TheGuideWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

Real policemen hardly recognize any resemblance between their lives and what they see on TV. The first difference is that a policeman"s real life revolves found criminal law. He has to know exactly what actions are crimes and what evidence can be used to prove them in court. He has to know nearly as much law as a professional lawyer, and what is more, he has to apply it on his feet, in the dark and-rain, running down a street after someone he wants to talk to. Little of his time is spent in chatting, he will spend most of his working life typing millions of words on thousands of forms about hundreds of sad, unimportant people who are guilty of stupid, petty crimes. Most television crime drama is about finding the criminal: as soon as he"s arrested, the story is over. In real life, finding criminals is seldom much of a problem. Except in very serious cases like murders and terrorist attacks little effort is spent on searching. Having made an arrest, a detective really starts to work. He has to prove his case in court and to do that he often has to gather a lot of difference evidence. The third big difference between the drama detective and the real one is the unpleasant pressures, first, as members of a police force they always have to behave absolutely in accordance with the law~ secondly, as expensive public servants they have to get results. They can hardly ever do both. Most of the time some of them have to break the rules in small ways. If the detective has to deceive the world, the world often deceives him. Hardly anyone he meets tells him the truth. And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest of the world is deepened by the simple-mindedness—as he sees it—of citizens, social workers, doctors, law-makers, and judges, who, instead of eliminating crime punish the criminals less severely in the hope that this will make them reform. The result, detectives feel, is that nine-tenths of their work is recatching people who should have stayed behind bars. This makes them rather cynical.

The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases【C1】______the trial of Rosemary West. In a significant【C2】______of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a【C3】______bill that will propose making payments to witnesses【C4】______and will strictly control the amount of 【C5】______that can be given to a case【C6】______a trial begins. In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons Media Select Committee, Lord Irvine said he【C7】______with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 【C8】______sufficient control. 【C9】______of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a【C10】______of media protest when he said the 【C11】______of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges【C12】______to Parliament. The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which【C13】______the European Convention on Human Rights legally【C14】______in Britain, laid down that everybody was【C15】______to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. "Press freedoms will be in safe hands【C16】______our British judges," he said. Witness payments became an【C17】______fter West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were【C18】______to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised【C19】______witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to【C20】______guilty verdicts.

You are going to read an article which is followed by a list of examples or headings. Choose the most suitable one from the list A-F for each numbered position(41-45). There may be certain extra which you do not need to use. (10 points) Let China sleep, for when she wakes, she will shake the world. Until recently, the world happily ignored Napoleon"s warning. But China is now shaking the world. The US was the first continental capitalist economy. The European Union is trying to become a second. Potentially, China dwarfs them both. Already, it is a big and controversial presence in the global economy. Its impact is certain to increase still further. Fear is an inevitable response to this growing upheaval. But how far is it justified? And what is the best response? (41) The amazing achievements of China"s trade China"s trade performance has, indeed, been astonishing. Between 1980 and 2002, China"s share in global exports and imports rose from 1.2 percent and 1.1 percent, to 5.2 percent and 4.2 percent, respectively. From 1993 to 2002, the volume of China"s exports of goods rose at an annual rate of 17.3 percent. (42) How to evaluate the impact of China"s trade To assess the impact of China"s trade, one must start with its comparative advantage and trade policies. (43) China has reduced her tariffs In 1992, average statutory tariffs on manufactures were 43.5 percent. After accession to the World Trade Organization, this will be down to 6.9 percent. For primary products, the decline is from 22.3 to 3.6 percent. (44) Good or bad news? Between 1979 and 2001, China"s terms of trade-the ratio of the prices of its exports to those of its imports-fell by 30 per cent. As China"s growth drives down the relative price of her exports, countries that compete in third markets suffer declining profitability and market shares. But net importers of China"s exports and net exporters of her imports benefit. (45) The effect of direct Chinese competition Gains are even available to countries that would seem vulnerable to direct Chinese competition. The reason is the vertical integration of Chinese production. In 1998, just under a quarter of the value of Chinese exports contained direct and indirect imports. Not surprisingly, such production is particularly relevant to China"s neighbors. How should other countries respond to the Chinese shock? "Calmly" is the best advice. The biggest reason for calm comes from history. If China is permitted to thrive as a dynamic exporter of cheap manufactures, its people will obtain the prosperity they want. If China is thwarted by protectionist barriers, its people will be correspondingly frustrated and dangerous. The challenges of accommodating a wide-awake China will be huge. But they can and must be risen to.A. China also reduced the coverage of non-tariff barriers from 32.5 percent of imports to 21.6 percent between 1996 and 2001. This liberalization further increase the competitiveness of China"s exports, because a tax on imports is also a tax on exports.B. Another World Bank study notes, for example, that between 1985 and 2001, exports from other East Asian emerging market economies to China grew from 59 billion to 835 billion. In 2001, 15 percent of East Asians exports to China consisted of parts of office machines and telecommunications equipment and electronic microcircuits, all of which were for assembly and re-export.C. If current trends were sustained (which is unlikely), China"s exports would surpass those of the US by about 2010. Over the 12 months to may 2003, Chinese exports of 3,660 billion were the world"s fourth largest, after those of the US, Germany and Japan. Its imports, at 3,230 billion, were the sixth largest, but will soon be bigger than those of Japan, the UK and France.D. In general, commodity exporters and exporters of sophisticated goods and services gain, while other labor abundant countries lose.E. China now enjoys significant foreign investment inflows. The volume of capital flows to developing countries is determined primarily by global conditions, not by local economic performance. Countries can increase their share of this capital by managing their economies well, but conditions in the rich countries will always matter more, and these are hard to predict.F. The former rests on almost limitless supplies of cheap labor. The latter have become remarkably liberal.

(46) We"re all too familiar with the concept of technology as a double-edged sword, and wire less is no exception. In fact, the back edge of this rapier is sharp enough to draw blood. Yes, the idea of shedding wires and cables is exhilarating: we can go anywhere and still maintain intimate con tact with our work, our loved ones and our real-time sports scores. (47) But the same persistent connectedness may well lead us toward a future in which our cell phones tag and track us like FedEx packages, sometimes when we"re not aware. To see how this might work, check out Worktrack, a product from a California "mobile services"" company Aligo. The system is sold to employers who want to automate and verify digital time logs on their workers in the field. The first customers are in the heating and air-conditioning business. (48) Workers have GPS-equipped cell phones that locate precisely their positions to computers in the head office; therefore, their journey can be checked against the "Ceo Fence" their employers draw up, indicating the area where their work is situated. "If they"re not in the right area, they"re really not working, "says Aligo CEO Robent Smith. "A notification will come to the back office that they"re not where they should be". The system also tracks how fast the workers drive, so the employer can verify to insurance companies that no one is speeding. All of this is perfectly legal, of course, as employers have the right to monitor their workers. Worktrack is only one of a number of services devoted to tracking humans. (49) For example, parents use similar schemes to make sure their kids are safe, and many drivers are already allowing safety monitors to keep GPS records on their travels. Look for the practice to really explode as mobile-phone makers continue to incorporate GPS in their handsets. The prospect of being tracked "turns the freedom of mobile telephony upside down". (50) In fact, if information from the GPS signals is retained, it would be trivial to retain a log of an individual"s movements over a period of years. An even darker view is proposed by two academics who wrote a paper warning of the advent of "geoslavery." Its definition: "a practice in which one entity, the master, forcibly or stealthily monitors and exerts control over the physical location of another individual to routinely control time, location, speed and direction for each and every movement of the slave."

What"s your earliest childhood memory? Can you remember learning to walk? Or talk? The first time you 【C1】______ thunder or watched a television program? Adults seldom【C2】______ events much earlier than the year or so before entering school, just as children younger than three or four【C3】______ retain any specific, personal experiences. A variety of explanations have been【C4】______ by psychologists for this "childhood amnesia". One argues that the hippocampus, the region of the brain which is responsible for forming memories, does not mature【C5】______about the age of two. But the most popular theory 【C6】______ that, since adults do not think like children, they cannot【C7】______ childhood memories. Adults think in words, and their life memories are like stories or【C8】______— one event follows 【C9】______—as in a novel or film. But when they search through their mental【C10】______for early childhood memories to add to this verbal life story, they don"t find any that fits the【C11】______ . It"s like trying to find a Chinese word in an English dictionary. Now psychologist Annette Simms of the New York State University offers a new【C12】______for childhood amnesia. She argues that there simply【C13】______any early childhood memories to recall. According to Dr. Simms, children need to learn to use【C14】______spoken description of their personal experiences in order to turn their own short-term, quickly【C15】______ impressions of them into long-term memories. In other【C16】______ , children have to talk about their experiences and hear others talk about【C17】______—Mother talking about the afternoon 【C18】______looking for seashells at the beach or Dad asking them about their day at Ocean park. Without this 【C19】______reinforcement, says Dr. Simms, children cannot form 【C20】______memories of their personal experiences.

No energy can be created, and none destroyed.

In the college-admissions wars, we parents are the true fighters. We"re pushing our kids to get good grades, take SAT preparatory courses and build resumes so they can get into the college of our first choice. We say our motives are selfless and sensible. A degree from Stanford or Princeton is the ticket for life. If Aaron and Nicole don"t get in, they"re forever doomed. Gosh, we"re delusional. I"ve twice been to the wars, and as I survey the battlefield, something different is happening. It"s the one-upmanship among parents. We see our kids" college rating as medals proving how well or how poorly we"ve raised them. But we can"t acknowledge that our obsession is more about us than them. So we"ve contrived various justifications that turn out to be half-truths, prejudices or myths. It actually doesn"t matter much whether Aaron and Nicole go to Stanford. Admissions anxiety afflicts only a minority of parents. It"s true that getting into college has generally become tougher because the number of high-school graduates has grown. From 1994 to 2006, the increase is 28 percent. Still, 64 percent of freshmen attend schools where acceptance rates exceed 70 percent, and the application surge at elite schools dwarfs population growth. Take Yale. In 1994, it accepted 18.9 percent of 12,991 applicants; this year it admitted only 8.6 percent of 21,000. We have a full-blown prestige panic; we worry that there won"t be enough medals to go around. Fearful parents prod their children to apply to more schools than ever. "The epicenters (of parental anxiety) used to be on the coasts, Boston, New York, Washington, Los Angeles", says Tom Parker, Amherst"s admissions dean. "But it"s radiated throughout the country". Underlying the hysteria is the belief that scarce elite degrees must be highly valuable. Their graduates must enjoy more success because they get a better education and develop better contacts. All that"s plausible and mostly wrong. "We haven"t found any convincing evidence that selectivity or prestige matters", says Ernest T. Pascarella of the University of Iowa, co author of "How College Affects Students", an 827-page evaluation of hundreds of studies of the college experience. Selective schools don"t systematically employ better instructional approaches than less-selective schools, according to a study by Pascarella and George Kuh of Indiana University. Some do; some don"t. On two measures professors" feedback and the number of essay exams selective schools do slightly worse.

Their action was more than justified.

Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. (46) These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair. I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy—so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of my life for a few hours of this joy. (47) I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness—that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. (48) I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what—at last—I have found. With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine...A little of this, but not much, I have achieved. Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart. (49) Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer. This has been my life, (50) I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.

The importance and focus of the interview in the work of the print and broadcast journalist is reflected in several books that have been written on the topic. Most of these books as well as several chapters, mainly in, but not limited to, journalism and broadcasting handbooks and reporting texts, stress the "how to" aspects of journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview, its context, and implications. Much of the "how to" material is based on personal experiences and general impressions. As we know, in journalism as in other fields much can be learned from the systematic study of professional practice. Such study brings together evidence from which broad generalized principles can be developed. There is, as has been suggested, a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting, but very little significant attention has been devoted to, the study of the interview itself. On the other hand, many general texts as well as numerous research articles on interviewing in fields other than journalism have been written. Many of these books and articles present the theoretical and empirical(经验的) aspects of the interview as well as the training of the interviewers. Unhappily, this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to the journalistic interview. The fact that the general literature on interviewing does not deal with the journalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons. First, it seems likely that most people in modern western societies are more familiar, at least in a positive manner, with journalistic interviewing than with any other form of interviewing. Most of us are probably somewhat familiar with the clinical interview, such as that conducted by physicians and psychologists. In these situations the professional person or interviewer is interested in getting information necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of the person seeking help. Another familiar situation is the job interview. However, very few of us have actually been interviewed personally by the mass media, particularly by television. And yet, we have a vivid acquaintance with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as readers, listeners, and viewers. Even so, tree understanding of the journalistic interview, especially television interviews, requires thoughtful analyses and study, as this book indicates.

Writeanessayof160~200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould:1)describethedrawingbriefly;2)interpretthephenomenonreflectedbyit,andthen3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

Title: The Teacher-Student RelationshipOutline:1. A good teacher-student relationship benefits both teaching and learning.2. A teacher"s behavior is important for the establishment of a good teacher-student relationship.3. What should a student do for the establishment of a good teacher-student relationship?You should write about 160-200 words neatly.

Writeanessayof160—200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)advanceyourcounter-measures.Youshouldwriteneatly.(20points)

Shortly after September 11th, President Bush"s father observed that just as Pearl Harbor awakened this country from the notion that we could somehow avoid the call of duty to defend freedom in Europe and Asia in World War Ⅱ, so, too, should this most recent surprise attack erase the concept in some quarters that America can somehow go it alone in the fight against terrorism or in anything else for that matter. But America"s allies have begun to wonder whether that is the lesson that has been learned—or whether the Afghanistan campaign"s apparent success shows that unilateralism works just fine. The United States, that argument goes, is so dominant that it can largely afford to go it alone. It is true that no nation since Rome has loomed so large above the others, but even Rome eventually collapsed. Only a decade ago, the conventional wisdom lamented an America in decline. Bestseller lists featured books that described America"s fall. Japan would soon become "Number One". That view was wrong at the time, and when I wrote "Bound to Lead" in 1989, I, like others, predicted the continuing rise of American power. But the new conventional wisdom that America is invincible is equally dangerous if it leads to a foreign policy that combines unilateralism, arrogance and parochialism. A number of advocates of "realist" international relations theory have also expressed concern about America"s staying power. Throughout history, coalitions of countries have arisen to balance dominant powers, and the search for traditional shifts in the balance of power and new state challengers is well under way. Some see China as the new enemy; others envisage a Russia-China India coalition as the threat. But even if China maintains high growth rates of 6% while the United States achieves only 2%, it will not equal the United States in income per head until the last half of the century. Still others see a uniting Europe as a potential federation that will challenge the United States for primacy. But this forecast depends on a high degree of European political unity, and a low state of transatlantic relations. Although realists raise an important point about the leveling of power in the international arena, their quest for new cold-war-style challengers is largely barking up the wrong tree. They are ignoring deeper changes in the distribution and nature of power in the contemporary world. The paradox of American power in the 21st century is that the largest power since Rome cannot achieve its objectives unilaterally in a global information age.

Will robots take over the workforce? And if they do, what jobs will be left for us humans? Many discussions take a【C1】______view that the workforce will indeed be【C2】______by robots in the future—and why that is a good thing. Carl Bass, the chief executive of Autodesk, acknowledged that workplace automation has【C3】______or reduced many manufacturing jobs, and will continue to do so in the future,【C4】______major shifts in the labor market. Entire【C5】______such as trucking, will eventually be disrupted by robotic【C6】______like self-driving cars, he said. But, Bass asked: "Are the jobs【C7】______to automation ones that you would want for your children?" Few parents, he said, dreamed their kids would someday become fuel pumpers or elevator【C8】______jobs already replaced by automation. In the next 30 years, Bass added, smart machines and robots will【C9】______humans on the planet. Bass presented some【C10】______ideas to help societies deal with the structural【C11】______generated by a robot-heavy workforce, including taxing economic output rather than income, or【C12】______a "negative income tax," in which governments pay citizens a subsidy in order to【C13】______a level of income. "With our【C14】______and imagination, we will find harmony with the robots," Bass said. 【C15】______, other discussions focused on identifying jobs which were likely to remain【C16】______from robots. For example, hairdressers might be considered safe. But not because robots can"t cut hair—the relationship between hairdressers and their【C17】______simply can"t be robotized(And, some people might be【C18】______of a robot holding a sharp blade so close to their necks,【C19】______plenty of robots already perform delicate surgery.) Another job【C20】______safe? Roboticist.

Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions. 【F1】 The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. 【F2】 Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English—they would rather have stayed home—by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical New World community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants: one group came as indentured servants, another came to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration.【F3】 These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's, however, American employers demanded skilled artisans. Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished university, and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers.【F4】 It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. 【F5】 Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.

Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five- star general.

One of the basic characteristics of capitalism is the private ownership of the major means of production—capital. The ownership of large amounts of capital can bring (1)_____ profits, as well as economic and political power. Some recent theorists, (2)_____, have argued that our society has moved to a new stage of (3)_____ that they call "postindustrial" society. One important change in such a society is that the ownership of (4)_____ amounts of capital is no longer the only or even the most important (5)_____ of profits and influence; knowledge as well as (6)_____ capital brings profits and influence. There are many (7)_____ with the thesis above, not the least of (8)_____ is that wealthy capitalists can buy the experts and knowledge they need to keep their profits and influence. But this does not (9)_____ the importance of knowledge in an advanced industrial society, as the (10)_____ of some new industries indicates. (11)_____, genetic engineering and the new computer technology have (12)_____ many new firms and made some scientists quite rich. In (13)_____ with criticism of the postindustrial society thesis, however, it must also be (14)_____ that those already in control of huge amounts of capital (i.e., major corporations) soon (15)_____ to take most profits in these industries based on new knowledge. Moving down from the level of wealth and power, we still find knowledge increasingly (16)_____. Many new high-tech jobs are being created at the upper-middle-class level, but even more new jobs are being created in the low-skill, low-paying service (17)_____. Something like a caste line is emerging centered around knowledge. Individuals who fall too far behind in the (18)_____ of knowledge at a young age will find it almost impossible to catch up later, no matter how hard they try. Illiteracy in the English language has been a severe (19)_____ for many years in the United States, but we are also moving to the point when computer illiteracy will hinder many more people and (20)_____ them to a life of low-skill and low-paid labor.

If you go to a football game, a rock concert or a fraternity kegger, you will not be surprised to find people screaming, laughing, bumping chests, ringing cowbells, baying at the moon and generally shedding their inhibitions. If you attend a wedding ceremony, a funeral or a confirmation, however, you may expect those around you to comport themselves in a polite and restrained manner. School commencement exercises used to fall into the latter category, but they have been moving— make that descending—toward the former. The question being addressed in Galesburg, 111. , is whether to surrender to that slide or try to reverse it. And I"m happy to report that school officials there not only favor reversal but have actually managed to bring it about. They adopted several reforms, the most important of which was to establish clear rules and require students and parents to sign forms listing forbidden conduct—such as yelling, dancing, making gestures, using noisemakers and other "disruptive behavior". The school also spelled out the consequences "should the graduating student and/or family/friends admitted to the ceremony" misbehave: The student would be barred from the school party and would not get an actual diploma(though he or she would still be considered a graduate). An insert went into the commencement program in case anyone needed one last reminder. Administrators say the new policy produced a huge improvement. But this year, a few recalcitrants had to test the limits, and the school decided to withhold diplomas from five students. They were offered the chance to get their diplomas by performing eight hours of community service. On Wednesday, though, school officials relented, saying it was time "to move on". At a typical graduation, most people don"t need to be told to show courtesy and respect for others. But there are always some attendees who insist on calling attention to themselves. And all it takes is a handful of the unruly to spoil the experience for everyone else. Some people think that a commencement is a celebration, and that celebrations by definition should be unrestrained. By that logic, wedding guests should be blowing noisemakers during the recitation of vows. Modern America does not lack for parties. What it increasingly lacks is rituals that treat landmarks in life with a sense of solemnity. School officials in Galesburg may have fallen short of a perfect solution, but they at least are trying to preserve a tradition their community values. They understand that a society which treats every happy occasion as a frolic is a society in danger of forgetting that some moments are worthy of dignity, respect and even awe.