Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened【C1】______. As was discussed before, it was not【C2】______the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic【C3】______, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the【C4】______of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution【C5】______up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading【C6】______through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures【C7】______the 20th-century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that process in【C8】______. It is important to do so. It is generally recognized,【C9】______, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 【C10】______by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process,【C11】______its impact on the media was not immediately【C12】______. As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became "personal" too, as well as【C13】______, with display becoming sharper and storage【C14】______increasing. They were thought of, like people,【C15】______generations, with the distance between generations much【C16】______. It was within the computer age that the term "information society" began to be widely used to describe the【C17】______within which we now live. The communications revolution has【C18】______both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been【C19】______views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. "Benefits" have been weighed【C20】______"harmful" outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.

Anthropology is the study of human beings as creatures of society. It fastens its attention upon those physical characteristics and industrial techniques, those conventions and values, which distinguish one community from all others that belong to a different tradition. The distinguishing mark of anthropology among the social sciences is that it includes for serious study more other societies than our own. For its purposes any social regulation of mating and reproduction is as significant as our own, though it may be that of the Sea Dyaks, and have no possible historical relation to that of our civilization. To the anthropologist, our customs and those of a New Guinea tribe are two possible social schemes for dealing with a common problem, arid in so far as he remains an anthropologist he is bound to avoid any weighting of one in favor of the other, lie is interested in human behavior, not as it is shaped by one tradition, our own, but as it has been shaped by any tradition whatsoever. He is interested in a wide range of custom that is found in various cultures, and his object is to understand the way in which these cultures change and differentiated, the different forms through which they express themselves and the manner in which the customs of any peoples function in the lives of the individuals. Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way round. Traditional custom is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.

The manager was sympathetic, but he could do nothing.

Healthy soda? That may strike some as an oxymoron. But for Coca-Cola and PepsiCo, it"s a marketing opportunity. In coming months, both companies will introduce new carbonated drinks that are fortified with vitamins and minerals: Diet Coke Plus and Tava, which is PepsiCo"s new offering. They will be promoted as "sparkling beverages". The companies are not tailing them soft drinks because people are turning away from traditional soda, which has been hurt in part by publicity about its link to obesity. While the soda business remains a $68 billion industry in the United States, consumers are increasingly reaching for bottled water, sparkling juices and green tea drinks. In 2005, the mount of soda sold in this country dropped for the first time in recent history. Even the diet soda business has slowed. Coca-Cola"s chief executive, E. Neville Isdell, clearly frustrated that his industry has been singled out in the obesity debate, insisted at a recent conference that his diet products should be included in the health and wellness category because, with few or no calories, they are a logical answer m expanding waistlines. "Diet and light brands are actually health and wellness brands", Mr. Isdell said. He asserted that Diet Coke Plus was a way to broaden the category to attract new consumers. Tom Pirko, president of Bevmark, a food and beverage consulting firm, said it was "a joke" to market artificially sweetened soft drinks as healthy, even if they were fortified with vitamins and minerals. Research by his firm and others shows that consumers think of diet soft drinks as "the antithesis of healthy", he said. These consumers "comment on putting something synthetic and not natural into their bodies when they consume diet colas", Mr. Pirko said. "And in the midst of a health and welfare boom, that ain"t good". The idea of healthy soda is not entirely new. In 2004, Cadbury Schweppes caused a stir when it unveiled 7Up Plus, a low-calorie soda fortified with vitamins and minerals. Last year, Cadbury tried to extend the healthy halo over its regular 7Up brand by labeling it "100 percent natural". But the company changed the label to "100 percent natural flavor" after complaints from a nutrition group that a product containing high-fructose com syrup should not be considered natural, and 7Up Plus has floundered. The new fortified soft drinks earned grudging approval from Michael F. Jacobsen, executive director of the Center for Science in the Public Interest. a nutrition advocacy group and frequent critic of regular soft drinks, which it has labeled "liquid candy". A survey by Morgan Stanley found that only 10 percent of consumers interviewed in 2006 considered diet colas a healthy choice, compared with 14 percent in 2003. Furthermore, 30 percent of the consumers who were interviewed last year said that they were reluctant to drink beverages with artificial sweeteners, up from 21 percent in 2004.

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family-friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europe" s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on European corporate boards. The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women—up to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up. Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate ladder fairly as they balance work and family? "Personally, I don"t like quotas," Reding said recently. "But I like what the quotas do." Quotas get action: they "open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling," according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions. I understand Reding"s reluctance—and her frustration. I don"t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, governance by the capable. But, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered. After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as well as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top positions—no matter how much "soft pressure" is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power—as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule. If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women—whether CEOs or their children"s caregivers—and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.

Your university is going to hold a " Chinese Dream" themed art performance and you are responsible for this activity. Write an invitation letter to your classmate Zhang Wei. Please specify the time, location, rehearsal information and express your wish for his attendance. 1. You should write about 100 words. 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. 3. Do not write the address.

An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services: for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, and harbors. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger. It is this economic interdependency of the economic system which makes the power of trade unions such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries" economic blood supply. This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labor force is highly organized. About 55 percent of British workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States. For historical reasons, Britain"s unions have tended to develop along trade and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy in industry and the improvement of procedure for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve. There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes. Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which mean that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies, unions can fight for their members" disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs. Trade unions have problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union. Some trade union officials have to be re-elected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed, for life. Trade union officials have to work with a system of "shop stewards" in many unions, "shop stewards" being workers elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or works level.

Google already has a window into our souls through our Internet searches and it now has insight into our ailing bodies too. The Internet giant is using its vast database of individual search terms to 【B1】______ the e-mergence of flu up to two weeks 【B2】______ government epidemiologists. Google Flu Trends uses the 【B3】______ of people to seek online help for their health problems. By tracking 【B4】______ for terms such as "cough", "fever" and "aches and pains", it claims to be able to 【B5】______ estimate where flu is【B6】______. Google tested the idea in nine regions of the US and found it could accurately predict flu 【B7】______ between 7 and 14 days earlier than the federal centres for disease control and prevention. Google hopes the idea could also be used to help 【B8】______ other diseases. Flu Trends is limited 【B9】______ the US. Jeremy Ginsberg and Matt Mohebb, two software engineers【B10】______in the project, said that【B11】______in Google search queries can be very【B12】______. In a blog post on the project they wrote: "It turns【B13】______that traditional flu surveillance systems take 1 to 2 weeks to collect and【B14】______surveillance data but Google search queries can be【B15】______counted very quickly. By making our estimates【B16】______each day,Flu Trends may provide an early-warning system for outbreaks of influenza." They explained that【B17】______information health would be kept【B18】______. "Flu Trends can never be used to identify individual users【B19】______we rely on anonymised, aggregated counts of how often certain search queries【B20】______each week."

Wearable gadgets like smart watches and Google Glass can seem like a fad that has all the durability of CB radios or Duran Duran, but they're important early signs of a new era of technology that will drive investment and innovation for years. Tech companies are pushing out waves of wearable technology products—all of them clumsy and none of them yet really catching on. Samsung is excitedly hawking its Galaxy Gear smart watch, and Google, Apple, Qualcomm, and others are expected to come out with competing versions. Google Glass gets lots of gee-whiz attention, and every, other day, someone new introduces a fitness tracker, a GPS kid-monitoring bracelet, or—yeah, seriously—interactive underwear. These are all part of a powerful trend: Over the past 40 years, digital technology has consistently moved from far away to close to us. Go back long enough, and computers the size of Buicks stayed in the back rooms of big companies. Most people never touched them. By the late 1970s, technology started moving to office desks—first as terminals connected to those hidden computers, and then as early personal computers. The next stage: We wanted digital technology in our homes, so we bought desktop PCs. A "portable" computer in the mid-1980s, like the first Compaq, was the size of a carry-on suitcase and about as easy to lug as John Goodman. But by the 1990s, laptops got better and smaller, for the first time liberating digital technology from a place and attaching it more to a person. Now we want our technology with us all the time. This era of the smartphone and tablet began with the iPhone in 2007. The "with us" era is accelerating even now: IBM announced that it's making its powerful Watson computing—the technology that beat humans on Jeopardy! —available in the cloud, so it can be accessed by consumers on a smart device. In technology's inexorable march from far away to close to us, and now with us, there are only three places left for it to go; on us, all around us, and then in us. "Wearable is the next paradigm shift," says Philippe Kahn, who invented the camera phone and today is developing innards for wearable tech. "We are going to see a lot of innovation in wearable in the next seven years, by 2020." Hard to know which products will catch on. Glasses are an obvious way to wear a screen, but most people don't want to look like a tech geek. The masses might get interested if Google Glass can be invisibly built into hot-looking frames. A start-up called Telepathy is developing a slim arm that holds a microprojector that shoots images back to your eye. Another concept is to build a device with a tiny projector that suspends text or image out in front of you, like a heads-up display.

Video games have become increasingly realistic, especially those involving armed combat. America' s armed forces have even used video games 【B1】______ recruitment and 【B2】______ tools. But the desire to play games is not the 【B3】______ why the United States Air Force recently 【B4】______ a procurement request for 2,200 Sony PlayStation 3 (PS3) video-game consoles. It intends to link them 【B5】______ to build a supercomputer that will【B6】______Linux, a free, open-source operating system. It will be used for research, including the development of high-definition imaging systems for radar, and will cost around one-tenth as much as a conventional supercomputer. The air force has already built a smaller computer 【B7】______ a cluster of 336 PS3s. This is merely the latest example of a (n) 【B8】______ trend. There is a long tradition of technology developed for military use filtering 【B9】______ to consumer markets: satellite-navigation systems【B10】______to guide missiles can also help hikers find their way, and head-up displays have【B11】______from jet fighters to family cars. But technology is increasingly moving in the other【B12】______, too, as consumer products are【B13】______for military use. Traditionally the military has preferred to develop and control its own technology, not just for tactical advantage but also to【B14】______that equipment was tough and【B15】______enough for those whose lives would depend on it. That began to change after the cold war as defence budgets became【B16】______and the development of【B17】______industrial and consumer products accelerated. As some of these technologies have become commoditised products which are【B18】______to everyone—friend and foe alike—there seems less【B19】______not to buy them and use the savings for more critical equipment that needs to be built-to-order. And consumer products can often be tweaked to make them more rugged or【B20】______when necessary.

The importance and focus of the interview in the work of the print and broadcast journalist is reflected in several books that have been written on the topic. Most of these books, as well as several chapters, mainly in, but not limited to, journalism and broadcasting handbooks and reporting texts, stress the "flow to" aspects of journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview, its context, and implications. Much of the "how to" material is based on personal experiences and general impressions. As we know, in journalism as in other fields, much can be learned from the systematic study of professional practice. Such study brings together evidence from which broad generalized principles can be developed. There is, as has been suggested, a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting, but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself. On the other hand, many general texts as well as numerous research articles on interviewing in fields other than journalism have been written. Many of these books and articles present the theoretical and empirical aspects of the interview as well as the training of the interviewers. Unhappily, this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to the journalistic interview, which seems to be surprising for two reasons. First, it seems likely that most people in modem Western societies are more familiar, at least in a positive manner, with journalistic interviewing than any other form of interviewing. Most of us are probably somewhat familiar with the clinical interview, such as that conducted by physicians and psychologists. In these situations the professional person or interviewer is interested in getting information necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of the person seeking help. Another familiar situation is the job interview. However, very few of us have actually been interviewed personally by the mass media, particularly by television. And yet, we have a vivid acquaintance with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as readers, listeners, and viewers. Even so, the understanding of the journalistic interview, especially television interviews, requires thoughtful analyses and even study, as this book indicates.

Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanarticleonthewasteofenergy.Inyourarticle,youshouldcoverthefollowingpoints:1)describethepicture,and2)analysethereasonsandgiveyourcomments.Youshouldwrite160～200wordsneatly.

Your classmate Helen has just won the first prize in the long-distance race of 5000 meters in the Spring Sports Meet of your university. 1. Write a letter in about 100 words to congratulate her. 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Zhang Wei" instead. 3. Do not write the address.

Suppose Li Ming has caught a flu. He wants you to write a note to your teacher and ask for leave for three days. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Hua" instead. You do not need to write the address.

APet"sWishWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

When George Bush left the presidency on January 20th, many Americans were keen to turn the page. They have warmly welcomed a new cast of characters, from Barack and Michelle down to Bo the Portuguese water dog. But some members of the Bush crew are much in the news. Karl Rove, an influential adviser, is penning weekly editorials and has been scrapping with Joe Biden, the vice president. Dick Cheney has been on television growling about Mr. Obama"s approach to national security. In Spain, a court is deciding whether Alberto Gonzales, the former attorney-general, and five other administration officials can be accused of torture. Mr. Bush himself has mostly kept a low profile since returning to Texas. He and Laura settled into their new house, in a select part of Dallas. He threw the first ball at a Texas Rangers baseball game and visited a hardware shop. He has been jogging and riding his bicycle. He has given one speech, in Canada, at which he declined to criticize the new president. "He deserves my silence," said Mr. Bush. But Mr. Bush will not be silent for ever. He has started to write his memoirs, which will skip the usual format and be organized around a series of 12 momentous decisions. The format makes sense, given Mr. Bush"s view of history and his role in it. "I"m the decider," he said in 2006, defending his decision to keep Donald Rumsfeld as defense secretary. It was one of his least popular decisions, and Mr. Bush"s many critics thought it was a bull-headed thing to say. But perhaps it was simply an existential comment. The president is the decider. There is no getting round that. The "decider" idea will extend to the George W. Bush Presidential Centre, to be housed at Southern Methodist University in Dallas. The centre will include a policy institute as well as the usual library and museum. On April 14th Mr. Bush gathered about 20 of his old employees in Dallas, including the former secretary of state, Condoleezza Rice, and a former speechwriter, Michael Gerson, to work out strategy. The policy institute will be unashamedly ideological. The museum, like the memoirs, will be organized around a series of decisions. The list has not been finalized, though some are obvious choices, such as the decisions to invade Iraq and Afghanistan. Mark Langdale, president of the George W. Bush Foundation, thinks that Mr. Bush"s 2007 decision to pursue immigration reform should make the cut. The effort failed in the Senate, but failure is part of any human story. That goes for presidents, too. "Sometimes they succeed, and sometimes they don"t, but the journey continues," says Mr. Langdale.

Conversations about elderly parents and technology usually center on safety, in particular on devices designed to alert a call center in case of trouble. But our parents are more than the sum of their maladies. Instead of keeping the safe, can't some of these devices help keep them happy? Experts say the key to making tech work for Mom and Dad is not to buy the newest cool thing, but to look for a device or software that fulfills a basic need, that does something they particular want to do. And it's helpful if the learning curve involves an element or two already familiar to them. "The question is what' s the motivation? " said Dr. Gary Small, the director of the center on aging at the university of California, Los Angeles, and the author of iBrain: surviving the technological alteration of the modern mind. "For technology to become 'sticky' with the older generation, we have to get into their heads and understand what make them think this is fun," he added. "The bells and whistles that might attract us are too counterintuitive." Dr. Small says that device for the elderly should answer three criteria, in this order: simplicity of use, availability of phone assistance and hardware that's easy to manipulate. Once installation and set-up are completely—likely the responsibility of a tech-sawy adult child—enjoyment has to outweigh effort. Beyond that, it is important to evaluate how large a technology leap an aging parent will be willing to take. Those who know their way around a VCR or DVD player will be a likelier to embrace a device that requires new equipment or an occasional call to a help number. Dr. Small like single-application devices that meet a personal need for the technological newcomer—like ones that send and receive e-mail, making it easier to stay in touch with family and see those digital photos of a new grandchild. Reading devices like the kindle are also popular with the older users, because they make an enjoyable, lifelong activity easier by replacing a heavy book with lightweight tablet. A reader can be ideal for a parent who travels and wants to take more than one book along. The right motivation can overcome a parent's doubt or anxiety about adopting new technology. Dr. Small' s father, a practicing physician in his 80s, avoided technology until the hospital where he worked switched to electronic records. Suddenly he had no choice. If he wanted to continue to work, he had to wade in. Dr. Cartensen says that electronic manufacturers have failed to develop products for elder users "because of stereotypes which suggest that older people aren't interested, even when they might be," and because marketers think "they can simply wait until younger cohorts grow old, knowing the problem will be solved." But there are signs of change on the horizon, several of them involving that most familiar of technologies, like the television set.

When people talk about the digital divide, they usually mean the【B1】______between people who are benefiting from the information revolution, and those who through lack of 【B2】______ or money are 【B3】______ out. But at a United Nations conference in Brazil that concluded on April 19th, a different (though related) sort of divide was on 【B4】______, and ten days' chatter by over 100 countries failed to 【B5】______ it. If there was one thing on which almost everybody agreed, it was that criminals are【B6】______computer technology much faster 【B7】______ most governments are learning to foil them. Rich countries say they are 【B8】______ by fraudsters, pornographers and hackers operating【B9】______poor places where they will never be caught—because their "【B10】______" governments can' t or won' t stop them. One response is the Budapest Convention, an accord【B11】______at the Council of Europe in 2001, and ratified by the United States in 2006. One of its【B12】______is to let authorities in one country give【B13】______, at least electronically, to criminals in another. But Russia has【B14】______the principle of "transborder access", especially since 2000, when American agents hacked【B15】______the computers of two Russians who were【B16】______American banks.【B17】______, Russia is backing a UN treaty which would be respectful of borders while also giving police more powers to shut down websites【B18】______in "propaganda." Many countries like that idea—but not enough to push it【B19】______. For now, the only【B20】______are the criminals.

The robots are coming. The second decades of the 21th century will see the rise of merchandized army that will revolutionize the private and public life as radically as the internet and social media have shaken up the past ten years. Or so says Marina Gorbis, futurologist and head of Califor-nian think-tank the Institute for the Future (IFTF). Gorbis says robots will increasingly dominate everything. Robots are likely to prompt a political storm to equal the row over immigration as they increasingly replace workers. But it' s not bad news."When the IBM's Deep Blue became the first computer to beat the chess grand master Gary Kasparov, as a person that's it, computers are smarter than people," she says." But it doesn't mean that at all . It seems they are processing things faster not that they are thinking better." Working together she believes robots and humans will be able to create a world of new possibilities impossible before our new industrial revolution. Inevitably the rise of the robots will put people out of work. Gorbis believes that this and other trend will mean unemployment will remain around 10% in many parts of the developed world of the coming year. We are in the transition. It is similar to when we mechanized agriculture. After that we went through a period of high unemployment as people transitioned to new kinds of jobs. People learn to do other things. Robots get a bad press. With a few cute exceptions the robot has been an evil character in movies going back to Fritz Lang's Metropolis in 1927. In Japan and Korea, where many of the great robot innovators are likely to come from, attitudes are more positive. We too are likely to become more robotic, Gorbis believes. "We have been modifying ourselves with technology forever. We are going to see more of that. Sensors are going to on our bodies, in our bodies letting us and others know what we are doing, what is going on with our health. All kinds of applications we haven't even thought of yet. But "with all information being bombarded at us it so no wonders that people worry," she said. "I feel paradoxical myself. Half time I feel really depressed when I look at say climate changed or the potential to misuse technology." So the technology needs an easy access to the right guide of humans.