In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) Globalization was the buzzword of the 1990s, in the last two decades, the mount of money and goods moving between countries has been rising steadily. At the same time, trade barriers across the world have been lowered. So how close are we to a true global economy and what effect is it likely to have? Anyone who doubts that global financial markets control national economies need only look at the crisis facing the "tigers" of the Far East. Last year, the value of their currencies plummeted, after investors decided their economic policies were no tough enough. Now the region is suffering slower growth, lower living standards and rising unemployment. The situation in Asia shows how power has shifted from individual governments to the markets. In theory, governments are free to set their own economic policies; (41)______. The trend towards globalization began in earnest in the early 1970s when the system of fixed exchange rates, set up after World War Ⅱ, was dismantled. This meant that the value of currencies would now be determined by the markets instead of individual governments. Over the next two decades, countries slowly began to remove their exchange controls. (42)______. Other factors contributing to the rise of globalization are new communications technologies, and better transportation systems, these have enabled companies to grow into multinational producing goods on one side of the planet and selling them on the other. Lower costs have also helped the price of telephone calls, for instance, is cheaper now than at anytime in history. But adjusting to this new "economic order" is proving difficult. In the developed world, and in particular the European Union, globalization is facing widespread public resistance. Critics complain that, without the protection of trade barriers, jobs are being lost to workers in poorer countries, and wages for employees in rich countries are falling. Opponents in the European Union point to the effects that globalization has had in the US and Britain. In those countries, wages are stagnant except for a privileged few and taxes and welfare benefits have been reduced to help companies compete with industries in the developing world. (43)______. Those in favor of globalization accuse their critics of being short-sighted protectionists. They claim a more integrated global economy will ultimately benefit everyone because it will enable countries to specialize in those areas where they perform best. Developing countries, with their higher populations and lower wages, will concentrate on labor-intensive industries, such as raw materials manufacturing, in much the same way as western countries did during the industrial revolution. (44)______. The effect of this, say supporters, will be to improve productivity in all countries, leading to higher living standards. The free movement of capital will also help poorer countries develop so they can play a full and active role in the world economy. (45)______. But how close are we to a truly global economy? For the losers, probably too close. But in terms of real economic integration, there is still a long way to go.A. Even supporters of globalization acknowledge, however, that there will be losers. At present, those suffering most are people working in labor-intensive industries in the developed world. Already, they are facing rising unemployment and falling wages, as companies struggle to compete with manufacturers in developing countries. They argue that, without the protection of trade barriers and the welfare state, their chances of improving their skills and living standards will disappear, resulting in a growing divide between rich and poor.B. Foreign investment is also extremely small, amounting to little more than five percent of the developed world"s domestic investments.C. A global economy would mean complete freedom of movement of goods and services, capital, and labor. Yet, even ignoring the tariffs and other restrictions still in place, cross-border trade remains tiny compared to the volume of goods and services traded within countries.D. In practice, they must conform to a global economic model or risk being penalized by the markets.E. The richer countries, on the other hand, will diversify into hi-tech industries, where high productivity and specialist knowledge are paramount.F. Opponents of globalization also point to its effects on workers in poorer countries. They agree that multinationals may be helping to reduce unemployment in the developing world, but they argue that jobs are hardly worth having since they are low-paid and exploitative.G. By 1990, nearly all world"s major economics had got rid of restrictions on how much money could be moved in and out of their countries.

In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct , which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government. The high court' s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell' s trail failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his "official acts," or the former governor's decisions on "specific" and "unsettled" issues related to his duties. Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found. The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is "distasteful" and "nasty." But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an "official act." The court' s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery. "The basic compact underlying representative government," wrote Chief Justice John Robert for the court, "assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns." But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader's sources of wealth. Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society—that all are equal in treatment by government—is undermined. Good governance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual. The court' s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.

You are a college graduate and try to write a letter to a foreign university, expressing your desire of getting admitted. Write a letter of self-introduction based on the following outline: 1) an introduction of your education background and hopes, 2) giving your reasons to attend this university, 3) and asking for application forms, financial aids etc. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write your address.

People have good reason to care about the welfare of animals. Ever since the Enlightenment, their treatment has been seen as a measure of mankind"s humanity. It is no coincidence that William Wilberforce and Sir Thomas Foxwell Buxton, two leaders of the movement to abolish the slave trade, helped found the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in the 1820s. An increasing number of people go further: mankind has a duty not to cause pain to animals that have the capacity to suffer. Both views have led people gradually to extend treatment once reserved for mankind to other species. But when everyday lives are measured against such principles, they are fraught with contradictions. Those who would never dream of caging their cats and dogs guzzle bacon and eggs from ghastly factory farms. The abattoir and the cattle truck are secret places safely hidden from the meat-eater"s gaze and the child"s story book. Plenty of people who denounce the fur-trade (much of which is from farmed animals) quite happily wear leather (also from farmed animals). Perhaps the inconsistency is understandable. After hundreds of years of thinking about it, people cannot agree on a system of rights for each other, so the ground is bound to get shakier still when animals are included. The trouble is that confusion and contradiction open the way to the extremist. And because scientific research is remote from most people"s lives, it is particularly vulnerable to their campaigns. In fact, science should be the last target, wherever you draw the boundaries of animal welfare. For one thing, there is rarely an alternative to using animals in research. If there were, scientists would grasp it, because animal research is expensive and encircled by regulations. Animal research is also for a higher purpose than a full belly or an elegant outfit. The world needs new medicines and surgical procedures just as it needs the unknowable fruits of pure research. And science is, by and large, kind to its animals. The couple of million (mainly rats and mice) that die in Britain"s laboratories are far better looked-after and far more humanely killed than the billion or so (mainly chickens) on Britain"s farms. Indeed, if Darley Oaks makes up its loss of guinea pigs with turkeys or dairy cows, you can be fairly sure animal welfare in Britain has just taken a step backwards.

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

Maybe unemployment isn't so bad after all. A new study says that having a demanding, unstable and thankless job may make you even【C1】______than not having a job at all. 【C2】______that a paid position gives workers purpose and a structured role, researchers had【C3】______thought that having any job would make a person happier than being【C4】______. That turns out to be true if you move into a high-quality job— but taking a bad job is【C5】______to mental health. Australian National University researchers looked at how various psychosocial work attributes affect【C6】______. They found that poor-quality jobs—those with high demands, low control over decision making, low job【C7】______and an effort-reward imbalance—had more adverse effects on mental health than joblessness. Moving from unemployment to a job with high psychosocial quality was associated with【C8】______in mental health, the authors said【C9】______, the mental health of people in the least-satisfying jobs declined the【C10】______over time—and the worse the job, the more it affected workers' welfare. These findings【C11】______the importance of employment to a person's welfare. Rather than seeking a new job, the study suggests, people who are unemployed or【C12】______in lousy work should seek new【C13】______that offer more security, autonomy and a【C14】______workload. But that's a lot【C15】______said than done. 【C16】______employers could be persuaded to be more【C17】______of the mental health of their workers—happier employees are a【C18】______to their employers. "The【C19】______of work conditions," the researchers noted, "may【C20】______a health cost, which over the longer term will be both economically and socially counterproductive."

Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

[A]MarkWilliamsandJasonMattingley,whosestudyhasjustbeenpublishedinCurrentBiology,lookedatthewayaperson"ssexaffectshisorherresponsetoemotionallychargedfacialexpressions.Peoplefromallculturesagreeonwhatsixbasicexpressionsofemotionlooklike.Whetherthefacebeforeyouisexpressinganger,disgust,fear,joy,sadnessorsurpriseseemstoberecogniseduniversally—whichsuggeststhattheexpressionsinvolvedareinnate,ratherthanlearned.[B]Moreover,mostparticipantscouldfindanangryfacejustasquicklywhenitwasmixedinagroupofeightphotographsaswhenitwaspartofagroupoffour.Thatwasinstarkcontrasttotheotherfivesortsofexpression,whichtookmoretimetofindwhentheyhadtobesortedfromalargergroup.Thissuggeststhatsomethinginthebrainisattunedtopickingoutangryexpressions,andthatitisespeciallyconcernedaboutangrymen.Also,thishighlytunedabilityseemsmoreimportanttomalesthanfemales,sincethetworesearchersfoundthatmenpickedouttheangryexpressionsfasterthanwomendid,eventhoughwomenwereusuallyquickerthanmentorecognizedeveryothersortoffacialexpression.[C]DrWilliamsandDrMattingleyshowedtheparticipantsintheirstudyphotographsoftheseemotionalexpressionsinmixedsetsofeitherfouroreight.Theyaskedtheparticipantstolookforaparticularsortofexpression,andmeasuredtheamountoftimeittookthemtofindit.Theresearchersfound,inagreementwithpreviousstudies,thatbothmenandwomenidentifiedangryexpressionsmostquickly.Buttheyalsofoundthatangerwasmorequicklyidentifiedonamalefacethanafemaleone.[D]Menarenotoriouslyinsensitivetotheemotionalworldaroundthem.Atleast,thatisthestereotypepeddledbyathousandwomen"smagazines.AndastudybytworesearchersattheUniversityofMelbourne,inAustralia,confirmsthatmenare,indeed,lesssensitivetoemotionthanwomen,withoneimportantexception.Menareacutelysensitivetotheangerofothermen.[E]DrWilliamsandDrMattingleysuspectthereasonforthisisthatbeingabletospotanangryindividualquicklyhasasurvivaladvantage—and,sinceangerismorelikelytoturnintolethalviolenceinmenthaninwomen,theabilitytospotangrymalesquicklyisparticularlyvaluable.[F]Theabilitytospotquicklythatanalphamaleisinafoulmoodwouldthushavegreatsurvivalvalue.Itwouldallowthesharp-wittedtimetochooseappeasement,defenceorpossiblyevenpre-emptiveattack.And,ifitisright,thisstudyalsoconfirmsalessonlearnedbygenerationsofbar-roomtoughguysandschoolyardbullies:ifyouwantattention,getangry.[G]Astowhymenaremoresensitivetoangerthanwomen,itispresumablybecausetheyarefarmorelikelytogetkilledbyit.Mostmurdersinvolvemenkillingothermen—eventodaythecontextofhomicideisusuallyaspontaneousdisputeoverstatusorsex.Order:

In 1575—over 400 years ago the French scholar Louis Le Roy published a learned book in which he voiced despair over the changes caused by the social and technological innovations of his time, what we now call the Renaissance. We, also, feel that our times are out of joint; we even have reason to believe that our descendants will be worse off than we are. The earth will soon be overcrowded and its resources exhausted. Pollution will ruin the environment, upset the climate and endanger human health. The gap in living standards between the rich and the poor will widen and lead the angry, hungry people of the world to acts of desperation including the use of nuclear weapons as blackmail. Such are the inevitable consequences of population and technological growth if present trends continue. The future is never a projection of the past. Animals probably have no chance to escape from the tyranny of biological evolution, but human beings are blessed with the freedom of social evolution. For us, trend is not destiny(fate). The escape from existing trends is now facilitated by the fact that societies anticipate future dangers and take preventive steps against expected changes, Despite the widespread belief that the world has become too complex foe comprehension by the human brain, modern societies have often responded effectively to critical situations. The decrease in birth rates, the partial prohibition of pesticides and the rethinking of technologies for the production and use of energy are but a few examples illustrating a sudden reversal of trends caused not by political upsets or scientific breakthroughs, but by public awareness of consequences. Even more striking are the situations in which social attitudes concerning future difficulties undergo rapid changes before the problems have come to pass—witness the heated arguments about the problems of behavior control and of genetic engineering even though there is as yet no proof that effective methods can be developed to manipulate behavior and genes on a population scale. One of the characteristics of our times is thus the rapidity with which steps can be taken to change the orientation of certain trends and even to reverse them. Such changes usually emerge from grass root movements rather than from official directives.Notes: Renaissance (14世纪—16世纪欧洲)文艺复兴(时期)。tyranny暴虐统治；暴虐行为。are blessed with幸有；有幸得到。but a few 只是几个。come to pass发生实现。As yet至今。grass root群众

If the opinion polls are to be believed, most Americans are coming to trust their government more than they used to. The habit has not yet spread widely among American Indians, who suspect an organization which has so often patronized them, lied to them and defrauded them. But the Indians may soon win a victory in a legal battle that epitomizes those abuses. Elouise Cobell, a banker who also happens to be a member of the Blackfeet tribe in Montana, is the leading plaintiff in a massive class-action suit against the government. At issue is up to $10 billion in trust payments owed to some 500,000 Indians. The Suit revolves around Individual Indian Money (11M) accounts that are administered by the Interior Department"s Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). Back in the 1880s, the government divided more than 11m acres of tribal land into parcels of 80 to 160 acres that were assigned to individual Indians. Because these parcels were rarely occupied by their new owners, the government assumed responsibility for managing them. As the Indians" trustee, it leased the land out for grazing, logging, mining and oil drilling—but it was supposed to distribute the royalties to the Indian owners. In fact, officials admit that royalties have been lost or stolen. Records were destroyed, and the government lost track of which Indians owned what land. The plaintiffs say that money is owing to 500,000 Indians, but even the government accepts a figure of about 300,000. For years, Cobell heard Indians complain of not getting payment from the government for the oil-drilling and ranching leases on their land. But nothing much got done. She returned to Washington and, after a brush-off from government lawyers, filed the suit. Gale Norton, George Bush"s interior secretary was charged with contempt in November because her department had failed to fix the problem. In December, Judge Lam berth ordered the interior Department to shut down all its computers for ten weeks because trust-fund records were vulnerable to hackers. The system was partly restored last month and payments to some Indians, which had been interrupted, resumed. And that is not the end of it. Ms. Norton has proposed the creation of a new Bureau of Indian Trust Management, separate from the BIA. Indians are cross that she suggested this without consulting them. Some want the trust funds to be placed in receivership, under a neutral supervisor. Others have called for Congress to establish an independent commission, including Indians, to draw up a plan for reforming the whole system. A messy injustice may at last be getting sorted out.

In the United States, the first day-nursery was opened in 1854. Nurseries were established in various areas during the (1)_____ half of the 19th century; most of (2)_____ were charitable. Both in Europe and in the U.S. the day nursery movement received great (3)_____ during the First World War, when (4)_____ of manpower caused the industrial employment of unprecedented numbers of women. In some European countries nurseries were established (5)_____ in munitions plants, under direct government sponsorship. (6)_____ the number of nurseries in the U.S. also rose (7)_____, this rise was accomplished without government aid of any kind. During the years following the First World War, (8)_____, Federal, State, and local governments gradually began to exercise a measure of control (9)_____ the day-nurseries, chiefly by (10)_____ them and by inspecting and regulating the conditions within the nurseries. The (11)_____ of the Second World War was quickly followed by an increase in the number of day-nurseries in almost all countries, ms women were (12)_____ called upon to replace men in the factories. On this (13)_____ the U.S. government immediately supported the nursery schools, (14)_____ $6,000,000 in July, 1942 for a nursery-school program for the children of working mothers. Many States and local communities (15)_____ this Federal aid. By the end of the war, in August, 1945, more than 100,000 children were being cared (16)_____ in daycare centers receiving Federal (17)_____. Soon afterward, the Federal government (18)_____ cut down its expenditures for this purpose and later (19)_____ them, causing a sharp drop in the number of nursery schools in operation. However, the expectation that most employed mothers would leave their (20)_____ at the end of the war was only partly fulfilled.

The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology(FASEB)has just released a report on the career trajectories of young life scientists in the United States. It is likely to give pause to some of those currently considering graduate training as a route to a career in the academic life sciences. The survey finds that over two decades the number of academically employed life scientists in tenured or tenure-track positions has remained stuck at about 30,000, while the number of doctoral degrees awarded in the life sciences has doubled. The data also reveal a hard-to-reach career getting farther out of reach. The age at which the average PhD holder receives his or her first full National Institutes of Health grant has risen from 34 in 1970 to 42 now. Postdocs, facing such a late start to their professional lives, are increasingly jumping ship to industry. Postdocs find themselves bouncing around the world from lab to lab, seldom earning much more than they would have done in their first year on the job market with their undergraduate degree. Funding is short, the hours are long, and prospects uncertain. Postdocs have occasionally attempted to band together in solidarity and seek a better settlement from their employers, the institutions and universities. But this movement has been stronger in the social sciences than in the hard sciences. The transient nature of the work, together with its convoluted employment structure, has made it difficult for them to speak effectively with a single voice. Instead, the plight of the postdoc will probably change only if the issue of scientific training is addressed from the top, where it may be necessary to consider the possibility that too many scientists are being trained. There is an argument that, from a national policy perspective, the current situation is ultimately productive. The pace of discovery is quickened by a sizeable workforce, and able scientists end up doing multiple jobs, most of them in the private sector of the economy. It might not be exactly what the students had in mind in the first place, but the situation hardly constitutes a major cause for concern. But FASEB"s data suggest that too many graduate schools may be preparing too many students, so that too few young scientists have a real prospect of making a career in academic science. More effort is needed to ensure that recruitment interviews include realistic assessments of prospective students" expectations and potential in the academic workplace. And training should address broader career options from day one rather than focusing unrealistically on jobs that don"t exist.

About 3 billion people live within 100 miles of the sea, a number that could double in the next decade as humans flock to coastal cities like gulls. The oceans produce $3 trillion of goods and services each year and untold value for the Earth's ecology. Life could not exist without these vast water reserves—and, if anything, they are becoming even more important to humans than before. Mining is about to begin under the seabed in the high seas—the regions outside the exclusive economic zones administered by coastal and island nations, which stretch 200 nautical miles offshore. Nineteen exploratory licences have been issued. New summer shipping lanes are opening across the Arctic Ocean. The genetic resources of marine life promise a pharmaceutical bonanza: the number of patents has been rising at 12% a year. One study found that genetic material from the seas is a hundred times more likely to have anti-cancer properties than that from terrestrial life. But these developments are minor compared with vaster forces reshaping the Earth, both on land and at sea. It has long been clear that people are damaging the oceans—witness the melting of the Arctic ice in summer, the spread of oxygen starved dead zones and the death of coral reefs. Now, the consequences of that damage are starting to be felt onshore. Thailand provides a vivid example. In the 1990s it cleared coastal mangrove swamps to set up shrimp farms. Ocean storm surges in 2011, no longer cushioned by the mangroves, rushed in to flood the country's industrial heartland, causing billions of dollars of damage. More serious is the global mismanagement of fish stocks. About 3 billion people get a fifth of their protein from fish, making it a more important protein source than beef. But a vicious cycle has developed as fish stocks decline and fishermen race to grab what they can of the remainder. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), a third of fish stocks in the oceans are over-exploited; some estimates say the proportion is more than half. One study suggested that stocks of big predatory species—such as tuna, swordfish and marlin—may have fallen by as much as 90% since the 1950s. People could be eating much better, were fishing stocks properly managed.

Despite the basic biological, chemical, and physical similarities found in all living things, a diversity of life exists not only among and between species but also within every natural population. The phenomenon of diversity has had a long history of study because so many of the variations that exist in nature are visible to the eye. 【F1】 It has been suggested that sexual reproduction became the dominant type of reproduction among organisms because of its inherent advantage of variability, which is the mechanism that enables a species to adjust to changing conditions. New variations are potentially present in genetic differences, but how preponderant a variation becomes in a gene pool depends upon the number of offspring the mutants or variants produce(differential reproduction).【F2】 It is possible for a genetic novelty(new variation)to spread in time to all members of a population, especially if the novelty enhances the population"s chances for survival in the environment in which it exists. Thus, when a species is introduced into a new habitat, it either adapts to the change by natural selection or by some other evolutionary mechanism or else it eventually dies off. Because each new habitat means new adaptations, habitat changes have been responsible for the millions of different kinds of species and for the heterogeneity within each species. The total number of animal and plant species is estimated at between 2,000,000 and 4,500,000; authoritative estimates of the number of extinct species range from 15,000,000 up to 16,000,000,000.【F3】 Although the use of classification as a means of producing some kind of order out of this staggering number of different types of organisms appears as early as the book of Genesis—with references to cattle, beasts, fowl, creeping things, trees, etc. —the first scientific attempt at classification is attributed to the Greek philosopher Aristotle, who tried to establish a system that would indicate the relationship of all things to each other. He arranged everything along a scale, or "ladder of nature", with nonliving things at the bottom; plants were placed below animals, and man was at the top.【F4】 Other schemes that have been used for grouping species include large anatomical similarities, such as wings or fins, which indicate a natural relationship, and also similarities in reproductive structures. 【F5】 At the present time taxonomy is based on two major assumptions; one is that similar body construction can be used as a criterion for a classification grouping; the other is that, in addition to structural similarities, evolutionary and molecular relationships between organisms can be used as a means for determining classification.

ModernizationandMoralCultivationWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)supportyourviewwithexamples.

EducationFeesWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

Low levels of literacy and numeracy have a damaging impact on almost every aspect of adults, according to a survey published yesterday, which offers (1)_____ of a developing underclass. Tests and (2)_____ with hundreds of people born in a week in 1958 graphically illustrated file (3)_____ of educational underachievement. The effects can be seen in unemployment, family (4)_____, low incomes, depression and social inactivity. Those who left school at 16 with poor basic skills had been employed for UP to four years less than good readers (5)_____ they reached 37. Professor John Bynner, of City University, who carried the research, said that today"s (6)_____ teenagers would even encounter greater problems because the supply of (7)_____ jobs had shrunk. Almost one fifth of the 1,700 people interviewed for yesterday"s report had poor literacy and almost half (8)_____ with innumeracy, a proportion (9)_____ other surveys for the Basic Skills Agency. Some could not read a child"s book, and most found difficult (10)_____ written instruction. Poor readers were twice as likely to be a low wage and four times likely to live in a household where partners worked. Women in this (11)_____ were five times as likely to be (12)_____ depressed, (13)_____ both tended to feel they had no control over their lives, and to trust others (14)_____. Those who had low literacy and numeracy were seldom (15)_____ in any community organization and less likely than others to (16)_____ in a general election. There had been no (17)_____ in the literary level of (18)_____. Alan Wells, the agency"s director, said: "The results emphasize the dangers of developing an underclass people, who were out of work, (19)_____ depressed and often labeled themselves as (20)_____. There is a circle of marginalization, with the dice against these people and their families."

In a lab in Oxford University"s experimental psychology department, researcher Roi Cohen Kadosh is testing a relatively new brain-stimulation technique which may help people learn and improve their understanding of math concepts. The electrodes (a small piece of metal or other substance that is used to take an electric current) are【C1】______in a tightly fitted cap and worn around the head. The device, run off a 9-volt battery commonly used in smoke detectors, induces only a【C2】______current and can be targeted to【C3】______areas of the brain or applied generally. The mild current reduces the【C4】______of side effects, which has【C5】______possibilities about using it, even in individuals【C6】______a disorder, as a general cognitive【C7】______. Scientists also are investigating its use to treat mood disorders and【C8】______conditions. Dr. Cohen Kadosh"s【C9】______work on learning enhancement and brain stimulation is one example of the long journey faced by scientists【C10】______ brain-stimulation and cognitive-stimulation techniques. 【C11】______other researchers in the community, he has dealt with public【C12】______about safety and side effects, plus【C13】______from other scientists about whether these findings would hold in the wider population. There are also ethical questions about the technique. 【C14】______it truly works to enhance cognitive performance, should it be【C15】______to anyone who can afford to buy the device—which already is【C16】______for sale in the U.S.? Should parents be able to perform such stimulation on their kids without【C17】______? "It"s early days but that hasn"t stopped some companies from【C18】______ the device and marketing it as a learning tool," Dr. Cohen Kadosh says. "Be very【C19】______ ." However, if the technique continues to show【C20】______, "this type of method may have a chance to be the new drug of the 21st century," says Dr. Cohen Kadosh.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) Internet, computer-based global information system. The Internet is composed of many interconnected computer networks. Each network may link tens, hundreds, or even thousands of computers, enabling them to share information with one another and to share computational resources such as powerful supercomputers and databases of information. The Internet has made it possible for people all over the world to communicate with one another effectively and inexpensively. (41)______. The Internet has brought new opportunities to government, business, and education. Governments use the Internet for internal communication, distribution of information, and automated tax processing. In addition to offering goods and services online to customers, businesses use the Internet to interact with other businesses. (42)______. Use of the Internet has grown tremendously since its inception. The Internet"s success arises from its flexibility. Instead of restricting component networks to a particular manufacturer or particular type, Internet technology allows interconnection of any kind of computer network. (43)______. Internet service providers (ISPs) provide Internet access to customers, usually for a monthly fee. A customer who subscribes to an ISP"s service uses the ISP"s network to access the Internet. Because ISPs offer their services to the general public, the networks they operate are known as public access networks. (44)______. An organization that has many computers usually owns and operates a private network, called an intranet, which connects all the computers within the organization: To provide Internet service, the organization connects its intranet to the Internet. Unlike public access networks, intranets are restricted to provide security. (45)______.A. The current number of people who use the Internet can only be estimated. One survey found that there were 61 million Internet users worldwide at the end of 1996, 148 million at the end of 1998, and 407 million by the end of 2000. Some analysts said that the number of users was expected to double again by the end of 2002.B. Only authorized computers at the organization can connect to the intranet, and the organization restricts communication between the intranet and the global Internet. The restrictions allow computers inside the organization to exchange information but keep the information confidential and protected from outsiders.C. Unlike traditional broadcasting media, such as radio and television, the Internet does not have a centralized distribution system. Instead, an individual who has Internet access can communicate directly with anyone else on the Internet, make information available to others, find information provided by others, or sell products with a minimum overhead cost.D. No network is too large or too small, too fast or too slow to be interconnected. Thus, the Internet includes inexpensive networks that can only connect a few computers within a single room as well as expensive networks that can span a continent and connect thousands of computers.E. Many individuals use the Internet for communicating through electronic mail (e-mail), for news and research information, shopping, paying bills, and online banking. Educational institutions use the Internet for research and to deliver courses and course material to students.F. In the United States, as in many countries, ISPs are private companies; in countries where telephone service is a government-regulated monopoly, the government often controls ISPs.G. The Internet has doubled in size every 9 to 14 months since it began in the late 1970s. In 1981 only 213 computers were connected to the Internet. By 2000 the number had grown to more than 100 million.