Parents and students are now relying less on taking out loans and more on grants, scholarships and their own income and savings, according to a new report from Sallie Mae. "Over the last few years they"re considering cost more.【C1】______applying for bank loans, they"re making【C2】______decisions to save on their college【C3】______," says Sarah Ducich, an author of the report. The large private lender, in conjunction with Ipsos Public Affairs,【C4】______in its seventh annual report that more than half of the cost of college is【C5】______by grants and scholarships, as well as parent income and savings. The average family also【C6】______less on parent and student loans, which【C7】______for 7 percent and 15 percent of the cost,【C8】______. "But one of the most【C9】______findings of the report," Ducich says, "is that【C10】______soaring tuition and fees, families"【C11】______in the value of college has remained strong." Nearly all of the 1,600 parents and students【C12】______said they believed that college is an【C13】______in the future, nearly 90 percent said it"s needed for a(n) 【C14】______occupation and about 86 percent said they would be【C15】______to stretch financially to pay for college. And although more than two-thirds of families said they planned on borrowing, at least as a last【C16】______. many are increasingly looking for【C17】______to cut costs. Nearly all families reported taking at least one step to make college more【C18】______and on average families took five steps. Seven in 10 said they chose a(n) 【C19】______college to pay in-state tuition and more than half said they lived at home or with【C20】______.

Write a memorandum to the student service department and ask them to 1) fix a telephone for each dormitory, 2) explain your reasons. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Wang Ling" instead. You do not need write the address.

The federal entity created by the Constitution is by far the dominant feature of the American governmental system. (1)_____ the system itself is in reality a mosaic, (2)_____ of thousands of smaller units—building blocks which together (3)_____ the whole. There are 50 state governments (4)_____ the government of the District of Columbia, and further down the ladder are still smaller units, (5)_____ counties, cities, towns and villages. This (6)_____ of governmental units is best understood (7)_____ the evolution of the United States. The federal system, it has been seen, was the last step in the (8)_____ process. Prior to its creation, there were the governments of the (9)_____ colonies (later states) and prior to (10)_____, the governments of counties and smaller units. One of the first tasks (11)_____ by the early English settlers was the creation of governmental units for the tiny (12)_____ they established along the Atlantic coast. Even before the Pilgrims disembarked (13)_____ their ship in 1620, they (14)_____ the Mayflower Compact, the first written American constitution. And as the new nation pushed (15)_____ each frontier outpost created its own government to manage its affairs. The drafters of the U.S. Constitution left this multilayered governmental system (16)_____. While they made the national structure supreme, they wisely (17)_____ the need for a series of governments more directly in (18)_____ with the people and more keenly attuned(合拍) to their needs. Thus, certain (19)_____ such as defense, currency regulation and foreign relations—could only be managed by a strong centralized government. But (20)_____ such as sanitation, education and local transportation—belong mainly to local jurisdictions(管辖权).

Studythefollowingsetofpicturescarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethepicturesbriefly,2)interprettheirintendedmeanings,and3)pointouttheirimplicationsinourlife.Youshouldwriteabout160—200wordsneatly.

[A]DrDanielStanley,anoceanographer,hasfoundvolcanicshardsinEgyptthathebelievesarelinkedtotheexplosion.ComputersimulationsbyMikeRampino,aclimatemodelerfromNewYorkUniversity,showthattheresultingashcloudcouldhaveplungedtheareaintodarkness,aswellasgeneratinglightningandhail,twoofthe10plagues.[B]Thecloudcouldhavealsoreducedtherainfall,causingadrought.IftheNilehadthenbeenpoisonedbytheeffectsoftheeruption,pollutioncouldhaveturneditred,ashappenedinarecentenvironmentaldisasterinAmerica.Thesamepollutioncouldhavedrivenmillionsoffrogsontotheland,thesecondplague.Onlandthefrogswoulddie,removingtheonlyobstacletoanexplosionoffliesandlice—thethirdandfourthplagues.Thefliescouldhavetransmittedfataldiseasestocattle(thefifthplague)andboilsandblisterstohumans(thesixthplague).[C]Moses,whichwillbebroadcastinDecember2002,willsuggestthatmuchoftheBiblestorycanbeexplainedbyasinglenaturaldisaster,ahugevolcaniceruptionontheGreekislandofSantoriniinthe16thcenturyBC.[D]Thehour-longdocumentaryarguesthateventhestoryofthepartingoftheRedSea,whichallowedMosestoleadtheHebrewstosafetywhilethepursuingEgyptianarmywasdrowned,mayhaveitsoriginsintheeruption.Itrepeatsthetheorythat"RedSea"isamistranslationoftheSeaofReeds,amuchshallowerswamp.[E]TheprogrammetellsthestoryofhowMosesledtheHebrewsoutofEgyptafteraseriesofplagueshaddevastatedthecountry.Butitalsousesnewscientificresearchtoarguethatmanyoftheeventssurroundingtheexoduscouldhavebeentriggeredbytheeruption,whichwouldhavebeenathousandtimesmorepowerfulthananuclearbomb.[F]ComputersimulationsshowthattheSantorinieruptioncouldhavetriggereda600ft-hightidalwave,travelingatabout400milesanhour,whichwouldhavebeen6fthighandahundredmileslongwhenitreachedtheEgyptiandelta.Suchaneventwouldhavebeenrememberedforgenerations,andmayhaveprovidedtheinspirationforthestory.[G]FreshevidencethattheBiblicalplaguesandthepartingoftheRedSeawerenaturaleventsratherthanmythsormiraclesistobepresentedinanewBBCdocumentary.Order:

In 1957 a doctor in Singapore noticed that hospitals were treating an unusual number of influenza-like cases. Influenza is sometimes called "flu" or a "bad cold". He took samples from the throats of patients in his hospital and was able to find the virus of this influenza. There are three main types of the influenza virus. The most important of these are types A and B, each of them having several sub-groups. With the instruments at the hospital the doctor recognized that the outbreak was due to a virus group A, but he did not know the sub-group. He reported the outbreak to the World Health Organization in Geneva. W. H. O. published the important news alongside reports of a similar outbreak in Hong Kong, where about 15%~20% of the population had become ill. As soon as the London doctors received the package of throat samples, they began the standard tests. They found that by reproducing itself at very high speed, the virus had multiplied more than a million times within two days. Continuing their careful tests, the doctors checked the effect of drugs used against all the known sub-groups of virus type A. None of them gave any protection. This then, was something new: a new influenza virus against which the people of the world had no ready help whatsoever. Having isolated the virus they were working with, the two doctors now dropped it into the noses of some specially selected animals, which contact influenza in the same way as human beings do. In a short time the usual signs of the disease appeared. These experiments revealed that the new virus spread easily, but that it was not a killer. Scientists, like the general public, called it simply "Asian" flu. The first discovery of the virus, however, was made in China before the disease had appeared in other countries. Various reports showed that the influenza outbreak started in China, probably in February of 1957. By the middle of March it had spread all over China. The virus was found by Chinese doctors early in March. But China was not a member of the World Health Organization and therefore did not report outbreaks of disease to it. Not until two months later, when travelers carried the virus into Hong Kong, from where it spread to Singapore, did the news of the outbreak reach the rest of the world. By this time it was started on its way around the world. Thereafter, WHO"s Weekly Reports described the steady spread of this virus outbreak, which within four months swept through every continent.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

Miss Universe took place in Athens, Greece. The junta was still in power. I saw a heck of a lot of jeeps and troops and machine guns. The Americans were supposed to keep a low profile.【F1】 I had never been a great fan of the Greek junta, but I knew well I was going to have to keep my mouth shut. I was still representing the United States, for better or for worse. Miss Philippines won. I ran second. At the end of the year, you're run absolutely ragged. That final evening, they usually have several queens from past years come back. Before they crown the new Miss USA, the current one is supposed to take what they call the farewell walk. They call over the PA: Time for the old queen's walk. I'm now twenty-three and I'm an old queen. And they have this idiot farewell speech playing over the airwaves as the old queen takes the walk.【F2】 And you're sitting on the throne for about thirty seconds, then you come down and they announce the name of the new one and you put the crown on her head. And then you're out. Miss USA and remnants thereof is the crown stored in the attic in my parents' home. I don't even know where the banners are. It wasn't me the fans of Miss USA thought was pretty. What they think is pretty is the banner and crown.【F3】 If I could put the banner and crown on that lamp, I swear to God ten men would come in and ask it for a date. I'll think about committing an axe murder if I'm not called anything but a former beauty queen. I can't stand it any more. Several times during my year as what's her-face I had seen the movie The Sting. There is a gesture the characters use which means the con is on: they rub their nose.【F4】 In my last fleeting moments as Miss USA, as they were playing that silly farewell speech and I walked down the aisle and stood by the throne. I looked right into the camera and rubbed my finger across my nose. The next day,the pageant people spent all their time telling people that I hadn't done it. I spent the time telling them that, of course, I had. I simply meant; the con is on. 【F5】 If I could sit down with every young girl in America for the next fifty years. I could tell them what I liked about the pageant, I could tell them what I hated. I wouldn't make any difference. There're always gonna be girls who want to enter the beauty pageant. That's the fantasy: the American Dream.

【F1】 The agricultural sciences deal with the challenges of food and fibre production and processing. They include the technologies of soil cultivation, crop cultivation and harvesting, animal production, and the processing of plant and animal products for human consumption and use. Food is the most basic human need.【F2】 The domestication and cultivation of plants and animals beginning almost 10,000 years ago were aimed at ensuring that this need was met, and then as now these activities also fit with the relentless human drive to understand and control the Earth "s biosphere. Over the last century and a half, many of the world"s political leaders have recognized what India"s Jawaharlal Nehru did, that "Most things except agriculture can wait. " Scientific methods have been applied widely, and the results have revolutionized agricultural production. Under the conditions of prescientific agriculture, in a good harvest year, six people can produce barely enough food for themselves and four others. Advanced technologies have made it possible for one farmer in the United States, for example, to produce food for more than 100 people.【F3】 The farmer has been enabled to increase yields per acre and per animal; reduce losses from diseases, pests, and spoilage; and augment net production by improved processing methods. Until the 1930s, the benefits of agricultural research derived mostly from labour-saving inventions. Once the yield potentials of the major economic crops were increased through agricultural research, however, crop production per acre increased dramatically.【F4】 Between 1940 and 1980 in the United States, for example, per-acre yields of corn tripled, those of wheat and soybeans doubled, and farm output per hour of farm work increased almost 10-fold as capital was substituted for labour. 【F5】 New techniques of preserving food products made it possible to transport them over greater distances, in turn facilitating adjustments among locations of production and consumption, with further benefits to production efficiency . From a global perspective, the international flow of agricultural technology allows for the increase of agricultural productivity in developed and developing countries alike. From 1965 to 1985, for example, world trade in grains tripled, as did net exports from the United States. In fact, by the 1980s more than two-fifths of U. S. crop production was exported, making U. S. agriculture heavily dependent upon international markets.

APet'sWishWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B

DNA testing has become something our society relies on very heavily for identification purposes. Everyone has different DNA so it is a unique way to identify an individual. It is the equivalent of a signature only in a genetic form that can"t be altered or hidden. One of the most common uses of DNA testing is to track down criminals who have left hair, skin, or semen at the scene of a crime. A use for DNA testing that is less familiar to most individuals is for tracking down a person"s heritage. It can be hard to determine a person"s heritage without the help of DNA testing. Each person is classified into one of four main groups when it comes to ancestry. Those groups arc East Asian, Native American, African, or European. Many people have some identifying features or skin colors that help to identify their particular line of ancestry. The trouble is that many people have parents from two different ancestry lines. This makes the diversification very hard to track as you start looking back on generations of mixed ancestry. With ancestry DNA it is possible to determine the dominant one for that individual. The testing involved in the ancestry DNA process is done with the technology available today. Ancestry DNA testing involves the process of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism so that the dominant ethnic group can be identified. The Single Nucleotide Polymorphism also tells the percentage of the different ancestry groups that make up the individual"s DNA. While you may wonder why ancestry is so important to some people, the reality is that it does matter. It is interesting to know where your heritage lies and for some people not knowing gives them a void they really want to have filled. This is more important to them than simply fitting into society because of their race or color. There is plenty of debate surrounding the concept of ancestry DNA. Many experts claim it is not a reliable way to determine one"s heritage. They also believe it causes issues with cultural beliefs rather than instilling a sense of their role in society. Others find these claims to be completely ridiculous and place plenty of merit in ancestry DNA test results. There are many good ancestry DNA test locations in the world that do offer individuals the opportunity to find out where their true heritage lies. Meanwhile an independent validation method still has to be adopted before the scientific field is going to accept it.

It was the biggest scientific grudge match since the space race. The Genome Wars had everything: two groups with appealing leaders ready to fight in a scientific dead heat, pushing the limits of technology and rhetoric as they battled to become the first to read every last one of the 3 billion DNA "letters" in the human body.【F1】 The scientific importance of the work is unquestionable, the completed DNA sequence is expected to give scientists unprecedented insights into the workings of the human body, revolutionizing medicine and biology. But the race itself, between the government's Human Genome Project and Rockville, Md., biotechnology company Celera Genomics, was at least partly symbolic, the public/private conflict played out in a genetic lab. Now the race is over. After years of public attacks and several failed attempts at reconciliation, the two sides are taking a step toward a period of calm. HGP head Francis Collins(and Ari Patrinos of the Department of Energy, an important ally on the government side)and Craig Venter, the founder of Celera, agreed to hold a joint press conference in Washington this Monday to declare that the race was over(sort of), that both sides had won(kind of)and that the hostilities were resolved(for the time being). No one is exactly sure how things will be different now.【F2】 Neither side will be turning off its sequencing machines any time soon—the "finish lines" each has crossed are largely arbitrary points, "first drafts" rather than the definitive version. 【F3】 And while the joint announcement brings the former Genome Warriors closer together than they've been in years, insiders say that future agreements are more likely to take the form of coordination, rather than outright collaboration. The conflict blew up this February when Britain's Wellcome Trust, an HGP participant, released a confidential letter to Celera outlining the HGP's complaints. Venter called the move "a lowlife thing to do." But by spring, there were the first signs of a thaw. "The attacks and nastiness are bad for science and our investors," Venter told Newsweek in March, "and fighting back is probably not helpful."【F4】 At a cancer meeting earlier this month, Venter and Collins praised each other's approaches, and expressed hope that all of the scientists involved in sequencing the human genome would be able to share the credit. By late last week, that hope was becoming a reality as details for Monday's joint announcement were hammered out. Scientists in both camps welcomed an end to the hostilities. "If this ends the horse race, science wins."【F5】 With their difference behind them, or at least set aside, the scientists should now be able to get down to the interesting stuff: figuring how to make use of all that data.

Think of theme parks and you think of roller coasters. The secret checking of the seat restraints, the stomach-sickening climb and the visceral thrill of the drop are the hallmarks of a park visit. But as a metaphor for the industry, the roller coaster is all wrong. Making money from theme parks is a hard thing, not a thrilling rush. And coasters are not where the best chance of revenue growth lies. This week"s July 4th celebrations marked the beginning of the summer season for America"s theme parks. Around the world, another year of moderate growth is expected: global attendance grew by 2.2% in 2006. Growth is slowest in the mature markets of North America and Europe, though the prospects look better in Asia. Scope to raise entry prices is limited by competition. At $300m or more, the economics of building a new park are "brutal", says Raymond Braun of Economic Research Associates, a consultancy. In response, operators are concentrating on improving the customer experience, making greater use of their facilities and turning parks into multi-day destinations. Stronger theming helps to make a park more distinctive. Greater interactivity is also important The "Men in Black" ride at Universal Studios in Orlando, Florida, in which passengers shoot at animatronics aliens, is a good example of what industry types like to call an "immersive" experience. Discovery Cove, another Florida park, takes that term literally, charging visitors premium prices to swim with dolphins and other animals. Packing more people into parks risks turning visits into a series of queues interrupted by rides, rather than the other way round. "Queuing is a big nuisance," says Mark Fisher of Merlin Entertainments. One answer is to break up the boredom by putting entertainers into the queue. Another is to offer ride-reservation systems or special tickets that let people book a place in line without having to queue. Getting people through the park more efficiently is one way to increase the use of facilities. Extending the season is another. Tivoli, a park in the heart of Copenhagen, introduced a ten-day Halloween season in 2006 to sit alongside its summer and Christmas openings. "We used to be a seasonal business and now we are more or less a full-year business," says the park"s chief executive. As squeezing growth out of existing parks becomes harder, operators are also looking to new markets. Indoor city-based attractions, which are cheap to build and easy to get to, have plenty of potential, even in mature markets. Emerging markets look promising, too. Asia"s top ten parks recorded attendance growth of 4.4% in 2006, much of it driven by Hong Kong Disneyland"s first full year of operation. As consumers in developing markets become wealthier, the industry will look a lot more thrilling.

Aging poses a serious challenge to OECD (Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development) countries, in particular, how to pay for future public pension liabilities. And early retirement places an【B1】______burden on pension financing. There is no easy solution, but 【B2】______retirement could help. Early retirement may seem like a worthy individual goal, but it is a socially【B3】______one, and makes the present public pension system difficult to sustain for long. The【B4】______reason is that more people are retiring early and living longer. That means more retirees depending on the 【B5】______of those in work for their income. The【B6】______is worrying. In the next 50 years, low fertility rates and【B7】______life expectancy in OECD countries will cause this old-age dependency rate to roughly double【B8】______size. Public pension payments, which afford 30-80% of total retirement incomes in OECD countries, are【B9】______to rise, on average, by over three percentage points in GDP and by as much as eight percentage points in some countries.【B10】______is the pressure on pension funds that there is a danger of today's workers not getting the pensions they expected or felt they【B11】______for. Action is needed,【B12】______simply aiming to reduce the【B13】______(and cost) of public pensions, or trying to【B14】______the role of privately funded pensions within the system, though necessary steps, may be【B15】______to deal with the dependency challenge. After years of【B16】______early retirement schemes to avoid【B17】______and higher unemployment, many governments are now looking【B18】______persuading people to stay in work until they are older. Surely, the thinking goes, if we are healthier now and jobs are physically less【B19】______and unemployment is down, then perhaps the【B20】______rate should rise anew.

More and more residences, businesses, and even government agencies are using telephone answering machines to take messages or give information or instructions. Sometimes these machines give (1)_____ instructions, or play messages that are difficult to understand. If you (2)_____ telephone calls, you need to be ready to respond if you get a (3)_____. The most common machine is the (4)_____ used in residence. If you call a home (5)_____ there is a telephone answering machine in operation you (6)_____ hear several rings and then a recorded message (7)_____ usually says something (8)_____ this: "Hello. We can"t come to the (9)_____ right now. If you want us to call you back, please leave your name and number after the beep". Then you will hear a "beep", (10)_____ is a brief, high-pitched (11)_____. Alter the beep, you can say who you are, whom you want to speak to, and what number the person should call to (12)_____ you, or you can leave a (13)_____. Some telephone answering machines (14)_____ for only 20 or 30 seconds after the beep, so you must respond quickly. Some large businesses and government agencies are using telephone answering machines to provide information on (15)_____ about which they receive a large volume of (16)_____. Using these systems (17)_____ you to have a touch-tone phone (a phone with buttons rather than a rotary dial). The voice on the machine will tell your to push a certain button on your telephone if you want information on Topic A, another button for Topic B, and so on. You listen (18)_____ you hear the topic you want to learn about, and then you push the (19)_____ button. After making your (20)_____, you will hear a recorded message on the topic.

Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the birth of modern science. His renowned conflict with the Catholic Church was central to his philosophy, for Galileo was one of the first to argue that man could hope to understand how the world works, and moreover, that we could do this by observing the real world. Galileo had believed Copernican theory (that the planets orbited the sun) since early on, but it was only when he found the evidence needed to support the idea that he started to publicly support it. He wrote about Copernicus"s theory in Italian (not the usual academic Lat in), and soon his views became widely supported outside the universities. This annoyed the Aristotelian professors, who united against him seeking to persuade the Catholic Church to ban Copernicanism. Galileo, worried by this, traveled to Rome to speak to the ecclesiastical authorities. He argued that the Bible was not intended to tell us anything about scientific theories, and that it was usual to assume that, where the Bible conflicted with common sense, it was being allegorical. But the Church was afraid of a scandal that might undermine its fight against Protestantism, and so took repressive measures. It declared Copernicanism "false and erroneous" in 1616, and commanded Galileo never again to "defend" or "hold" the doctrine. Galileo acquiesced. In 1623, a longtime friend of Galileo"s became the Pope. Immediately Galileo tried to get the 1616 decree revoked. He failed, but he did manage to get permission to write a book discussing both Aristotelian and Copernican theories, on two conditions: he would not take sides and would come to the conclusion that, man could in any case not determine how the world worked because God could bring about the same effects in ways unimagined by man, who could not place restrictions on God"s omnipotence. The book, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, was completed and published in 1632, with the full backing of the censors-and was immediately greeted throughout Europe as a literary and philosophical masterpiece. Soon the Pope, realizing that people were seeing the book as a convincing argument in favor of Copernicanism, regretted having allowed its publication. The Pope argued that although the book had the official blessing of the, censors, Galileo had nevertheless contravened the 1616 decree. He brought Galileo before the Inquisition, who sentenced him to house arrest for life and commanded him to publicly renounce Copernicanism. For a second time, Galileo acquiesced. Galileo remained a faithful Catholic, but his belief in the independence of science had not been crushed. Four years before his death in 1642, while he was still under house arrest, the manuscript of his second major book was smuggled to a publisher in Holland. It was this work, referred to as Two New Sciences, even more than his support for Copernicus, that was to be the genesis of modern physics.

On April 20, 2000, in Accra, Ghana, the leaders of six West African countries declared their intention to proceed to monetary union among the non-CFA franc countries of the region by January 2003, as first step toward a wider monetary union including all the ECOWAS countries in 2004. The six countries (1)_____ themselves to reducing central bank financing of budget deficits (2)_____ 10 percent of the previous years government (3)_____; reducing budget deficits to 4 percent of the second phase by 2003; creating a Convergence Council to help (4)_____ macroeconomic policies; and (5)_____ up a common central bank. Their declaration (6)_____ that, "Member States (7)_____ the need (8)_____ strong political commitment and (9)_____ to (10)_____ all such national policies (11)_____ would facilitate the regional monetary integration process". The goal of a monetary union in ECOWAS has long been an objective of the organization, going back to its formation in 1975, and is intended to (12)_____ broader integration process that would include enhanced regional trade and (13)_____ institutions. In the colonial period, currency boards linked sets of countries in the region. (14)_____ independence, (15)_____, these currency boards were (16)_____, with the (17)_____ of the CFA franc zone, which included the francophone countries of the region. Although there have been attempts to advance the agenda of ECOWAS monetary cooperation, political problems and other economic priorities in several of the region"s countries have to (18)_____ inhibited progress. Although some problems remain, the recent initiative has been bolstered by the election in I999 of a democratic government and a leader who is committed to regional (19)_____ in Nigeria, the largest economy of the region, raising hopes that the long-delayed project can be (20)_____.

(T1) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian"s craft is that its practitioner always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process. (T2) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world, (T3) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession, (T4) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of "tunnel method", frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy", Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. (T5) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

[A]Listen more than you talk [B]Tell white lies when necessary [C]Be honest about what you can reveal [D]Don' t discount the little guys [E]Choose the customer with the same values [F]Do your research [G]Stay true to your values Successful businesses are built on strong relationships. Business leaders often need to step into the shoes of a diplomat, developing and managing complex relationships with many diverse groups. "There is a lot of common ground between diplomacy and business, " says Carey Cavanaugh, a professor of diplomacy at the University of Kentucky and a former U.S. ambassador stationed all over the world for over two decades under both the Clinton and Bush administrations. "Entrepreneurs can draw from the diplomatic tool box to be more effective, " he says. Try these tips from a seasoned diplomat' s toolbox to help you build solid business relationships that last. 【R1】______ Diplomats are known as "people who lie for their countries, " and corporations are often seen as equally deceitful. But in both cases, telling the truth is essential for success. Truth builds a solid reputation. It's the key to establishing long-term relationships that you can rely on in a crunch. When secrecy is essential, with an upcoming product launch or a private personnel issue, don't compromise honesty. You can keep secrets and still tell the truth. Just be honest about what you can and cannot say. 【R2】______ Just as a diplomat would learn about a culture's customs before a visit, learn as much as you can before you try to connect with a customer, peer, or potential partner. Learn what they value, how they behave, what their long-term interests are, and what they need or want. Use that knowledge to help you craft your message or product, address specific needs, and show that you understand their values. 【R3】______ Diplomats and business people have a reputation for being pushy, but you best take time to listen. Half the job is about saying what you want or need, but the other half is listening, It's as important to listen as it is to speak. Listening makes the other party feel valued, helps you identify their needs, and allows you to respond more creatively. When you listen, you can often find solutions that evade others, making you more likely to reach your goals. 【R4】______ The relationships you 're building today, even those that seem inconsequential, are worth attention and care. Relationships that don't seem important now will come back to you later, though you won't know when or how. A casual acquaintance may be the key to your next innovation, just as a tiny country may be the next major oil source for a diplomat. Build lasting relationships by treating others with integrity and giving your full attention when you' re with them. 【R5】______ In any negotiation or business decision, choose solutions that fit your values, even if they're not the easiest or cheapest options. When you deviate from your values, there' s a hard price to pay. It takes a long time to get a reputation back. It's easiest to lose your values when you're getting impatient or growing rapidly, so in those moments, remember what you stand for. The more you act on consistent values, the stronger your business will be in the long run and the more your consumers will trust you.