Energy will be one of the defining issues of this century. One thing is clear: the era of (1)_____ Oil is over. What we all do next will determine how well we meet the energy needs of the entire world in this century and (2)_____.Demand is soaring like (3)_____ before. As populations grow and economies (4)_____, millions in the developing world are enjoying the benefits of a lifestyle that (5)_____ increasing amounts of energy. In fact, some say that in 20 years the world will (6)_____ 40% more oil than it does today. At the same time, many of the world"s oil and gas fields are (7)_____. And new energy discoveries are mainly occurring in places where resources are difficult to (8)_____, physically, economically and even politically. When growing demand meets (9)_____ supplies, the result is more (10)_____ for the same resources. We can wait until a crisis forces us to do something. (11)_____ we can (12)_____ to working together, and start by asking the (13)_____ questions: How do we meet the energy needs of the developing world and those of industrialized nations? What role will renewables and (14)_____ energies play? What is the best way to protect our environment? How do we accelerate our conservation efforts? (15)_____ actions we take, we must look not just to next year, (16)_____ to the next 50 years. At Chevron, we believe that innovation, collaboration and conservation are the (17)_____ on which to build this new world. We cannot do this alone. Corporations, governments and every citizen of this planet must be part of the solution as (18)_____ as they are part of the problem. We (19)_____ scientists and educators, politicians and policy-makers, environmentalists, leaders of industry and each one of you to be part of (20)_____ the next era of energy.

BPart B/B

Write a letter to your friend Tom who posted you a Japanese dictionary from Japan on your birthday. Express your appreciation. You should include the details you think necessary. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

The Democratic Party is the party of longest continuous existence.

"What"s tile difference between God and Larry Ellison?" asks an old software industry joke. Answer God doesn"t think he"s Larry Ellison. The boss of Oracle is hardly alone among corporate chiefs in having a reputation for being rather keen on himself. Indeed, until the bubble burst and the public turned nasty at the start of the decade, the worship of the celebrity chief executive seemed to demand bossly narcissism, as evidence that a firm was being led by an all-conquering hero. Narcissus met a nasty end, of course. And in recent years, boss-worship has come to be seen as bad for business. In his management bestseller, "Good to Great", Jim Collins argued that the truly successful bosses were not the self-proclaimed stars who adorn the covers of Forbes and Fortune, but instead self-effacing, thoughtful sorts who lead by inspiring example. A statistical answer may be at hand. For the first time, a new study, "It"s All About Me", to be presented next week at the annual gathering of the American Academy of Management, offers a systematic, empirical analysis of what effect narcissistic bosses have on the firms they run. The authors, Arijit Chatterjee and Donald Hambrick, of Pennsylvania State University, examined narcissism in the upper rank of 105 firms in the computer and software industries. To do this, they had to solve a practical problem: studies of narcissism have relied on surveying individuals personally, something for which few chief executives are likely to have time or inclination. So the authors devised an index of narcissism using six publicly available indicators obtainable without the co-operation of the boss. These are: the prominence of the boss"s photo in the annual report; his prominence in company press releases; the length of his "Who"s Who" entry; the frequency of his use of the first person singular in interviews; and the ratios of his cash and non-cash compensation to those of the firm"s second-highest paid executive. Narcissism naturally drives people to seek positions of power and influence, and because great self-esteem helps your professional advance, say the authors, chief executives will tend on average to be more narcissistic than the general population. Messrs Chatterjee and Hambrick found that highly narcissistic bosses tended to make bigger changes in the use of important resources, such as research and development, or in spending; they carried out more and bigger mergers and acquisitions; and their results were both more extreme(more big wins or big losses)and more unstable than those of firms run by their humbler peers.

【F1】 We"re moving; into another era, as the toxic effects of the bubble and its grave consequences spread through the financial system. Just a couple of years ago investors dreamed of 20 percent returns forever. Now surveys show that they"re down to a "realistic" 8 percent to 10 percent range. But what if the next few years turn out to be below normal expectations? Martin Barners of the Bank Credit Analyst in Montreal expects future stock returns to average just 4 percent to 6 percent. Sound impossible?【F2】 After a much smaller bubble that burst in the mid-1960s Standard & Poor"s 5 000 stock average returned 6.9 percent a year(with dividends reinvested)for the following 17 years. Few investors are prepared for that. Right now denial seems to be the attitude of choice."That"s typical," says Lori Lucas of Hewitt, the consulting firm. You hate to look at your investments when they"re going down. Hewitt tracks 500,000 401(k)accounts every day, and finds that savers are keeping their contributions up. But they"re much less inclined to switch their money around. "It"s the slot-machine effect," Lucas says, "People get more interested in playing when they think they"ve got a hot machine—and nothing"s hot today. The average investor feels overwhelmed."【F3】 Against all common sense, many savers still shut their eyes to the dangers of owning too much company stock. In big companies last year, a surprising 29 percent of employees held at least three quarters of their 402(k)in their own stock. Younger employees may have no choice. You often have to wait until you"re 50 or 55 before you can sell any company stock you get as a matching contribution.【F4】 But instead of getting out when they can, old participants have been holding, too. One third of the people 60 and up chose company stock for three quarters of their plan, Hewitt reports. Are they inattentive? Loyal to a fault? Sick? It"s as if Lucent, Enron and Xerox never happened. No investor should give his or her total trust to any particular company"s stock. And while you"re at it, think how you"d be if future stock returns—averaging good years and bad—are as poor as Barnes predicts.【F5】 If you ask me, diversified stocks remain good for the long run, with a backup in bonds. But I, too, am figuring on reduced returns. What a shame. Dear bubble, I"ll never forget. It"s the end of a grand affair.

There is no smoke without fire.

The use of nuclear power has already spread all over the world. (1)_____, scientists still have not agreed with what should be done with the large (2)_____ of waste materials that (3)_____ to increase every year. Most waste materials (4)_____ of simply by placing them somewhere. But nuclear waste must be (5)_____ with great care. It (6)_____ dangerous radiation and it will continue to be (7)_____ for hundreds of thousands, even millions of years. How should we get (8)_____ of such waste material in such a way (9)_____ it will not harm the (10)_____? Where can we (11)_____ distribute it? One idea is to put this radioactive waste inside a thick container, which is (12)_____ dropped to the deep bottom of the ocean. (13)_____ some scientists believe that this way of (14)_____ nuclear waste could kill fish and other living things in the oceans or interfere (15)_____ their growth. Another way to (16)_____ nuclear waste is to send it into space, to the sun, (17)_____ it would be burned. Other scientists suggest that this polluting material be (18)_____ thousands of meters under the earth"s surface. Such underground areas must be free (19)_____ possible earthquakes, and advances are being made. But it may still be many years (20)_____ this problem could be finally settled.

For the first time, George Bush has acknowledged the existence of secret CIA prisons around the world, where key terrorist suspects—100 in all, officials say—have been interrogated with "an alternative set of procedures". Fourteen of the suspects, including the alleged mastermind of the September 11th attacks, were transferred on Monday to the American naval base at Guantanamo Bay in Cuba, where some will face trial for war crimes before special military commissions. Many of these men—as Mr. Bush confirmed in a televised speech at the White House on September 6th—are al-Qaeda operatives or Taliban fighters who had sought to withhold information that could "save American lives". "In these cases, it has been necessary to move these individuals to an environment where they can be held secretly (and) questioned by experts", the president said. He declined to say where they had been held or why they had not simply been sent straight to Guantanamo, as some 770 other suspected terrorists have been. Mr. Bush also refused to reveal what interrogation methods had been used, saying only that, though "tough", they had been "safe and lawful and necessary". Many believe that the main purpose of the CIA"s prisons was to hide from prying eyes the torture and other cruel or degrading treatment used to extract information from prisoners. But Mr. Bush insisted that America did not torture: "It"s against our laws, and it"s against our values. I have not authorised it and I will not authorise it". The pentagon this week issued its long-awaited new Army Field Manual, forbidding all forms of torture and degrading treatment of prisoners by army personnel—though not the CIA. For the first time, it specifically bans forced nakedness, hooding, the Use of dogs, sexual humiliation and "water-boarding" (simulated drowning)—all practices that have been used at Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib. So why did the president decide now to reveal the CIA"s secret programme? Partly, he confessed; because of the Supreme Court"s recent ruling that minimum protections under the Geneva Conventions applied to all military prisoners, no matter where they were. This has put American agents at risk of prosecution for war crimes. Mr. Bush has now asked Congress to ban suspected terrorists from suing American personnel in federal courts.

A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan160—200words.B.Youressaymustbewrittenclearly.C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:1)Describethepicture,2)interpretitsmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as "hard", the social sciences as "soft", and the biological sciences as somewhere in between. This is interpreted to mean that our knowledge of physical systems is more certain than our knowledge of biological systems, and these in turn are more certain than our knowledge of social systems. In terms of bur capacity to sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable. We are able to sample earth"s social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on, is not very "dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience. In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, of even of earth"s geological history, can easily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data comes in and new theories are worked out. If we define the "security" of our image of various parts of the total system as the probability of their suffering significant changes, then we would reverse the order of hardness and see the social sciences as the most secure, the physical sciences as the least secure, and again the biological sciences as somewhere in between. Our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping is trivial as compared with the rich records of the social systems, or even the limited records of biological systems. Records of the astronomical universe, despite the fact that we see distant things as they were long ago, are limited in the extreme. Even in regard to such a close neighbor as the moon, which we have actually visited, theories about its origin and history are extremely different, contradictory, and hard to choose among. Our knowledge of physical evolution is incomplete and highly insecure.

In the following article, some sentences have been removed. Choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) I remember one night a few years ago when my daughter was frantic with worry. After my Harvard Extension School classes, I usually arrived at the bus station near my home by 11 p.m., but on that night I was nowhere to be found. My daughter was nervous. It wasn"t safe for a single woman to walk alone on the streets at night, especially one as defenseless as I am: I can slay a mugger with my sharp wit, but I am just too short to do any real physical damage. That night my daughter checked the bus station, drove around the streets, and contacted some friends. But she couldn"t find me—until she called my astronomy professor who told her that I was on top of the Science Center using the telescope to gaze at the stars. Unaware of the time, I had gotten lost in the heavens and was only thinking about the new things I had learned that night in class. This story illustrates a habit I have developed over the years: I lose track of the time when it comes to learning. (41)______. I may have started late; but I will continue to learn as long as I am able because there is no greater feeling, in my opinion, than traveling to a faraway country as I have and being able to identify by sight the painting of a famous artist, the statue of an obscure sculptor, the cathedral of an ancient architect. (42)______. So I will continue to take classes and tell my story. Lately it seems that everyone is asking me, "Mary, what advice do you have for other students?" So while I have you all here, I m going to ease my burden of answering you each individually: (43)______. So listen to me when I tell you this: Knowledge is power. My studies were interrupted when I was in the 7th grade, back sometime around World War I. I loved school but I was forced to leave it to care for my family. I was con-signed to work in a Rhode Island cotton mill, where I labored for many years. I eventually married and raised 5 children, 20 grandchildren, and 18 great-grandchildren. But all the while I felt inferior to those around me. I knew I was as smart as a college graduate. I knew I was capable of doing a job well—I had proved it by running a successful family business for decades that still exists. But I wanted more. I wanted to feel confident when I spoke and I Wanted people to respect my opinions. Does it surprise you to discover how much you have in common with an 89 year old woman? (44)______. (45)______. That belief is what has motivated me for the last 75 years to get this degree. It is also the mission of the Harvard Extension School. Without the support I received from this school, I might not have graduated until I was 100—a phrase that many of you have probably used in jest.A. If the saying is true that wisdom comes with age, you may safely assume that I am one of the wisest people in this hall and possibly at this university today.B. f know that many of you graduates today, whether you were "born in 1907 or 1967, have faced similar barriers to completing your studies and have sometimes felt inferior around those you work or socialize with just because you didn"t have a degree.C. If you have treated education as your main goal, and not as s means to an end. Then you, too, have probably been claimed as a missing person once in your academic career, whether you were lost in the stars or the stacks of Widener Library.D. But I am here today like you are—to prove that it can be done; that the power gained by understanding and appreciating the world around us can be obtained by anyone regardless of social status, personal challenges, or age.E. How else do you explain a woman who began high school at age 71 and who is graduating with a bachelor s degree at 89?F. And you, too, know that the journey was worth it, and that the power of knowledge makes me the most formidable 89-year-old woman at the bus stop.G. I have found that the world is a final exam that you can never be prepared enough for.

The problem with today"s housing crisis, politically, is that it is just not all that visible. At the end of the Second World War, families with kids【C1】______into shared houses. In 1946, more than 46,000 families took over military camps, empty hotels and flats. That was a(n)【C2】______housing crisis. Today"s does not come【C3】______: most people still have somewhere to live. It is nonetheless【C4】______, and worthy of political attention. But the question of exactly why our expensive homes【C5】______a crisis is more subtly depicted than it can appear. Since 1973 at least, the total number of "dwellings" has climbed far faster than the population. How is this possible, 【C6】______that building rates have【C7】______? And doesn"t it mean that there isn"t really a housing crisis? First, in the 1960s and 1970s, while councils happily knocked【C8】______new estates, they were also busy pulling down lots of old "【C9】______" houses too. Social housing helped people move from broken old crowded houses into【C10】______new flats or houses, typically with much more【C11】______. Meanwhile, new homes were built on green fields. Average household sizes【C12】______ dramatically, even as the average house got bigger. Though the housing stock【C13】______by less than the rate of building,【C14】______got a lot more space in which to live. In recent decades, 【C15】______, everyone has got a lot less space. We have had【C16】______little new building, but【C17】______we have magically created lots of new housing. Essentially, so far, the housing crisis has been【C18】______by subdividing our homes to【C20】______the extra population growth.【C19】______, what new homes we do build are the smallest in the developed world.

Humans have altered the world"s climate by (1)_____ heat-trapping gases since almost the beginning of civilization and even prevented the start of an ice age several thousand years ago, a scientist said. Most scientists (2)_____ a rise (3)_____ global temperatures over the past century (4)_____ to emissions of carbon dioxide (5)_____ human activities like driving cars and operating factories. Dr. William Ruddiman, a professor at the University of Virginia, said at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (6)_____ humans" effect (7)_____ climate went back nearly 10, 000 years (8)_____ people gave up hunting and gathering and began farming. In a commentary accompanying the article, Dr. Thomas J. Crowley of Duke University, said he (9)_____ Dr. Ruddiman"s premise at first. "But when I started reading, Dr. Crowley wrote, "I could not help but (10)_____ whether he just might be (11)_____ something." The climate of the last 10,000 years has been unusually stable, (12)_____ civilization to flourish. But that is only because people chopped down swaths of forest in Europe, China and India for croplands and pastures. Carbon dioxide (13)_____ by the destruction of the forests, plus methane, another heat-trapping gas, (14)_____ by irrigated rice fields in Southeast Asia, trapped enough heat to (15)_____ an expected natural cooling. Levels of carbon dioxide and methane rise and fall in natural cycles (16)_____ thousands of years, and both reached a peak at the end of the last ice age 11;000 years ago. Both then declined (17)_____ expected. Both (18)_____ declining through the present day, leading to lower temperatures, and a new ice age should have begun 4,000 to 5,000 years ago, Dr. Ruddiman said. Instead, levels of carbon dioxide reversed 8,000 wears ago. The decline (19)_____ methane levels reversed 5,000 years ago, (20)_____ with the advent of irrigation rice farming.

People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.

While everyone is different, there arc a few common themes that surface for those with a history of abuse. For instance, it"s unlikely that one who suffered abuse was taught much about boundaries. Yet good boundaries are inherent in any healthy relationship. This comes up in a variety of ways. For example, many couples have learned to be very careful not to say hurtful things to their partner during a fight; they"ve learned not to be flirtatious with others if they are in an exclusive relationship. " These may seem like small concerns, but they actively maintain safety and respect, both for each other and for the integrity of the relationship. People without abuse history typically recognize when another person(man or woman)is "coming onto" them inappropriately, and they have no trouble telling the "intruder," so to speak, to back off. With abuse history, especially if the abuse was chronic, we don"t even recognize inappropriate behavior, because such behavior was "normalized" during one"s childhood. The abuse survivor then is less likely to take steps to protect oneself, and is left with an array of feelings, including frustration, disappointment, confusion, anger, and resignation. How different it becomes when the survivor learns to recognize inappropriate behavior for what it is, use appropriate boundaries, move on, and then be able to open to what we do want, a person who is respectful, loving, honest, and so on. "As children, when our parents directly contradict our inner voice, our intuitive knowing, we"ll trust them and discount our own truth. As adults, we have to learn to trust our intuition all over again. " Another unfortunate, but repairable, side effect of sexual abuse is that we have often lost trust in our intuition. If our intuition told us that something that happened wasn"t right, hut all the adults in our family said, "I don"t see any problem here", or "You"re lying! Shame on you!" we get confused. As children we need to trust our parents for our basic survival. When our parents say and do things that directly contradict our inner voice, our intuitive knowing, we"ll trust mom or dad, and discount ourselves. For children, it"s safer this way. But as adults, it takes retraining to trust our intuition again. This is a gradual process, but it can be done. Once we trust our inner knowing more fully, we become confident, more empowered, and more able to receive what is beneficial to us. Love, trust, intimacy, and ease are not only possible; they are our birthright. We mustn"t allow someone else"s violation of us to impede our right to love and be loved. Thankfully, we don"t have to.

TheImportanceofAbidingbyTrafficRulesWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

Michael Porter, who has made his name throughout the business community by advocating his theories of competitive advantages, is now swimming into even more shark-infested waters, arguing that competition can save even America"s troubled health-care system, the largest in the world. Mr. Porter argues in "Redefining Health Care" that competition, if properly applied, can also fix what ails this sector. That is a bold claim, given the horrible state of America"s health-care system. Just consider a few of its failings: America pays more per capita for health care than most countries, but it still has some 45m citizens with no health insurance at all. While a few receive outstanding treatment, he shows in heart-wrenching detail that most do not. The system, wastes huge resources on paperwork, ignores preventive care and, above all, has perverse incentives that encourage shifting costs rather than cutting them outright. He concludes that it is "on a dangerous path, with a toxic combination of high costs, uneven quality, frequent errors and limited access to care". Many observers would agree with this diagnosis, but many would undoubtedly disagree with this advocacy of more market forces. Doctors have an intuitive distrust of competition, which they often equate with greed, while many public-policy thinkers argue that the only way to fix America"s problem is to quash the private sector"s role altogether and instead set up a government monopoly like Britain"s National Health Service. Mr. Porter strongly disagrees. He starts by acknowledging that competition, as it has been introduced to America"s health system, has in fact done more harm than good. But he argues that competition has been introduced piecemeal, in incoherent and counter-productive ways that lead to perverse incentives and worse outcomes: "health-care competition is not focused on delivering value for patients", he says. Mr. Porter offers a mix of solutions to fix this mess, and thereby to put the sector on a genuinely competitive footing. First comes the seemingly obvious (but as yet unrealized) goal of data transparency. Second is a redirection of competition from the level of health plans, doctors, clinics and hospitals, to competition "at the level of medical conditions, which is all but absent". The authors argue that the right measure of "value" for the health sector should be how well a patient with a given health condition fares over the entire cycle of treatment, and what the cost is for that entire cycle. That rightly emphasizes the role of early detection and preventive care over techno-fixes, pricey pills and the other failings of today"s system. If there is a failing in this argument, it is that he sometimes strays toward naive optimism. Mr. Porter argues, for example, that his solutions are so commonsensical that private actors in the health system could forge ahead with them profitably without waiting for the government to fix its policy mistakes. That is a tempting notion, but it falls into a trap that economists call the fallacy of the $20 bill on the street. If there really were easy money on the pavement, goes the argument, surely previous passers-by would have bent over and picked it up by now. In the same vein, if Mr. Porter"s prescriptions are so sensible that companies can make money even now in the absence of government policy changes, why in the world have they not done so already? One reason may be that they can make more money in the current suboptimal equilibrium than in a perfectly competitive market—which is why government action is probably needed to sweep aside the many obstacles in the way of Mr. Porter"s powerful vision.

(46) Women make up 40 percent of the world"s work force in agriculture, a quarter in industry, and a third in services. Women farmers in the developing countries grow at least 50 percent of the world"s food, as much as 80 percent in some African countries. (47) In addition to income and generating activities (in cash and kind), women"s household activities include caring for the sick, house maintenance, and such vital work as caring for children, preparing food, and fetching firewood and water. Yet women"s productivity remains low. A woman works both in income-generating work and in home production. Improving women"s productivity can contribute to growth, efficiency, and poverty reduction? A key development goals everywhere. (48) Investing in women—in education, health, family planning—is thus an important part of development strategy as well as a matter of social justice. It is an integral part of the World Bank"s overall strategy for poverty reduction that calls for broadly based, labor-absorbing economic growth and improved human resource development. (49) If long-term change in the conditions of women is to be achieved, the actions and attitudes of men must change and it is important that men be brought along in the process of change. For example, family planning information campaigns should be aimed at men as well as women because it is when men and women are able to make joint informed decisions on family size, child spacing, and appropriate methods of contraception, that these programs are most successful. Likewise, problems affecting women are often close-related to the social relationships between men and women. (50) For example, many women"s health problems are embedded in unequal gender relation in work loads, responsibilities for family welfare, and access to resources and decision-making; it is impossible to deal effectively with women"s health problems through approaches that deal only with women.