BPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese./B

The casino (赌场) at the smart Atlantis resort on Paradise Island in the Bahamas is bigger than 20 tennis courts. Tourists flit from slot machine to roulette table, drift past Temples of the Sun and Moon and walk by Crystal Gate and Poseidon's Throne. But the only Bahamians in sight are waiters, croupier and cashiers. The Bahamas legalised casino gambling in 1969, when they were still a British colony. But mainly because of the influence of local pastors, both Bahamians and foreigners who live in the country are banned from gambling. This has not stopped residents from placing bets. Instead, they gamble off the books in "number houses" or "webshops"—legal internet cafes that offer illegal bets on the side and operate in plain sight. These have mushroomed in recent years, even as tourism has stagnated and hotels have reduced staff. This pretence will be put to the test on January 28th, when a referendum will be held on legalising gambling in web shops, as well as on a separate proposal to set up a national lottery. The well-funded campaign supporting the initiative has been distributing posters and T-shirts. It argues that web shops account for almost 2% of jobs in the country, and that gambling taxes could help close the budget deficit. The "no" movement, which calls itself "Save Our Bahamas", is led by the islands' evangelical (新教会的) churches. Perry Christie, the prime minister, says he has "no horse in the race". The opposition accuses him, without proof, of running a "fixed" referendum on behalf of web-shop owners who back him financially. If the proposal is approved, the government will probably try to pass a series of reforms supported by the big hotel casinos. In order to compete with Las Vegas, New Jersey or Macau, they say, they need authorisation for credit-card payment for chips, online and mobile wagers, private VIP gaming rooms and betting on sports matches while play is in progress. They also want stronger legal tools to collect unpaid debts and the right to void payments caused by computer errors. The tourism minister has already announced support for these policies. However, letting Bahamians into the casinos is not yet on the agenda.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) Most people would not object to living a few years longer than normal, as long as it meant they could live those years in good health. Sadly, the only proven way to extend the lifespan of an animal in this way is to reduce its calorie intake. Studies going back to the 1930s have shown that a considerable reduction in consumption (about 50%) can extend the lifespan of everything from dogs to nematode worms by between 30% and 70%. Although humans are neither dogs nor worms, a few people are willing to give the calorie-restricted diet a try in the hope that it might work for them, too. But not many—as the old joke has it, give up the things you enjoy and you may not live longer, but it will sure seem as if you did. Now, though, work done by Marc Hellerstein and his colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley, suggests that it may be possible to have, as it were, your cake and eat it too. Or, at least, to eat 95% of it. Their study, to be published in the American Journal of Physiology—Endocrinology and Metabolism, suggests that significant gains in longevity might be made by a mere 5% reduction in calorie intake. The study was done on mice rather than people. But the ubiquity of previous calorie-restriction results suggests the same outcome might well occur in other species, possibly including humans. However, you would have to fast on alternate days. (41)______ Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells. For a cancer to develop efficiently, it needs multiple mutations to accumulate in the DNA of the cell that becomes the tumor"s ancestor. (42)______ A slower rate of cell division thus results in a slower accumulation of cancer-causing mutations. (43)______ Heavy water is heavy because the hydrogen in it weighs twice as much as ordinary hydrogen (it has a proton and a neutron in its nucleus, instead of just a proton). Chemically, however, it behaves like its lighter relative. This means, among other things, that it gets incorporated into DNA as that molecule doubles in quantity during cell division. (44)______ Dr. Hellerstein first established how much mice eat if allowed to feed as much as they want. Then he set up a group of mice that were allowed to eat only 95% of that amount. In both cases, he used the heavy-water method to monitor cell division. The upshot was that the rate of division in the calorie-restricted mice was 37% lower than that in those mice that could eat as much as they wanted—which could have a significant effect on the accumulation of cancer-causing mutations. (45)______A. To stop this happening, cells have DNA-repair mechanisms. But if a cell divides before the damage is repaired, the chance of a successful repair is significantly reduced.B. Bingeing and starving is how many animals tend to feed in the wild. The uncertain food supply means they regularly go through cycles of too much and too little food (it also means that they are often restricted to eating less than they could manage ff food were omnipresent).C. But calorie-reduction is not all the mice had to endure. They were, in addition, fed only on alternate days: bingeing one day and starving the next. So, whether modern man and woman, constantly surrounded by food and advertisements for food, would really be able to forgo eating every other day is debatable.D. Why caloric restriction extends the lifespan of any animal is unclear, but much of the smart money backs the idea that it slows down cell division by denying cells the resources they need to grow and proliferate. One consequence of that slow-down would be to hamper the development of cancerous tumors.E. So, by putting heavy water in the diets of their mice, the researchers were able to measure how much DNA in the tissues of those animals had been made since the start of the experiment (and by inference how much cell division had taken place), by the simple expedient of extracting the DNA and weighing it.F. The second reason, according to Elaine Hsieh, one of Dr. Hellerstein"s colleagues, is that cutting just a few calories overall, but feeding intermittently, may be a more feasible eating pattern for some people to maintain than making small reductions each and every day.G. At least, that is the theory. Until now, though, no one has tested whether reduced calorie intake actually does result in slower cell division. Dr. Hellerstein and his team were able to do so using heavy water as a chemical "marker" of the process.

Suppose one of your friends, Li Hua, wants to choose a book on interviewing skills before he attends a job interview. Write to him to give him some advice. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

America is the land of the automobile. This country has only 6 percent of the world"s population but 46 percent of the world"s cars. Right now, there are 97 million privately owned cars consuming 75 billion gallons of gasoline and traveling an estimated 1,000 billion miles, a year. The figures also affirm something we know every time we refill our gasoline tank. The automobile is a very thirsty piece of technology. Of the total petroleum supply in the United States, 30 percent goes to quench that thirst. Every year for each passenger car, about 800 gallons of gasoline are consumed. Other aspects of our commitment to the automobile also bear mentioning here, it takes a great deal of energy to manufacture one automobile—about 150 million BTUs of energy. This is equivalent to 1,200 gallons of gasoline, enough to run a car for about 16,000 miles. We expend energy in the process of shipping cars from factories to showrooms, displaying them for sale hand making replacement parts for repairs. One out of six jobs in the nation is associated with the automobile business. About two gallons of gasoline are consumed in the process of making every ten gallons that are pumped into an automobile"s gas tank. Building highways and parking lots has used up much of our land. It has been estimated that we have paved over 21,000 square miles of this country"s surface, most of it to accommodate the automobile. The automobile is also the largest contributor to our nation"s air pollution problem and a very serious one because most of its pollutants are emitted in our large metropolitan areas. Aside from the great impact that would occur if everyone seriously practised conservation, one should stop and think about his own casual use of the automobile. There are numerous situations where better planning and awareness could really make a difference in energy savings and dollars. Because the automobile uses the largest percentage of energy in an average American family"s energy budget and almost half of the dollars, the impetus for savings is tremendous.

Often referred to as "the heart of a factoring organization, "the credit department is responsible for granting credit to clients" customers and for collecting the accounts receivable purchased through the factor.【F1】 When factored clients submit customer orders for credit approval, the credit department analyzes the financial condition and credit worthiness of the customer, then makes a decision to approve or decline the order. The department must then monitor the condition of approved customers and collect all due receivables. Careful credit checking and effective collection procedures in this department can greatly reduce the risks inherent in factoring. As the head of the credit department, the credit manager is responsible for seeing that the department operates effectively.【F2】 He must develop the factor"s credit policies in consultation with senior factoring associates, and he is in overall command of everything from credit and collections to bankruptcy and liquidations. If only the factor is a commercial bank division, the credit manager is a bank vice president, and credit policy must also be approved through top management of the bank. 【F3】 Assisting the credit manager may be several supervisors who have credit responsibilities of their own and who also oversee the analysis and approval of customer orders through the credit specialists. Credit supervisors typically spend about eighty percent of their time handling large customer orders. If only a customer order exceeds a supervisor"s credit authority, he is responsible for making recommendations to the credit manager. A supervisor also reviews a subordinate"s credit decision if only the subordinate is unsure of the extent of the credit risk or if only a client questions a particular credit decision. In extremely large credit exposures, supervisor"s bear the responsibility for analyzing the credit position of the customers and deciding on credit limits. To do this, they must regularly obtain current data from various credit information sources. They must also have extensive contact with each customer to determine operational performance and progress. Frequently, supervisors are called upon to give advice on what should be done to improve a company"s financial condition.【F4】 Meeting all these responsibilities requires that each supervisor continuously observe and study the industries with which he is concerned, so that he is capable of anticipating market changes which may affect his accounts. 【F5】 A supervisor"s major challenge is to maintain a fine balance between the demands of clients that all their customer orders be approved and the questionable financial position of some of the customers. In reviewing any credit decision, a supervisor must be capable of weighing a variety of elements, including the possibility of losing the client, the customer" s credit position, and the extent of any possible loss.

Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayentitled"Cultures—NationalandInternational".Intheessayyoushould1)describethepictureandinterpretitsmeaning,and2)giveyourcommentonthephenomenon.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

"This is a really exciting time — a new era is starting, " says Peter Bazalgette, the chief creative officer of Endemol. He is referring to the upsurge of interest in mobile television, a nascent industry at the intersection of telecoms and media which offers new opportunities to device-makers, content producers and mobile-network operators. And he is far from alone in his enthusiasm. Already, many mobile operators offer a selection of television channels or individual shows, which are "streamed" across their third-generation (3G) networks. 41.______. Meanwhile, Apple Computer, which launched a video-capable version of its iPod portable music-player in October, is striking deals with television networks to expand the range of shows that can be purchased for viewing on the device, including Lost, Desperate Housewives and Law or they could form a consortium and build a shared network; or existing broadcasters could build such networks. The big question is whether the broadcasters and mobile operators can agree on how to divide the spoils, assuming there are any. Broadcasters own the content, but mobile operators generally control the handsets, and they do not always see eye to eye. 45.______. Then there is the question of who will fund the production of mobile-TV content: broadcasters, operators or advertisers? Again, the answer is probably "all of the above".[A] So the general consensus is that 3G streaming is a prelude to the construction of dedicated mobile-TV broadcast networks, which transmit digital TV signals on entirely different frequencies to those used for voice and data. There are three main standards: DVB-H, favoured in Europe; DMB, which has been adopted in Korea and Japan; and MediaFLO, which is being rolled out in America. Watching TV using any of these technologies requires a TV-capable handset, of course.[B] In contrast, watching downloaded TV programmes on an iPod or other portable video players is already possible today. And unlike a programme streamed over 3G or broadcast via a dedicated mobile-TV network , shows stored on an iPod can be watched on an underground train or in regions with patchy network coverage.[C] In Korea, television is also sent to mobile phones via satellite and terrestrial broadcast networks, which is far more efficient than sending video across mobile networks. In Europe, the Italian arm of 3, a mobile operator, recently acquired Channel 7, a television channel, with a view to launching mobile-TV broadcasts in Italy in the second half of 2006.[D] Despite all this activity, however, the prospects for mobile TV are unclear.[E] Assuming the technology and the business models can be sorted out, there is still the tricky matter of content.[F] In Korea, a consortium of broadcasters launched a free-to-air DMB network last month, but the country"s mobile operators were reluctant to provide their users with handsets able to receive the broadcasts, since they were unwilling to undermine the prospects for. their own subscription-based mobile-TV services. [G] The potential for mobile TV is vast, in short — but so is the degree of uncertainty over how it should actually be put into practice.

Recycling also stimulates the local economy by creating jobs and trims the pollution control and energy costs of industries that make recycled products by giving them a more refined raw material.

In the span of 18 months, Isaac Newton invented calculus, constructed a theory of optics, explained how gravity works and discovered his laws of motion. As a result, 1665 and the early months of 1666 are termed his annus mirabilis. (46) It was a sustained sprint of intellectual achievement that no one thought could ever be equaled. But in a span of a few years just before 1900, it all began to unravel. One phenomenon after another was discovered which could not be explained by the laws of classical physics. (47) The theories of Newton, and of James Clerk Maxwell who followed him in the mid 19th century by crafting a more comprehensive account of electromagnetism, were in trouble. Then, in 1905, a young patent clerk named Albert Einstein found the way forward. In five remarkable papers, he showed that atoms are real (it was still controversial at the time), presented his special theory of relativity, and put quantum theory on its feet. It was a different achievement from Newton"s year, but Einstein"s annus mirabilis was no less remarkable. He did not, like Newton, have to invent entirely new forms of mathematics. However, he had to revise notions of space and time fundamentally. (48) And un like Newton, who did not publish his results for nearly 20 years, so obsessed was he with secrecy and working out the details, Einstein released his papers one after another, as a fusillade of ideas. For Einstein, it was just a beginning—he would go on to create the general theory of relativity and to pioneer quantum mechanics. While Newton came up with one system for explaining the world, Einstein thus came up with two. Unfortunately, his discoveries—relativity and quantum theory—contradict one another. Both cannot be true everywhere, although both are remarkably accurate in their respective domains of the very large and the very small. Einstein would spend the last years of his life attempting to reconcile the two theories, and failing. (49) But then, no one else has succeeded in fixing the problems either, and Einstein was perhaps the one who saw them most clearly. When Einstein was awarded a Nobel Prize, in 1921, it was for the first of his papers of 1905, which proved the existence of photons—particles of light. (50) Up until that paper, completed on March 17th and published in Annalen der Physik (as were the other 1905 papers), light had been supposed to be a wave, since this explains the interference patterns created when it passes through a grating. Einstein, however, began from a different premise, by considering the so-called "black-body experiment".

The idea that people might be chosen or rejected for jobs on the basis of their genes disturbs many. Such【C1】______may, however, be a step【C2】______, thanks to work just published in Current Biology by Derk-Jan Dijk and his colleagues at the University of Surrey, in England. Dr. Dijk studies the biology of timekeeping—in particular of the part of the internal body-clock that【C3】______people to sleep and wakes them up. One of the genes involved in【C4】______this clock is known as PER3 and【C5】______in two forms. Dr. Dijk"s work【C6】______ that one of these forms is more conducive to night-shift work than the other. The two forms of PER3【C7】______ into two slightly different proteins, one of which is longer than the other. 【C8】______work by this group showed that people with two short versions of the gene are more likely to be "owls",【C9】______ to get up late and go to bed late. "Larks"—【C10】______, early risers, have two long versions. Pursuing this【C11】______of enquiry, Dr. Dijk and his team have been studying how such people【C12】______to sleep deprivation. Two dozen volunteers, some genetic owls and some genetic larks, were forced to stay awake for two days. The genetic larks reacted to this worse than the owls did.【C13】______, larks given memory tests and puzzles to【C14】______between the hours of four and eight in the morning turned【C15】______far worse performances than did owls. What【C16】______ that may have for employers is not fully clear. Nevertheless, it is intriguing. There may 【C17】______come a time when employers【C18】______night shifts will want a blood sample from【C19】______employees—【C20】______ to protect themselves against negligence suits should someone have an accident.

The age at which young children begin to make moral discriminations about harmful actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of recent research into the moral development of children. Until recently, child psychologists supported pioneer developmentalist Jean Piaget in his hypothesis that because of their immaturity, children under age seven do not take into account the intentions of a person committing accidental or deliberate harm, but rather simply assign punishment for offences on the basis of the magnitude of the negative consequences cause. According to Piaget, children under age seven occupy the first stage of moral development, which is characterized by moral absolutism (rules made by authorities must be obeyed) and imminent justice (if rules are broken, punishment will be meted out). Until young children mature, their moral judgments are based entirely on the effect rather than the cause of an offence. However, in recent research, Keasey found that six-year-old children not only distinguish between accidental and intentional harm, but also judge intentional harm as naughtier, regardless of the amount of damage produced. Both of these findings seem to indicate that children, at an earlier age than Piaget claimed, advance into the second stage of moral development, moral autonomy, in which they accept social rules but view them as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage. Keasey"s research raises two key questions for developmental psychologists about children under age seven: do they recognize justifications for harmful actions, and do they make distinctions between harmful acts that are preventable and those acts that have unforeseen harmful consequences? Studies indicate that justifications excusing harmful actions might include public duty, self-defense, and provocation. For example, Nesdale and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering whether or not an aggressor"s actions was justified by public duty: five year olds reacted very differently to "Bonnie wrecks Ann"s pretend house" depending on whether Bonnie did it "so somebody won"t fall over it" or because Bonnie wanted "to make Anne feel bad." Thus, a child of five begins to understand that certain harmful actions, though intentional, can be justified: the constraints of moral absolutism no longer solely guide their judgments. Psychologists have determined that during kindergarten children learn to make subtle distinctions involving harm. Darley observed that among acts involving unintentional harm, six-year-old children just entering kindergarten could not differentiate between foreseeable, and thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable harm for which the offender cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however, Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions, thus demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous.

The difference between "writer" and "reporter" or "journalist" isn"t that the journalist reports—she【C1】______sources, calls people, takes them out to lunch, and generally【C2】______as an intermediary between her audience and the world of experts. The journalist also writes, of course, but anybody can write.【C3】______few can get their calls returned by key congressmen, top academics, important CEOs. That is the powerful advantage that the journalist has【C4】______her audience: She"s got sources and they don"t【C5】______the transaction between the journalist and the audience is that the journalist has the time, talent, and【C6】______to clearly communicate the ideas of newsmakers and experts,【C7】______then is the transaction between the journalist and those newsmakers and experts?【C8】______the journalist, and her institution, are profiting, hopefully handsomely, off their contribution to the enterprise. It"s not going too【C9】______to say that the whole business would collapse without their【C10】______. Journalists without sources are, well,【C11】______writers. 【C12】______, those sources are giving up something of value. They"re giving up【C13】______, for one thing. Some fine folks have spent countless hours【C14】______me through the details of the federal budget. They"re giving up information that, in other【C15】______, people pay them for—consider a CEO who gives paid lectures or a life-long academic at a private college. They are【C16】______themselves to considerable professional risk, both by telling the journalist things they"re not supposed to share and simply by making themselves【C17】______to being misinterpreted in public. 【C18】______how does the journalist compensate these sources? Well, the【C19】______answer in a market economy would be that the sources to get paid. But, in a brilliant maneuver, journalism as a profession has deemed it【C20】______to pay sources for information.

"Secret"EntertainingStudythedrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbyit,and3)giveyourpointofview.Youshouldwrite160-200words.

Yesterday, you received a letter of invitation from Tom Cruise, one of your American friends. You are asked to attend his birthday party. But you cannot accept his invitation. Write a letter to Tom, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology. Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

For most of human history rich people had the most leisure. On the other hand, the poor have typically worked persistently. Hans-Joachim Voth, an economic historian, says that in 19th century you could tell how poor somebody was by how【C1】______they worked. Today things are【C2】______. Overall working hours have【C3】______over the past century. But the rich have begun to work longer hours than the poor. There are a number of【C4】______One is that higher wages make leisure more expensive: if people take time【C5】______they give up more money. Since the 1980s the【C6】______of those at the top have risen strongly, while those below the median have stood still or fallen. Thus rising【C7】______encourages the rich to work more and the poor to work less. The【C8】______of work and leisure in the rich world has also changed. Back in 1899 Thorstein Veblen offered his【C9】______on things. He argued that leisure was a "badge of honor". Rich people could get others to do the【C10】______, repetitive work. Yet Veblen"s leisure class was not【C11】______. Rather they engaged in "exploit":【C12】______and creative activities such as writing, charity and【C13】______. Veblen"s theory needs【C14】______. Work in advanced economies has become more【C15】______and intellectual. There are fewer really dull jobs, like lift-operating, and more【C16】______ones, like fashion design. That means more people than ever can enjoy "exploit" at the【C17】______. Work has come to offer the sort of pleasures that rich people used to【C18】______in their leisure time. On the other hand, leisure is【C19】______a sign of social power. Instead it【C20】______uselessness and unemployment.

Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives. To start with, it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history, and will continue to do so. Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today. It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was typically localized. In terms of energy use and the nutrients captured in the product it was relatively inefficient. Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution. Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields. Throughout this period food became cheaper, safe and more reliable. However, these changes have also led to habitat loss and to diminishing biodiversity. What" s more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050. Yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions. All this means that agriculture in the 21st century will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th. This will require radical thinking. For example, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones. We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be "zero impact". The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability, which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage. Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation, one that looks at the pros and cons of all the various way land is used. There are many different ways to measure agricultural performance besides food yield: energy use, environmental costs, water purity, carbon footprint and biodiversity. It is clear, for example, that the carbon of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting. But we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity. What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production.

You are asked to write a recommendation for a student. Please give your suggestions and express your opinions clearly a bout 100 wordsI. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)interpretitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.