use strong-arm tactics and not-so-subtle bribery to get its way. Japan has reportedly showered more than $ 100 million in aid in recent years on island nations that it has persuaded to back its pro-whaling positions. And though Japan"s allies don"t have the votes to overturn the whaling ban, it takes only a simple majority to make other changes to take future votes on secret ballots, for example, so that nations can"t be held accountable for their positions, or to exclude antiwhaling groups from IWC meetings. Indeed, Japan last week sparred once again with Greenpeace the organization that agitated hardest for the original ban—until Japan was pressured to back off.

Organised volunteering and work experience has long been a vital companion to university degree courses. Usually it is left to【B1】______to deduce the potential from a list of extracurricular adventures on a graduate' s resume, 【B2】______ now the University of Bristol has launched an award to formalise the achievements of students who 【B3】______ time to activities outside their courses. Bristol PLuS aims to boost students in an increasingly 【B4】______ job market by helping them acquire work and life skills alongside 【B5】______ qualifications. "Our students are a pretty active bunch, but we found that they didn't 【B6】______ appreciate the value of what they did 【B7】______ the lecture hall," says Jeff Goodman, director of careers and employability at the university. "Employers are much more 【B8】______ than they used to be. They used to look for 【B9】______ and saw it as part of their job to extract the value of an applicant's skills. Now they want students to be able to explain why those skills are【B10】______to the job." Students who sign【B11】______for the award will be expected to complete 50 hours of work experience or【B12】______work, attend four workshops on employ-ability skills, take part in an intensive skills-related activity 【B13】______, crucially, write a summary of the skills they have gained.【B14】______efforts will gain an Outstanding Achievement Award. Those who【B15】______best on the sports field can take the Sporting PLuS Award which fosters employer-friendly sports accomplishments. The experience does not have to be【B16】______organised. "We 're not just interested in easily identifiable skills," says Goodman. "【B17】______, one student took the lead in dealing with a difficult landlord and so【B18】______negotiation skills. We try to make the experience relevant to individual lives." Goodman hopes the【B19】______will enable active students to fill in any gaps in their experience and encourage their less-active【B20】______to take up activities outside their academic area of work.