WhatQualitiesShouldaManagerHave?A.Studythechartcarefullyandwriteanessayof160-200words.B.Youressayshouldcoverthreepoints:1)thequalitiesanenterpriseexpectsmostfromitsmanagers2)possiblereasons3)youropinion

Yesterday you learnt in a newspaper advertisement that there is a job vacancy in a foreign owned company. What is being recruited is a secretary for the manager. Write a letter to its personnel department, 1) showing your intention for the position, 2) displaying your qualifications, 3) and expressing your inquiry about an job interview. Write your letter in no less than 100 words and write it neatly. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "So much importance attached to intellectual pursuits."【F1】 According to many books and articles, New England"s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life. 【F2】 To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the Puritans" theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church—important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity. The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts churches in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston.【F3】 These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness. We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated.【F4】 While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized. Their thinking often had a traditional superstitious quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope—all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: "come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people." One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churches. 【F5】 Meanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane"s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion. "Our main end was to catch fish."

BSection III Writing/B

Every man is rich or poor according to the degree in which he can afford to enjoy the necessaries, conveniences, and amusements of human life. (46) But after the division of labor has once thoroughly taken place, it is but a very small part of these with which a man"s own labor can supply him, the far greater part of them be must derive from the labor of other people, and he must be rich or poor according to the quantity of that labor which he can command, or which he can afford to purchase. (47) The value of any commodity, therefore, to the person who possesses it is equal to the quantity of labor which it enables him to purchase or command. Labor, therefore, is the real measure of the exchangeable value of all commodities. The real price of every thing, what every thing really costs to the man who wants to acquire it, is the toil and trouble of acquiring it. (48) What every thing is really worth to the man who has acquired it, and who wants to dispose of it or exchange it for something else, is the toil and trouble which it can save to himself, and which it can impose upon other people. What is bought with money or with goods is purchased by labor, as much as what we acquire by the toil of our own body. That money or those goods indeed save us this toil. (49) They contain the value of a certain quantity of labor which we exchange for what is supposed at the time to contain the value of an equal quantity. Labor was the first price, the original purchase-money that as paid for all things. It was not by gold or by silver, but by labor, that all the wealth of the world was originally purchased; and (50) its value, to those who possess it, and who want to exchange it for some new productions, is precisely to the quantity of labor which it can enable them to purchase or command. Wealth, as Mr. Hobbes says, is power. But the person who either acquires, or succeeds to a great fortune, does not necessarily acquire or succeed to any political power, either civil or military. His fortune may, perhaps, afford him the means of acquiring both, but the mere possession of that fortune does not necessarily convey to him either.

Nonverbal communication is hugely important in any interaction with others; its importance is multiplied across cultures. This is because we tend to look for nonverbal cues when verbal messages are unclear or ambiguous, as they are more likely to be across cultures. 【R1】______ Low-context cultures like the United States and Canada tend to give relatively less emphasis to nonverbal communication. This does not mean that nonverbal communication does not happen, or that it is unimportant, but that people in these settings tend to place less importance on it than on the literal meanings of words themselves. In high-context settings such as Japan or Colombia, understanding the nonverbal components of communication is relatively more important to receiving the intended meaning of the communication as a whole. 【R2】______For instance, it may be more socially acceptable in some settings in the United States for women to show fear, but not anger, and for men to display anger, but not fear. At the same time, interpretation of facial expressions across cultures is difficult. In China and Japan, for example, a facial expression that would be recognized around the world as conveying happiness may actually express anger or mask sadness, both of which are unacceptable to show overtly. 【R3】______For a Westerner who understands smiles to mean friendliness and happiness, this smile may seem out of place and even cold, under the circumstances. Even though some facial expressions may be similar across cultures, their interpretations remain culture-specific. It is important to understand something about cultural starting-points and values in order to interpret emotions expressed in cross-cultural interactions. 【R4】______In a comparison of North American and French children on a beach, a researcher noticed that the French children tended to stay in a relatively small space near their parents, while US children ranged up and down a large area of the beach. 【R5】______ These examples of differences related to nonverbal communication are only the tip of the iceberg. Careful observation, ongoing study from a variety of sources, and cultivating relationships across cultures will all help develop the cultural fluency to work effectively with nonverbal communication differences. [A]These differences of interpretation may lead to conflict. Suppose a Japanese person is explaining her absence from negotiations due to a death in her family. She may do so with a smile, based on her cultural belief that it is not appropriate to inflict the pain of grief on others. [B]Another variable across cultures has to do with ways of relating to space. Crossing cultures, we encounter very different ideas about polite space for conversations and negotiations. North Americans tend to prefer a large amount of space, perhaps because they are surrounded by it in their homes and countryside. Europeans tend to stand more closely with each other when talking, and are accustomed to smaller personal spaces. [C]Americans are serious about standing in lines, in accordance with their beliefs in democracy and the principle of "first come, first served" The French, on the other hand, have a practice of line jumping, that irritates many British and US Americans. [D]Since nonverbal behavior arises from our cultural common sense, we use different systems of understanding gestures, posture, silence, spatial relations, emotional expression, touch, physical appearance, and other nonverbal cues. Cultures also attribute different degrees of importance to verbal and nonverbal behavior. [E]The difficulty with space preferences is not that they exist, but the judgments that get attached to them. If someone is accustomed to standing or sitting very close when they are talking with another, they may see the other's attempt to create more space as evidence of coldness, or a lack of interest. [F]It is said that a German executive working in the United States became so upset with visitors to his office moving the guest chair to suit themselves that he had it bolted to the floor. [G]Some elements of nonverbal communication are consistent across cultures. For example, research has shown that the emotions of enjoyment, anger, fear, sadness, disgust, and surprise are expressed in similar ways by people around the world. Differences surface with respect to which emotions are acceptable to display in various cultural settings, and by whom.

On your way from Beijing to Paris, you lost your luggage carried by the airline. Write a complaint letter to the service center of the Airline. In your letter, you should tell them1) what happened to your luggage,2) what your luggage is like, and3) what compensation you expect.You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address.

What we know of prenatal development makes all this attempt made by a mother to mold the character of her unborn child by studying poetry, art or mathematics during pregnancy seem utterly impossible. How could such extremely complex influences pass from the mother to the child? There is no connection between their nervous systems. Even the blood vessels of mother and child do not join directly. An emotional shock to the mother will affect her child, because it changes the activity of her glands and so the chemistry of her blood. Any chemical change in the mother"s blood will affect the child for better or worse. But we can not see how a liking for mathematics or poetic genius can be dissolved in blood and produce a similar liking or genius in the child. In our discussion of instincts we saw that there was reason to believe that whatever we inherit must be of some very simple sort rather than any complicated or very definite kind of behavior. It is certain that no one inherits a knowledge of mathematics. It may be, however, that children inherit more or less of a rather, general ability that we may call intelligence. If very intelligent children become deeply interested in mathematics, they will probably make a success of that study. As for musical ability, it may be that what is inherited if an especially sensitive ear, a peculiar structure of the hands or of the vocal organs connections between nerves and muscles that make it comparatively easy to learn the movements a musician must execute, and particularly vigorous emotions. If these factors are all organized around music the child may become a musician. The same factors, in other circumstance, might be organized about some other center of interest. The rich emotional equipment might find expression in poetry. The capable fingers might develop skill in surgery. It is not the knowledge of music that makes it comparatively easy to acquire musical knowledge and skill. Whether that ability shall be directed toward music or some other under taking may be decided entirely by forces in the environment in which a child grows up.

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

EducationFeesWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

There are many superstitions in Britain, but one of the most 【C1】______held is that it is unlucky to walk under a ladder—even if it means【C2】______ the pavement into a busy street! 【C3】______you must pass under a ladder you can【C4】______bad luck by crossing your fingers and【C5】______them crossed until you have seen a dog. 【C6】______ , you may lick your finger and【C7】______a cross on the toe of your shoe, and not look again at the shoe until the 【C8】______ has dried. Another common【C9】______is that it is unlucky to open an umbrella in the house—it will either bring 【C10】______to the person who opened it or to the whole【C11】______. Anyone opening an umbrella in fine weather is【C12】______ , as it inevitably brings rain! The number 13 is said to be unlucky for some, and when the 13th day of the month 【C13】______on a Friday, anyone wishing to avoid a bad event had better stay 【C14】______. The worst misfortune that can happen to a person is caused by breaking a mirror, 【C15】______ it brings seven years of bad luck! The superstition is supposed to 【C16】______ in ancient times, when mirrors were considered to be tools of the gods. Black cats are generally considered lucky in Britain, even though they are 【C17】______witchcraft. It is 【C18】______ lucky if a black cat crosses your path—although in America the exact opposite belief prevails. Finally, a commonly held superstition is that of touching wood 【C19】______luck. This measure is most often taken if you think you have said something that is tempting fate, such as "my car has never 【C20】______, touch wood?

Suppose you received an invitation letter from Li Hua, and write a letter to accept the invitation. Your letter should include: 1) state your purpose, 2) express your feelings, and 3) give your gratitude. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)

[A] But as six years stretched to 10, then to 14, the anxiety of health officials gave way to astonishment. Although two of the recipients have died from other causes, not one of the man's contaminated blood has come down with AIDS. More telling still, the donor is also healthy. In fact his immune system remains as robust as if he had never tangled with HIV at all. What could explain such unexpected good fortune?[B] If this speculation proves right, it will mark a milestone in the battle to contain the late-20th century's most terrible epidemic. For in addition to explaining why this small group of people infected with HIV has not become sick, the discovery of a viral strain that works like a vaccine would have far-reaching implications. " What these results suggest," says Dr. Barney Graham of Tennessee's Vanderbilt University, "is that HIV is vulnerable and that it is possible to stimulate effective immunity against it.[C] The strain of HIV that was discovered in Sydney intrigues scientists because it contains striking abnormalities in a gene that is believed to stimulate viral duplication. In fact, the virus is missing so much of this particular gene-known as nef, for negative factor—that it is hard to imagine how the gene could perform any useful function. And sure enough, while the Sydney virus retains the ability to infect T cells—-white blood cells that are critical to the immune system's ability to ward off infection—it makes so few copies of itself that the most powerful molecular tools can barely detect its presence.[D] At the very least, the nef gene offers an attractive target for drug developers. If its activity can be blocked, suggests Deacon, researchers might be able to bring the progression of disease under control, even in people who have developed full-blown AIDS. The need for better AIDS-fighting drugs was underscored last week by the actions of a U.S. Food and Drug Administration advisory panel, which recommended speedy approval of two new AIDS drugs. Although FDA commissioner David Kessler was quick to praise the new drugs, neither medication can prevent or cure AIDS once it has taken hold. What scientists really want is a vaccine that can prevent infection altogether. And that's what makes the Sydney virus so promising—and so controversial.[E] A team of Australian scientists has finally solved the mystery. The virus that the donor contracted and then passed on, the team reported last week in the journal Science, contains flaws in its genetic script that appear to have rendered it harmless. "Not only have the recipients and the donor not progressed to disease for 15 years," marvels molecular biologist Nicholas Deacon ofAustralia's Macfarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research, "but the prediction is that they never will." Deacon speculates that this "impotent" HIV may even be a natural inoculant that protects its carriers against more virulent strains of the virus.[F] But few scientists are enthusiastic about testing the proposition by injecting HIV—however weakened—into millions of people who have never been infected. After all, they note, HIV is a retrovirus, a class of infectious agents known for their alarming ability to integrate their own genes into the DNA of the cells they infect. Thus once it takes effect, a retrovirus infection is permanent.[G] About 15 years ago, a well-meaning man donated blood to the Red Cross in Sydney, Australia, not knowing he has been exposed to HIV-1, the virus that causes AIDS. Much later, public health officials learned that some of the people who got transfusions containing his blood had become infected with the same virus; presumably they were almost sure to die.G→【C1】______→【C2】______→【C3】______→【C4】______→【C5】______→F

The country's inadequate mental health system gets the most attention after instances of mass violence that the nation has seen repeatedly over the past few months. Not all who 【B1】______ these sorts of cruelties are mentally ill, but 【B2】______ have been. After each, the national discussion quickly, but temporarily, turns toward the mental health services that may have 【B3】______ to prevent another attack. Mental illness usually is not as dangerous or dramatic. 【B4】______ 23 million Americans live with mental disorder, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. Very few of these men and women are【B5】______mass-murderers; they need help for their own well-being and for that of their【B6】______. The Affordable Care Act has significantly increased insurance coverage 【B7】______ mental health care. But that may not be enough to expand 【B8】______ to insufficient mental-health-care resources. Rep. Tim Murphy has a bill that would do so. The Helping Families in Mental Health Crisis Act is more 【B9】______ than other recent efforts to reform the system and perhaps has the brightest prospects in a divided Congress. The【B10】______would reorganize the billions the federal government pours into mental health services. It would【B11】______the way Medicaid pays for certain mental health treatments. It would fund mental health clinics that【B12】______certain medical standards. And it would【B13】______states to adopt policies that allow judges to order some severely mentally ill people to undergo treatment. Not everyone is satisfied. Some patients' advocates have【B14】______Mr. Murphy's approach as coercive and【B15】______to those who need help. The government should not be expanding the system' s capability to hospitalize or impose treatment on those【B16】______severe episodes, they say. It should instead be investing in community care that【B17】______the need for more serious treatment.【B18】______, for a small class who will not accept treatment between hospital visits or repeat arrests, they say, states have good reason to【B19】______them to accept care, under judicial supervision. Mr. Murphy's reform package may not prevent the next Sandy Hook.【B20】______the changes would help relieve a lot of suffering that does not make the front page.

A.Studythefollowingsetofpicturescarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan120words.B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2.(15points)C.Youressayshouldcoveralltheinformationprovidedandmeettherequirementsbelow;1.Interpretthefollowingpictures.2.Predictthetendencyoftobaccoconsumptionandgiveyourreasons.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) The start of monetary union in Europe is an exciting event. There is little doubt that it can unleash a new dynamic of enterprise and growth benefiting all of us. (41)______. Euro-land faces these risks because it is still an incomplete and unfinished project. It is incomplete because, while monetary policies will now be conducted at the European level, the other tools of macroeconomic management remain firmly in the hands of national authorities. It is unfinished because the European Central Bank (ECB) itself has been left handicapped in the event of major financial crises (42)______. These conflicts will be raised when economic conditions diverge within Euro-land. Inevitably, the difficulties in coordinating different national policies with the monetary policy of the ECB will create tensions and disagreement. Of course, the same thing happens within a nation between the national central bank and the government. But the intensity of the conflict is likely to be greater in Euro-land because the national governments bear political responsibility for deteriorating economic conditions, whereas the ECB will be some far away institution without political accountability. The ECB itself will be handicapped by the fact that an essential part of monetary policies—bank supervision and control, has been left to national authorities, including national banks. This will not matter much in times of financial stability. But in periods of financial upheaval, which inevitably will occur, it could have a substantial impact. The ECB will then lack the information and instruments to act quickly. This may very well exacerbate the crisis. History tells us that monetary unification must be part of a whole. One cannot simply centralize monetary decision-making without at the same time centralizing the other parts of macroeconomic management. And the fact is that crucial parts of the latter have remained in the hands of the nation states in Europe. In a sense one can say that the start of Euro-land is like a move into a new and beautiful house, which unfortunately, does not yet have a roof. So, where does that lead us? Two possible scenarios emerge, an optimistic and a pessimistic one. (43)______. The second scenario is less idyllic. European citizens resist further attempts to transfer power to European institutions. Euro-land lingers in its unfinished state. Economic storms stir rancor between the ECB and the national governments, and among the national governments themselves. Instead of an oasis of monetary stability, Euro-land becomes a source of instability. The Euro would not become the strong and stable currency that so many observers expect it to be. (44)______. Which of the two scenarios is the more likely? (45)______. These do not exist. One conclusion, however, can be drawn. If Euro-land fails to move forward toward political union, it will not last.A. The simple fact that monetary policies will be governed by a European institution while fiscal policies remain in the hands of the national governments creates the risk of serious conflicts between governments and the ECB.B. But the introduction of the Euro is also replete with risks. There are worth keeping in mind even as champagne bottles are uncorked in celebration.C. The ECB was deeply stirred by economic reasons raised from national governments.D. On the contrary, it would be weak and no match for the dollar.E. In the optimistic version, European leaders realize the unfinished nature of the EMU project and act quickly to unify the other parts of macroeconomic policies.F. Lack of authorities handicapped the ECB in monetary development.G. To attach probabilities to these scenarios, one needs past observations of similar events.

智力测验的初衷及价值 ——1992年英译汉及详解 Intelligence at best is an assumptive construct—the meaning of the word has never been clear.【F1】 There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child"s capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to—it was not designed for such purposes.【F2】 To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity. The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair. 【F3】 Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison. It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any test performed involves at least three factors: the intention to do one" s best, the knowledge required for understanding what you have to do, and the intellectual ability to do it.【F4】 The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable, and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly. Its value lies, of course, in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction. No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require "general intelligence". 【F5】 On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.

Studythefollowingtablecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethechangesasisshowninthetable,2)givepossiblereasonsforthechanges,and3)makepredictionsonthefuturetendency.Yourshouldwritenolessthan200wordsneatly.

(46) Technology has made it easy to cross national frontiers physically, but there has been no invention of new mental habits to enable people to cope with foreigners in a new way. For that to happen, the habits of tourists will have to alter. The hidden god of travel is still Karl Baedeker, even though he died in 1859. His guidebooks have a permanent pattern, making travel essentially a matter of sightseeing, looking at places rather than at people. (47) His achievement was to find sights that could be guaranteed to be there all the time, to be clearly identifiable, dated and classified according to the amount of admiration they deserved. He made visits to old monuments and to art museums—the staple diet of the traveler, drawing attention away from the living inhabitants. To this day, tourism is a course in history, architecture, aesthetics, and the appreciation of hotels and food. (48) The cult of "sights" has grown so much that most foreign (organized) travel involves virtually no contact with the natives, beyond those who specialize in catering for tourists. The business traveler tends to meet mainly people in his own profession. How different from the itinerary of a modern package holiday is this program, drawn up by an Englishman, Sir Francis Head, in 1852, before the guide books told tourists what to do. In Paris, he visited the municipal pawnshop, the asylum for blind youths, where Braille, still unknown in England, was being used, a prison, an orphanage for abandoned children, the Salpetriere old people"s home, the morgue, the national printing works, the military academy, the national assembly, the public laundry, and finally he attended/he lectures at the Conservatory for Arts and Crafts. The rise of bureaucratic officialdom soon stopped that kind of curiosity; but perhaps today a new openness will allow it to express itself again. In former times, the attraction of foreign travel was often that people did abroad what they dared not do at home, which is shy foreign countries won reputations for sexual debauchery. (The French considered England as debauched as the English visitors to the Folies Bergeres imagined the French to be.) (49) But now that a visit to France is no longer a dangerous adventure, and that an international uniformity exists in so many of the goods and facilities the tourist encounters, where is the excitement, and where are the new discoveries? It is to be found in the people. (50) The foreignness in foreign travel today must come mainly from meeting individuals whom one would not normally meet at home.

【F1】 The value which society places on work has traditionally been closely associated with the value of individualism and as a result it has had negative effects on the development of social security. It has meant that in the first place the amount of benefits must be small lest people' s willingness to work and support themselves suffers. Even today with flat rate and earnings-related benefits, the total amount of the benefit must always be smaller than the person's wages for fear of malingering."The purpose of social security," said Huntford referring to Sweden's comparatively generous benefits, "is to dispel need without crossing the threshold of prosperity." Second, social security benefits are granted under conditions designed to reduce the likelihood of even the boldest of spirits attempting to live on the State rather than work. Many of the rules surrounding the payment of unemployment or supplementary benefit are for this purpose. Third, the value placed on work is manifested in a more positive way as in the case of disability.【F2】 People suffering from accidents incurred at work or from occupational diseases receive preferential treatment by the social security service compared with those suffering from civil accidents and ordinary illnesses. Yet, the stranglehold which work has had on the social security service has been increasingly loosened over the years. The provision of family allowances, family income supplements, the slight liberalization of the wages stop are some of the manifestations of this trend.【F3】 Similarly, the preferential treatment given to occupational disability by the social security service has been increasingly questioned with the demands for the upgrading of benefits for the other types of disability. It is felt that in contemporary industrial societies the distinction between occupational and non-occupational disability is artificial for many non-occupational forms of disability have an industrial origin even if they do not occur directly in the workplace.【F4】 There is also the additional reason which we mentioned in the argument for one benefit for all one-parent families, that a modern social security service must concentrate on meeting needs irrespective of the cause behind such needs. The relationship between social security and work is not all a one-way affair.【F5】 It is true that until very recently the general view was that social security "represented a type of luxury and was essentially anti-economic." It was seen as merely government expenditure for the needy. As we saw, however, redundancy payments and earnings-related unemployment benefits have been used with some success by employers and the government to reduce workers' opposition towards loss of their jobs.