SpamTextMessageWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

A Notarized Certificate Write a notarization of about 100 words based on the following situation: Please write a notarization of graduation certificate for Li Ming on behalf of the Notary Public Office of Shanghai.

Actually, it isn't, ...

A mace-wielding clown lashes at a bear cub. An elephant stands on its rear legs on the point of a stun gun, electric arcs running through its body. These and dozens of other images featured at a poster exhibition in Beijing are meant to shock, so that hopefully visitors will go home with the message the organizers want them to remember: animal performance is cruel, and people can help end it by not watching. "Not Born to Perform," which runs until April 15, is yet another anticruelty campaign by Animals Asia Foundation. Except this time, seeking a venue to display the posters, the animal welfare group has teamed up with an unlikely partner, the city's oldest and perhaps best-known zoo. "By agreeing to host the exhibition on their premises, Beijing Zoo has set a precedent for all other zoological gardens in China," said Pei Xin, the senior animal welfare officer of Animals Asia. "We hope more zoos will join it in making such an outstanding commitment to ending animal performance." The exhibition may help educate "zoo managers on why animal performances stifle the expression of normal behavior and that is just not right," said Zhang Jinguo, the deputy curator of the Beijing Zoo. It also tells visitors that "novelty and thrill isn't always cool," he said. The partnership illustrates the long way Chinese zoos have come in a continuing debate, sometimes laden with high-stake confrontations, over the welfare of wild animals in captivity. "As recently as 2010, mentioning the issue of animal performance was a sure-fire way to be excluded and ignored by zoos and animal facilities," Dave Neale, Animal Asia's animal welfare director, said in an emailed statement. About 50 percent of urban zoos, 91 percent of the wildlife parks and 89 percent of the aquariums in China were still operating recreational animal shows, China Zoo Watch, a volunteer-based group that documents alleged abuses, found in 2012, after monitoring over 40 facilities across the country. Even the Beijing Zoo, in its 107 years as a public zoo, had its share of animal abuse scandals. In July 2010, the zoo was found to have covered up the death of a panda for three weeks. Earlier the same year, news that a zoo restaurant served non-indigenous animals including hippopotamus and kangaroos subjected the zoo to public ridicule.

Heroes are people that have aehieved something that we admire. It could be a character in a book or a movie. Everybody loves a hero. People often have their own personal heroes that represent the values to which they aspire. Many select their hero from the public domain. The hero may be an actor, a musician, a politician or a celebrity. Sometimes it is a person that has committed a heroic act, showing great courage in the face of danger. We admire what they stand for. But back at home in their private(and sometimes not so private)life, heroes are normal people. Normal people are subject to temptation and are faced with the stresses of everyday life. Few people are perfect, and when the spotlight falls upon their private lives the result is often disappointing. A young golfer captured the imagination of the world. His achievements were immense, and he became a hero to many young golfers and others. He had a beautiful wife and young children and seemed like a role model for many. Suddenly, news emerged about countless affairs and infidelity. No longer the hero, the young golfer is in disgrace. Success brings about a whole new range of temptations. Our hero was human and didn"t know how to resist. Does this negate everything that he had achieved? Does it mean that his character is now bad? There must be many discarded heroes in the world—politicians and activists of high integrity that have fallen prey to the temptation of corruption, sports heroes that have used steroids, and celebrities that have become involved in drug and alcohol abuse and infidelity. These are common mistakes or errors of judgment that we are all subject to. Even when we stray away from the straight and narrow we may return. So we are disappointed by our hero who behaved badly. Is it right to discard this hero and find another? Being human means making mistakes. There are none that are perfect and do only good. Each of us has our faults and imperfections. We will all be disappointed by our heroes from time to time. Sometimes the damage is too great to allow for forgiveness and it is time to find a new hero. But doing something wrong does not take away the achievements that have been achieved. It does not negate the courage or bravery that was required to become a hero. Recognize your hero for what he or she has achieved and remember that no-one is perfect.

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G. Some of the paragraphs have been placed for you. (10 points)A. "It is always better to buy a house; paying rent is like pouring money down the drain." For years, such advice has encouraged people to borrow heavily to get on the property ladder as soon as possible. But is it still sound advice? House prices are currently at record levels in relation to rents in many parts of the world and it now often makes more financial sense—especially for first-time buyers—to rent instead.B. "If I don"t buy now, I"ll never get on the property ladder" is a common cry from first-time buyers. If house prices continue to outpace wages, that is true. But it now looks unlikely. When prices get out of line with what first-timers can afford, as they are today, they always eventually fall in real terms. The myth that buying is always better than renting grew out of the high inflation era of the 1970s and 1950s. First-time buyers then always ended up better off than renters, because inflation eroded the real value of mortgages even while it pushed up rents. Mortgage-interest tax relief was also worth more when inflation, and hence nominal interest rates, was high. With inflation now tamed, home ownership is far less attractive.C. Homebuyers tend to underestimate their costs. Once maintenance costs, insurance and property taxes are added to mortgage payments, total annual outgoings now easily exceed the cost of renting an equivalent property, even after taking account of tax breaks. Ah, but capital gains will more than make up for that, it is popularly argued. Over the past seven years, average house prices in America have risen by 65%, those in Britain, Spain, Australia and Ireland have more than doubled. But it is unrealistic to expect such gains to continue. Making the (optimistic) assumption that house prices instead rise in line with inflation, and including buying and selling costs, then over a period of seven years,—the average time American owners stay in one house—our calculations show that you would generally be better off renting.D. Be warned, if you make such a bold claim at a dinner party, you will immediately be set upon. Paying rent is throwing money away, it will be argued. Much better to spend the money on a mortgage, and by so doing build up equity. The snag is that the typical first-time buyer keeps a house for less than five years, and during that time most mortgage payments go on interest, not on repaying the loan. And if prices fall, it could wipe out your equity.E. In any case, a renter can accumulate wealth by putting the money saved each year from the lower cost of renting into shares. These have, historically, yielded a higher return than housing. Putting all your money into a house also breaks the basic rule of prudent investing: diversify. And yes, it is true that a mortgage leverages the gains on your initial deposit on a house, but it also amplifies your losses if house prices fall.F. The divergence between rents and house prices is, of course, evidence of a housing bubble. Someday prices will fall relative to rents and wages. After they do, it will make sense to buy a home. Until they do, the smart money is on renting.G. "I want to have a place to call home" is a popular retort. Renting provides less long-term security and you cannot paint all the walls orange if you want to. Home ownership is an excellent personal goal, but it may not always make financial sense. The pride of "owning" your own home may quickly fade if you are saddled with a mortgage that costs much more than renting. Also, renting does have some advantages. Renters find it easier to move for job or family reasons.Order: A is the 1st paragraph and F is the last.

The good news is that after last year"s precipitous decline, worldwide demand for microchips is rising again. The not-so-good news is that the recovery is likely to be more muted than the industry had hoped. In fact, it could be years before the market makes up fully for 2001"s record fall of 32% in chip sales. The latest figures from World Semiconductor Trade Statistics, an industry body, suggest that demand will creep up this year by 2.3% (to $142 billion) and by a healthier 16.6% or so in 2003. Se it could still be 2004 or beyond before the market for chips regains its former heights. Why is the recovery so weak? The main reason is that sales of personal computers(PCs), which run on such chips and which dominate the market for them, are still struggling to recover from last year"s collapse in demand. Gartner Dataquest, a research firm, says worldwide sales of PCs rose by 5.8% year-on-year in the three months to the end of September. Don"t be misled: although this is a welcome return to growth, the increase recovers barely half the ground lost last year when the market for new PCs slumped after the bursting of the technology bubble; the September 11th terrorist attacks further depressed the market. The uncertain outlook for the world economy is encouraging companies to postpone their spending on information technology (IT). In better times, companies would usually begin to replace outdated equipment during the third quarter. This time around, says Gartner Dataquest, the IT industry will probably have to wait until the middle of next year to see any real improvement in sales. Slowest to recover are likely to be sales in Latin America and Japan, where shipments of new PCs actually fell during the third quarter of this year. Dan Niles of Lehman Brothers, an investment bank, is optimistic that, beginning next year, overall spending on IT will recover. He believes corporate expenditure in the United States is "slowly beginning to stabilize and to pick up". He predicts single-digit growth in America, followed by an improvement elsewhere later in the year. A noted pessimist for the past two years or so, Mr. Niles points to the declining level of inventories as a sign that the market is close to a recovery. Stocks of PCs and electronics goods have fallen every month, year-on-year, for the past 12" months, he says. A recovery in demand cannot come too soon for some. Chartered Semiconductor, one of the world"s largest producers of custom-made chips, said recently that it plans to cut its workforce in Singapore by 7%. Reporting its seventh consecutive quarterly loss, the company said it expected sales to fall again during the current period. Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing, one of Chartered"s main rivals, is also expecting a tough end to the year. The gloom is not shared by all. Intel, the world"s biggest chip producer, saw its share of total sales rise significantly during the third quarter—to 87% of the worldwide market, the highest it has been for four years. Intel"s gain came mainly at the expense of Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), an American rival. Like others in the industry, AMD has suffered from falling orders as customers used up the excess stocks of chips overhanging the market. Worse, the soft market has also forced down the prices of its chips, squeezing its profit margins.

Increasingly, historians are blaming diseases imported from the Old World for the great disparity between the native population of America in 1492—new estimates of which jump as high as 100 million, or approximately one-sixth of the human race at that time—and the few million full-blooded Native Americans alive at the end of the nineteenth century. There is no doubt that chronic disease was an important factor in the sharp decline, and it is highly probable that the greatest killer was epidemic disease, especially as manifested in virgin-soil epidemics. Virgin-soil epidemics are those in which the populations at risk have had no previous contact with the diseases that strike them and are therefore immunologically almost defenseless. That virgin-soil epidemics were important in American history is strongly indicated by evidence that a number of dangerous maladies—smallpox, measles, malaria, yellow fever, and undoubtedly several more—were unknown in the pre-Columbian New World. The effects of their sudden introduction are demonstrated in the early chronicles of America, which contain reports of horrible epidemics and steep population declines, confirmed in many cases by quantitative analyzes of Spanish tribute records and other sources. The evidence provided by the documents of British and French colonies is not as definitive because the conquerors of those areas did not establish permanent settlements and began to keep continuous records until the seventeenth century, by which time the worst epidemics had probably already taken place. Furthermore, the British tended to drive the native populations away, rather than to enslave them as the Spaniards did; so that the epidemics of British America occurred beyond the range of colonists" direct observation. Even so, the surviving records of North America do contain references to deadly epidemics among the native population. In 1616—1619 an epidemic, possibly of pneumonic plague, swept coastal New England, killing as many as nine out of ten. During the 1630"s smallpox, the disease most fatal to the Native American people, eliminated half the population of the Huron and Iroquois confederations. In the 1820"s fever ruined the people of the Columbia River area, killing eight out of ten of them. Unfortunately, the documentation of these and other epidemics is slight and frequently unreliable, and it is necessary to supplement what little we do know with evidence from recent epidemics among Native Americans. For example, in 1952 an outbreak of measles among the Native American inhabitants of Ungava Bay, Quebec, affected 99 percent of the population and killed 7 percent, even though some had the benefit of modern medicine. Cases such as this demonstrate that even diseases that are not normally fatal can have destroying consequences when they strike an immunologically defenseless community.Notes:disparity 差距。virgin-soil处女地。malady 疾病 chronicle 编年史。tribute 贡品。pneumonic plague肺鼠疫。confederation 同盟。smallpox 天花。measles 麻疹。

Write a letter to Liu Xiang, expressing congratulations for his new world record. You should write about 100 words and do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

【F1】 A leaked study examining genetically-modified corn reveals that the lab-made alternative to organic crops contains a startling level of toxic chemicals. 【F2】 An anti-GMO website has posted the results of an education-based consulting company's comparison of corn types, and the results reveal that genetically modified foods may be more hazardous than once thought. The study, the 2012 Corn Comparison Report by Profit Pro, was published recently on the website for Moms Across America March to Label GMOs, a group that says they wish to "raise awareness and support Moms with solutions to eat GMO Free as we demand GMO labeling locally and nationally simultaneously." They are plotting nationwide protests scheduled for later this year. The report, writes the website's Zen Honeycutt, was provided by a representative for De Dell Seed Company, an Ontario-based farm that's touted as being Canadian only non-GMO corn seed company. "The claims that 'There is no difference between GMO corn and NON Gmo corn' are false," says Honeycutt, who adds she was "floored" after reading the study. According to the analysis, GMO corn tested by Profit Pro contains a number of elements absent from traditional corn, including chlorides, formaldehyde and glyphosate.【F3】 While those elements don't appear naturally in corn, they were present in GMO samples to the tune of 60 ppm, 200 ppm and 13 ppm, respectively. Honecutt says that the United States Environmental Protection Agency(FDA)mandates that the level of glyphosate in American drinking water not exceed 0.7 ppm and adds that organ damage in some animals has been linked to glyphosate exposure exceeding 0.1 ppm. "Glyphosate is a strong organic phosphate chelator that immobilizes positively charged minerals such as manganese, cobalt, iron, zinc and copper."【F4】 Dr. Don Huber attested during a separate GMO study recently released, adding that those elements "are essential for normal physiological functions in soils, plants and animals". "Glyphosate draws out the vital nutrients of living things and GMO corn is covered with it." adds Honeycutt, who notes that the nutritional benefits rampant in natural corn are almost entirely removed from lab-made seeds:【F5】 in the samples used during the study, non-GMO corn is alleged to have 437-times the amount of calcium in genetically modified versions, and 56-and 7-times the level of magnesium and manganese, respectively.

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions1-5,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Htofillineachnumberedbox.ParagraphsA,GandHhavebeencorrectlyplaced.[A]Manystudiesconcludethatchildrenwithhighlyinvolvedfathers,inrelationtochildrenwithlessinvolvedfathers,tendtobemorecognitivelyandsociallycompetent,lessinclinedtowardgenderstereotyping,moreempathic,andpsychologicallybetteradjusted.Commonly,thesestudiesinvestigatebothpaternalwarmthandpaternalinvolvementandfind—usingsimplecorrelations—thatthetwovariablesarerelatedtoeachotherandtoyouthoutcomes.[B]Boysseemedtoconformtothesex-rolestandardsoftheirculturewhentheirrelationshipswiththeirfatherswerewarm,regardlessofhow"masculine"thefatherswere,eventhoughwarmthandintimacyhavetraditionallybeenseenasfemininecharacteristics.Asimilarconclusionwassuggestedbyresearchonotheraspectsofpsychosocialadjustmentandonachievement;Paternalwarmthorclosenessappearedbeneficial,whereaspaternalmasculinityappearedirrelevant.[C]Thecriticalquestionis:Howgoodistheevidencethatfathers"amountofinvolvement,withouttakingintoaccountitscontentandquality,isconsequentialforchildren,mothers,orfathersthemselves?Theassociationswithdesirableoutcomesfoundinmuchresearchareactuallywithpositiveformsofpaternalinvolvement,notinvolvementperse.Involvementneedstobecombinedwithqualitativedimensionsofpaternalbehaviorthroughtheconceptof"positivepaternalinvolvement"developedhere.[D]Commonly,researchersassessedthemasculinityoffathersandofsonsandthencorrelatedthetwosetsofscores.Manybehavioralscientistsweresurprisedtodiscoverthatnoconsistentresultsemergedfromthisresearchuntiltheyexaminedthequalityofthefather-sonrelationship.Thentheyfoundthatwhentherelationshipbetweenmasculinefathersandtheirsonswaswarmandloving,theboyswereindeedmoremasculine.Later,however,researchersfoundthatthemasculinityoffatherspersedidnotseemtomakemuchdifferenceafterall.Assummarizedby:[E]Theseconddomaininwhichasubstantialamountofresearchhasbeendoneontheinfluenceofvariationsinfatherlovedealswithfatherinvolvement,thatis,withtheamountoftimethatfathersspendwiththeirchildren(engagement),theextenttowhichfathersmakethemselvesavailabletotheirchildren(accessibility),andtheextenttowhichtheytakeresponsibilityfortheirchildren"scareandwelfare(responsibility).[F]Itisunclearfromthesestudieswhetherinvolvementandwarmthmakeindependentorjointcontributionstoyouthoutcomes.Moreover,"caringfor"childrenisnotnecessarilythesamethingas"caringabout"them.Indeed,Lambconcludedfromhisreviewofstudiesofpaternalinvolvementthatitwasnotthesimplefactofpaternalengagement(i.e.,directinteractionwiththechild),availability,orresponsibilityforchildcarethatwasassociatedwiththeseoutcomes.Rather,itappearsthatthequalityofthefather-childrelationshipmadethegreatestdifference.J.H.Pleckreiteratedthisconclusionwhenhewrote:[G]ResearchbyVenezianoandRohnersupportstheseconclusions.Inabiracialsampleof63AfricanAmericanandEuropeanAmericanchildren,theauthorsfoundfrommultipleregressionanalysesthatfatherinvolvementbyitselfwasassociatedwithchildren"spsychologicaladjustmentprimarilyinsofarasitwasperceivedbyyouthstobeanexpressionofpaternalwarmth(acceptance).[H]Manystudieslookingexclusivelyattheinfluenceofvariationsinfatherlovedealwithtwotopics:(a)genderroledevelopmentand(b)fatherinvolvementStudiesofgenderroledevelopmentemergedprominentlyinthe1940sandcontinuedthroughthe1970s.Thiswasatimewhenfatherswereconsideredtobeespeciallyimportantasgenderrolemodelsforsons.

The idea of hunting down and shooting an animal for sport strikes many people as barbaric. That is doubly true of trophy hunting, where the goal is not food but a handsome head or set of antlers for the wall. Sad it may be, but the balance of evidence is that trophy hunting can help conserve threatened species and their habitats, so for people who care about the fate of wildlife the real question is not whether to allow hunting, but how to manage it. Done properly, trophy hunting can provide a source of jobs and income, and thus give local communities a reason to protect wildlife and habitats that might otherwise be sacrificed to rural villagers" need to put meat on the table. Countries that can attract jeep loads of camera-toting tourists can get along without trophy hunting: Kenya does not need it, for example. But it comes into its own in marginal habitats that lack lush diversity, such as the arid scrubland of Botswana, and in countries with the uncertain political climates of Zimbabwe and Pakistan. Done wrongly, of course, trophy hunting provides none of these benefits, as foreign operators fly in, shoot, and fly out again with wallets full of cash, leaving little or no benefit to the local economy. Finding a balance between profit for the hunt operator and benefits to conservation is one of the biggest challenges facing the regulators of hunting. Another challenge is emerging that needs to be kept under close attention; while there is little chance these days of species being driven towards extinction by legal trophy hunting, biologists are just becoming aware that hunters may harm their prey populations in more subtle ways. They may inadvertently be taking the most genetically fit animals. Clearly, nations that opt to allow trophy hunting have a responsibility to pay close attention to the details. Surveys by Peter Lindsey of the University of Zimbabwe suggest that, given a choice, the majority of hunters would prefer to book conservation-friendly hunts. However, there is no easy way at the moment to tell the good operators from the bad. One step that might help sort them out is an international certification system that could award accreditation to nations and hunt operators that keep quotas sustainable and funnel a good share of their revenue to local communities. Such a system already exists to recognise lumber products from sustainable forestry. Maybe now is the time for environmental groups to take a deep breath and throw their weight behind a "Green Hunting" seal of approval.

Thomas Hardy's impulses as a writer, all of which he indulged in his novels, were numerous and divergent, and they did not always work together in harmony. Hardy was to some degree interested in exploring his characters' psychologies, though impelled less by curiosity than by sympathy. Occasionally he felt the impulse to comedy (in all its detached coldness) as well as the impulse to farce, but he was more often inclined to see tragedy and record it. He was also inclined to literary realism in the several senses of that phrase. He wanted to describe ordinary human beings; he wanted to speculate on their dilemmas rationally (and, unfortunately, even schematically); and he wanted to record precisely the material universe. Finally, he wanted to be more than a realist. He wanted to transcend what he considered to be the banality of solely recording things exactly and to express as well his awareness of the occult and the strange. In his novels these various impulses were sacrificed to each other inevitably and often. Inevitably, because Hardy did not care in the way that novelists such as Flaubert or James cared, and therefore took paths of least resistance. Thus, one impulse often surrendered to a fresher one and unfortunately, instead of exacting a compromise, simply disappeared. A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give way abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower.In this instance, the new impulse was at least an energetic one, and thus its indulgence did not result in a relaxed style. But on other occasions Hardy abandoned a perilous, risky, and highly energizing impulse in favor of what was for him the fatally relaxing impulse to classify and schematize abstractly. When a relaxing impulse was indulged, the style—that sure index of an author's literary worth—was certain to become verbose. Hardy's weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. He submitted to first one and then another, and the spirit blew where it listed; hence the unevenness of any one of his novels. His most controlled novel, Under the Greenwood Tree, prominently exhibits two different but reconcilable impulses—a desire to be a realist-historian and a desire to be a psychologist of love—but the slight interlocking of plot are not enough to bind the two completely together. Thus even this book splits into two distinct parts.

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about the Deep Impact by NASA; Choose the most suitable heading from the list for each numbered paragraph. The first paragraph and the last two paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you don"t need to use.A. Revelation of the nature of cometsB. A perfect representative of the cometsC. Hoping for the bestD. Right time and right place for the ImpactE. What to expect of this Deep Impact?F. Mystery in the heavens On Monday at 1:52 a.m. ET, a probe deployed by a NASA spacecraft 83 million miles from home will smash at 23,000 mph into an ancient comet the size of Manhattan, blasting a hole perhaps 14 stories deep. (41)______. Launched in January, NASA"s $333 million Deep Impact mission is designed to answer questions that scientists have long had about comets, the ominous icebergs of space. This is the first time any space agency has staged such a deliberate crash. Scientists hope images transmitted by the probe and its mother ship will tell them about conditions in the early solar system, when comets and planets, including Earth, were formed. The team hopes to release photos of the impact as soon as they are received from the craft. NASA and observatories across the nation will be releasing webcasts. (42)______. At the very least, NASA says, knowing how deep the probe dives into the comet could settle the debate over whether comets are compact ice cubes or porous snow cones. "We need to dig as deep a hole as possible", says mission science Chief Michael A"Hearn of the University of Maryland. Until now, the closest scientists have come to a comet was when NASA"s Stardust mission passed within 167 miles of the comet Wild 2 last year, collecting comet dust that is bound for a return to Earth in January. The most famous date with a comet occurred when an international spacecraft flotilla greeted Halley"s comet in 1986. But these quick looks examined only the comets" dust and Surface; (43)______. To the ancients, comets were harbingers of doom, celestial intruders on the perfection of the heavens that presaged disaster. Modern astronomers have looked on them more favorably, at least since Edmond Halley"s celebrated 1705 prediction of the return of Halley"s Comet in 1758 and every 75 years thereafter. Today, scientists believe Tempel 1 (named for Ernst Wilhelm Leberecht Tempel, who first spotted it in 1867 while searching for comets in the sky over Marseilles, France) and other comets are windows to the earliest days of the solar system, 4.6 billion years ago, when planets formed from the dust disk surrounding the infant sun. (44)______. Deep Impact"s copper-plated "impactor"—a 39-inch long, 820-pound beer-barrel-shaped probe—will be "run over like a penny on a train track" when it crashes, A"Hearn says. The impactor is equipped with a navigation system to make sure it smacks into the comet in the right location for the flyby craft"s cameras. On Sunday, the flyby spacecraft will release the probe. Twelve minutes later, it will beat a hasty retreat with a maneuver aimed at allowing a close flyby, from 5,348 miles away, with cameras pointed. Fourteen minutes after the impact, the flyby spacecraft will scoot to within a mere 310 miles for a close-up of the damage. (45)______. Ideally, everything will line up, and the flyby spacecraft will take images of the crater caused by the impact. It will go into a "shielded" mode as ice and dust batter the craft, then emerge to take more pictures. "The realistic worst case is hitting (the comet) but not having the flyby in the right place", A"Hearn says. "Basically, we have a bullet trying to hit a second bullet with a third bullet in the right place at the right time to watch. I"d love to have a joystick(操纵杆) to control the impactor". Planetary scientists have "no idea" what sort of crater will result, McFadden says. Predictions range from a deep but skinny shaft driven into a porous snow cone to a football stadium-sized excavation in a hard-packed ice ball. But astronomers should have their answer shortly after impact, which should settle some questions about the comet"s crust and interior. Analysis of the chemistry of that interior, based on the light spectra given off in the impact"s aftermath, could take much longer.

【F1】 Breathing particulate-laden(aka smoggy)air may be hardening your arteries faster than normal, according to research published today in PLOS Medicine. While everyones" arteries harden gradually with age, a team of researchers led by epidemiologist Sara Adar of the University of Michigan School of Public Health discovered that higher concentrations of fine particulate air pollution were linked to a faster thickening of the inner two layers of the carotid artery.【F2】 Because the carotid artery feeds blood to the neck, head, and brain, a narrowing or blockage there can trigger strokes. And general atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, heart attack, and heart failure. 【F3】 Past research has demonstrated that the rates of stroke and heart attack are higher in polluted areas, but experts haven"t been able to pinpoint just how polluted air is raising peoples" risk for heart attack or stroke. This time, Adar"s team, along with Joel Kaufman, professor of environmental and occupational health sciences and medicine at the University of Washington, was able to directly measure carotid artery thickness and link it to air pollution data. The study involved 5, 362 people between the ages of 45 and 84 living in six different cities that are part of the MESA AIR(Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution)research project, led by Joel Kaufman. Each participant underwent two carotid artery ultrasounds three years apart. These measurements were then correlated with data on fine particulate air pollution.【F4】 While the artery walls of all participants increased by 14 micrometers per year, the arteries of those who were exposed to higher levels of fine particulate air pollution in their homes thickened faster than their neighbors in other parts of the city. 【F5】 Interestingly, the researchers also found the reverse effect to be true: reducing fine particulate air pollution levels slowed down atherosclerosis progression. Carotid artery measurements are considered by experts to be an indicator for arterial plaque and hardening throughout the body.

Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The (1)_____ problem, or a small scale, faces (2)_____ every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of (3)_____ the sums needed from friends and people we know. And (4)_____ banks may agree to provide short-term finance. They are generally unwilling to provide money on a (5)_____ basis for long-term (6)_____. So companies (7)_____ the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in future profits. This they do by (8)_____ stocks and shares of their business in a stock (9)_____. By doing so they can (10)_____ and use the savings of individuals and institutions, both at home and overseas, when the inventor needs his money back, he does not have to go the company with whom he (11)_____ placed it. (12)_____, he sells his shares through a (13)_____ to some other person who is seeking to invest his money, many of the services needed (14)_____ by industry and by each of us are provided by the government or by local (15)_____ Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, etc, this country could not (16)_____. All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money that is raised through taxes alone. The government, local authorities, and nationalized industries (17)_____ frequently need to borrow money to (18)_____ major capital spending, and they, too, come to a stock exchange. There is hardly a man or woman in this country (19)_____ job and standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another this new money must come from the investment funds of the country. Stock exchanges exist to provide a (20)_____ through which these funds can reach those who need financing.

On the face of it, anarchists, who believe in no government, have little in common with Jihadists, who believe in imposing a particularly rigid form of government on every one. The theoreticians for both movements have often been bearded and angry, of course, and their followers have readily taken to the bomb. But there the similarities end, don"t they, so what lessons can be drawn from a bunch of zealots who flourished over 100 years ago and whose ideology now counts for practically nothing? At least two, actually. The first is that repression, expulsion and restrictions on free speech do little to end terrorism. All were tried, often with great vigour, at the end of the 19th century when the anarchist violence that terrified much of Europe and parts of America was at its zenith. As our report makes clear, governments had good reason to respond. Austria, France, Italy, Spain and the United States all lost an empress, king, president or prime minister to anarchist assassins. Such murders were so common that King Umber to of Italy, throwing himself aside to escape a stabbing, casually remarked, "These are the risks of the job." (He was later shot dead.) Anarchists also killed lots of less exalted innocents. Then, as now, governments responded to the clamour for action with measures to criminalise anyone preaching or condoning violence and, if they were foreign, to keep them out of the country. Spain brought in courts-martial for bombers, foreshadowing per haps America"s military commissions for Guantanamo trials. Britain, with a tradition of tolerating dissent, became home to many continental radicals, such as those driven out of Germany after the two attempts on Kaiser Wilhelm I"s life in 1878. Britain, however, was not afflicted with bombings as other countries were. Spain, where every kind of retribution including the crudest of tortures was the standard response, suffered many more outrages. Yet few lessons seem to have been learnt. Several of the new measures announced on August 5th by Tony Blair, Britain"s prime minister, echo almost exactly those passed in France after a bomb had been lobbed into the French parliament in 1893. In both Britain and America, new attacks are said to be inevitable. Yet every new attack is followed by new measures, as though such measures could have averted an inevitability had they been in place before. They could not, both logically and because terror ism cannot be defeated, as countries can be. That is the second lesson to be drawn from the anarchists.

人类性格与行为形成的原因及影响 ——1990年英译汉及详解 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions.【F1】 They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as "nature vs. nurture". 【F2】 Those who support the "nature" side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. 【F3】 That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. Those who support the "nurture" theory, that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.【F4】 The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic, intelligence, offered by the two theories.【F5】 Supporters of the "nature" theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say: They don"t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences.【F6】 Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound.【F7】 In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some "nature" proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites.【F8】 Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.

As former colonists of Great Britain, the Founding Fathers of the United States adopted much of the legal system of Great Britain. We have a "common law", or law made by courts 【B1】______ a monarch or other central governmental 【B2】______ like a legislature. The jury, a【B3】______of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case, is an 【B4】______ part of our common-law system. Use of juries to decide cases is a 【B5】______ feature of the American legal system. Few other countries in the world use juries as we do in the United States. 【B6】______the centuries, many people have believed that juries in most cases reach a fairer and more just result 【B7】______ would be obtained using a judge 【B8】______, as many countries do. 【B9】______ a jury decides cases after "【B10】______", or discussions among a group of people, the jury' s decision is likely to have the【B11】______from many different people from different backgrounds, who must as a group decide what is right. Juries are used in both civil cases, which decide【B12】______among【B13】______citizens, and criminal cases, which decide cases brought by the government【B14】______that individuals have committed crimes. Juries are selected from the U.S. citizens and【B15】______. Jurors, consisting of【B16】______numbers, are called for each case requiring a jury. The judge【B17】______to the case【B18】______the selection of jurors to serve as the jury for that case. In some states,【B19】______jurors are questioned by the judge; in others, they are questioned by the lawyers representing the【B20】______under rules dictated by state law.

SoBig. F was the more visible of the two recent waves of infection because it propagated itself by e-mail, meaning that victims noticed what was going on. SoBig. F was so effective that it caused substantial disruption even to those protected by anti-virus software. That was because so many copies of the virus spread (some 500,000 computers were infected) that many machines were overwhelmed by messages from their own anti-virus software. On top of that, one common counter-measure backfired, increasing traffic still further. Anti-virus software often bounces a warning back to the sender of an infected e-mail, saying that the e-mail in question cannot be delivered because it contains a virus, SoBig. F was able to spoof this system by "harvesting" e-mail addresses from the hard disks of infected computers. Some of these addresses were then sent infected e-mails that had been doctored to look as though they had come from other harvested addresses. The latter were thus sent warnings, even though their machines may not have been infected. Kevin Haley of Symantec, a firm that makes anti-virus software, thinks that one reason SoBig. F was so much more effective than other viruses that work this way is because it was better at searching hard-drives for addresses. Brian King, of CERT, an internet-security centre at Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh, notes that, unlike its precursors, SoBig. F was capable of "multi-threading", it could send multiple e-mails simultaneously, allowing it to dispatch thousands in minutes. Blaster worked by creating a "buffer overrun in the remote procedure call". In English, that means it attacked a piece of software used by Microsoft"s Windows operating system to allow one computer to control another. It did so by causing that software to use too much memory. Most worms work by exploiting weaknesses in an operating system, but whoever wrote Blaster had a particularly refined sense of humour, since the website under attack was the one from which users could obtain a program to fix the very weakness in Windows that the worm itself was exploiting. One way to deal with a wicked worm like Blaster is to design a fairy godmother worm that goes around repairing vulnerable machines automatically. In the case of Blaster someone seems to have tried exactly that with a program called Welch. However, according to Mr. Haley, Welch has caused almost as many problems as Blaster itself, by overwhelming networks with "pings"—signals that checked for the presence of other computers. Though both of these programs fell short of the apparent objectives of their authors, they still caused damage. For instance, they forced the shutdown of a number of computer networks, including the one used by the New York Times newsroom, and the one organizing trains operated by CSX, a freight company on America"s east coast. Computer scientists expect that it is only a matter of time before a truly devastating virus is unleashed.