Biologically, there is only one quality which distinguishes us from animals: the ability to laugh. In a universe which appears to be utterly devoid of humor, we enjoy this supreme luxury. And it is a luxury, for unlike any other bodily process, laughter does not seem serve a biologically useful purpose. In a divided world, a laughter is a unifying force. Human beings oppose each other on a great many issues. Nations may disagree about systems of government and human relations may be plagued by ideological factions and political camps, but we all share the ability to laugh. And laughter, in turn, depends on the most complex and subtle of all-human qualities: a sense of humor. Certain comic stereotypes have a universal appeal. This can best be seen from the world-wide popularity of Charlie Chaplain"s early films. The little man at odds with society never fails to amuse no matter which country we come from. As that great commentator on human affairs, Dr. Samuel Johnson, once remarked, "Men have been wise in very different modes; but they have always laughed in the same way". A sense of humor may take various forms and laughter may be anything from refined tinkle to an earthquaking roar, but the effect is always the same. Humor helps us to maintain a correct sense of values. It is the one quality which political fanatics appear to lack. If we can see the funny side, we never make the mistake of taking ourselves too seriously. We are always reminded that tragedy is not really far removed from comedy, so we never get a lopsided view of things. This is one of the chief functions of satire and irony. Human pain and suffering are so grim; we hover so often on the brink of war, political realities are usually enough to plunge us into total despair. In such circumstances, cartoons and satirical accounts of somber political events redress the balance. They take the wind out of pompous and arrogant politicians who have lost their sense of proportion. They enable us to see that many of our most profound actions are merely comic or absurd. We laugh when a great satirist like Swift writes about wars in Gulliver"s Travels. The Lilliputians and their neighbors attack each other because they can"t agree which end to break an egg. We laugh because we are meant to laugh; hut we are meant to weep too. It is no wonder that in totalitarian regimes any satire against the Establishment is wholly banned. It is too powerful weapon to be allowed to flourish. The sense of humor must be singled out as man"s most important quality because it is associated with laughter. And laughter, in turn, is associated with happiness. Courage, determination, initiative—these are qualities we share with other forms of life. But the sense of humor is an unique human quality. If happiness is one of the great goals of life, then it is the sense of humor that provides the key.

Building up Self-confidence

TheShortBoardWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

The 21st century is a century of biotech revolution.【F1】 Yet before human beings are able to fully enjoy the fruits of the biotech development, the issue of human cloning arising therefore is already a problem that no one can evade. In the recent year, some scientists and organizations have made public their intentions to clone human beings. Human cloning is increasingly a reality, rather than a distant fantasy. According to some scientists, there are experiments on human cloning in most parts of the world. However, one must realize that human cloning may bring about complicated consequences. Therefore today, most countries, especially those with advanced biotechnology, explicitly ban or severely restrict human cloning. So far, 23 countries have regulations explicitly banning reproductive cloning.【F2】 Some scientists, doctors and legal experts have even asked the United Nations to seek an advisory opinion from the World Court declaring human cloning to be a crime against humanity. Nevertheless, few can reject the tremendous temptation of what therapeutic cloning can do in creating transplants and fighting diseases. Therefore, many countries are not so resolute and thorough in banning human embryo cloning. Besides, sufficient animal experiments may serve to remove the technological obstacles on the way to human cloning.【F3】 So technologically speaking, it is quite pointless just to ban the research on human cloning while allowing the research on animal cloning. It is possible for the cloning technology to bring both benefits and infinite disasters to mankind.【F4】 Technophobia, in its essence, is not the fear of technology itself, but the fear of the people who use it in a wrong way. The history of human society evolution also tells us that in time of ethic crisis man should access reality with reason. Whether a technology accomplishment is ultimately beneficial to mankind lies in how man approaches and uses it. It is imperative for us to deal with the issue of human cloning with reason and from a serious and scientific approach.【F5】 We should try to get at a common view through consultation and speed up legislation in this regard to put human cloning under strict regulations from the very beginning. The governments must give full consideration to the potential consequences before they decide whether or not to ban both human cloning and therapeutic cloning. And if therapeutic cloning is allowed, they must consider how to regulate it.

As long as people have looked up at the night sky, they have wondered whether humanity is alone in the universe. Of places close enough for people to visit, Mars is the only one that anybody seriously thinks might support life. The recent confirmation of a five-year-old finding that there is methane(a colorless gas with no smell)in the Martian atmosphere has therefore excited the hopes of those scientists who study the outer space. These sources are probably geological but they might, just, prove to be biological. The possibility of life on Mars is too thrilling for mankind to ignore. But how should we explore such questions—with men, or machines? George Bush's administration strongly supported manned exploration, but the new administration is likely to have different priorities—and so it should. Michael Griffin, the boss of NASA, a physicist and aerospace engineer who supported Mr. Bush's plan to return to the moon and then push on to Mars, has gone. Mr. Obama's transition team had already been asking difficult questions of NASA, in particular about the cost of scrapping parts of the successor to the ageing and old-fashioned space shuttles that now form America's manned space program. That successor system is also designed to return humans to the moon by 2020, as a stepping stone to visiting Mars. Meanwhile, Mr. Obama's administration is wondering about spending more money on lots of new satellites designed to look down at the Earth, rather than outward into space. These are sensible priorities. In space travel, as in politics, domestic policy should usually by far outweigh foreign adventures. Moreover, cash is short and space travel costly. Yet it would be a shame if man were to give up exploring celestial bodies, especially if there is a possibility of meeting life forms— even ones as lowly as microbes—as a result. Luckily, technology means that man can explore both the moon and Mars more fully without going there himself. Robots are better and cheaper than they have ever been. They can work tirelessly for years, beaming back data and images, and returning samples to Earth. They can also be made germless, which germ-infected humans, who risk spreading disease around the solar system, cannot. Humanity, some will argue, is driven by a yearning to boldly go to places far beyond its crowded corner of the universe. If so, private efforts will surely carry people into space. In the meantime, Mr. Obama's promise in his inauguration speech to "restore science to its rightful place" sounds like good news for the sort of curiosity-driven research that will allow us to find out whether those columns of methane are signs of life.

Roughly 30m people are infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The vast majority live in the poorer parts of the planet. Of these, an estimated 6.5m are in urgent need of anti-retroviral medicines—the cocktails of drugs that have, in rich countries, transformed AIDS from an acute lethal condition to a chronic complaint. (46) Two years ago a concerted international effort was launched to get 3m of these people on to anti-retroviral therapy by the end of 2005—the "3 by 5" campaign as the World Health Organization (WHO) dubbed it. This week the WHO and UNAIDS, another United Nations body with responsibility for dealing with the disease, reported on progress so far. (47) The good news is that the number of people now getting the drags stands at roughly 1 m—more than double what it was at the end of 2003. The bad news is that this achievement is 600,000 patients short of the mid-2005 target set by the WHO, which means that "3 by 5" looks like turning into "3 by 6" instead. (48) Progress bas been slower than expected, says Jim Kim, head of the WHO"s HIV/AIDS department, in part because of bottlenecks in setting up procurement and supply-chain management in poor countries. There have also been problems training enough nurses and other health-care workers—the unglamorous bits of improving health-care systems. While the shortfall is disappointing, there are some encouraging signs. Four years ago, a basic cocktail of anti-retroviral medicines cost $10,000 a year. Today that price has fallen to around $150 in many countries. (49) The dramatic decline is thanks largely to the introduction of cheap generic medicines from Indian manufacturers and others, as well as discounting by multinational drug giants. That is not to say that drug prices and patents are no longer controversial. Last week, the Brazilian government said it would break the patent on an anti-retroviral drug produced by Abbott Laboratories, an American company, unless that firm agreed to match the much lower price of local manufacturers. As the ever-optimistic Dr. Kim points out, there are other positive developments, too. (50) For example, more poor countries are making AIDS a national priority, setting treatment targets and concrete plans for how to reach them. As treatment becomes available, more people are also turning up for counseling and testing, which in turn helps with AIDS prevention. And despite initial fears that women might have problems gaining access to treatment, there are as yet no signs of them losing out.

Like street comer prophets proclaiming that the end is near, scientists who study the earth"s atmosphere have been issuing predictions of impending doom for the past few years without offering any concrete proof. So far even the experts have had to admit that no solid evidence has emerged that this is anything but a natural phenomenon. And the uncertainty has given skeptics-especially Gingrichian politicians—plenty of ammunition to argue against taking the difficult, expensive steps required to stave off a largely hypothetical calamity. Until now, a draft report currently circulating on the Internet asserts that the global temperature rise can now be blamed, at least in part, on human activity. Statements like this have been made before by individual researchers-who have been criticized for going too far beyond the scientific consensus. But this report comes from the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a respected UN sponsored body made up of more than 1,300 leading climate experts from 40 nations. This shift in scientific consensus is based not so much on new data as on improvements in the complex computer models that climatologists use to test their theories. Unlike chemists or molecular biologists, climate experts have no way to do lab experiments on their specialty. So they simulate them on supercomputers and look at what happens when human generated gases-carbon dioxide from industry and auto exhaust, methane from agriculture, chlorofluoro carbons from leaky refrigerators and spray cans-are pumped into the models virtual atmospheres. Until recently, the computer models weren"t working very well. When the scientists tried to simulate what they believe has been happening over the past century or so, the results didn"t mesh with reality; the models said the world should now he warmer than it actually is. The reason is that the computer models had been overlooking an important factor affecting global temperatures: sulfur dioxides that are produced along with CO2 when fossil fuels are burned in cars and power plants. Aerosols actually cool the planet by blocking sunlight and mask the effects of global warming. Once the scientists factored in aerosols, their models began looking more like the real world. The improved performance of the simulations was demonstrated in 1991, when they successfully predicted temperature changes in the aftermath of the massive Mount Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines. A number of studies since have added to the scientists confidence that they finally know what they are talking about-and can predict what may happen if greenhouse gases continue to be pumped into the atmosphere unchecked.

Opinion polls are now beginning to show an unwilling general agreement that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment more widely. But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future of work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighbourhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centres of production and work? The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people"s work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought about may have to be reversed. This seems a discouraging thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom. Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people"s homes. Later, as transport improved, first by rail and then by road, people travelled longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people"s work lost all connection with their home lives and places in which they lived. Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. It became customary for the husband to go out paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife. All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the impractical goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full-time jobs.

OutsidetheExaminationVenueWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

An English schoolboy would only ask his friend: "Wassa time, then?" To his teacher he would be much more likely to speak in a more standardized accent and ask: "Excuse me, sir may I have the correct time please?" People are generally aware that the phrases and expressions they use are different from those of earlier generations; but they concede less that their own behavior also varies according to the situation in which they find themselves; People have characteristic ways of talking, which are relatively stable across varying situations. Nevertheless, distinct contexts, and different listeners, demand different patterns of speech from one and the same speaker. Not only this, but, in many cases, the way someone speaks affects the response of the person to whom he is speaking in such a way that "modeling" is seen to occur. This is what Michael Argyle has called "response matching". Several studies have shown that, the more one reveals about oneself in ordinary conversation, and the more intimate these details are, the more personal secrets the other person will divulge. Response matching, has, in fact, been noted between two speakers in a number of ways, including how long someone speaks, the length of pauses, speech rate and voice loudness. The correspondence between the length of reporters questions when interviewing President Kennedy, and the length of his replies has been shown to have increased over the duration of his 1961—1963 news conferences. Argyle says this process may be one of "imitation". Two American researchers, Jaffe and Feldstein, prefer to think of it as the speaker"s need for equilibrium. Neither of these explanations seems particularly convincing. It may be that response matching can be more profitably considered as an unconscious reflection of speakers" needs for social integration with one another. This process of modeling the other person"s speech in a conversation could also be termed speech convergence. It may only be one aspect of a much wider speech change. In other situations, speech divergence may occur when certain factors encourage a person to modify his speech away from the individual he is dealing with. For example, a retired brigadier"s wife, renowned for her incessant snobbishness, may return her vehicle to the local garage because of inadequate servicing, voicing her complaint in elaborately phrased, yet mechanically unsophisticated(不老练的) language, with a high soft-pitched voice. These superior airs and graces may simply make the mechanic reply with a flourish of almost incomprehensible technicalities, and in a louder, more deeply-pitched voice than he would have used with a less irritating customer.

The uniqueness of the Japanese character is the result of two seemingly contradictory forces: the strength of traditions, and the selective receptivity to foreign achievements and inventions. As early as 1860s there were counter movement to traditional orientation. One of the fan, us spokesmen of Japan"s "Enlightenment" claimed "the Confucian civilization of the East seems to me to lack two things possessed by Western civilization: science in the material sphere and a sense of independence in the spiritual sphere." Another break of relative liberalism followed World War I, when the democratic idealism of President Woodrow Wilson had an important impact on Japanese intellectuals and, especially, students; but more important was the Leninist ideology of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. Again, in the early 1930s, nationalism and militarism became dominant. Following the end of World War Ⅱ, substantial changes were undertaken in Japan to liberate the individual from authoritarian restraints. The new democratic value system was accepted by many teachers, students, intellectuals, and old liberals, but it was not immediately embraced by the society as a whole. Japanese traditions were dominated by group values, and notions of personal freedom and individual rights were unfamiliar. Today, democratic processes are clearly evident in the widespread participation of the Japanese people in social and political life. School textbooks emphasize equality over hierarchy and rationalism over tradition; but in practice these values are often misinterpreted and distorted, particularly by the youth who translate the individualistic and humanistic goals of democracy into egoistic and materialistic ones. Most Japanese people have consciously rejected Confucianism, but leftovers of the old order remain. An important feature of relationship in many institutions, including political parties and universities is the "oyabun-kobun" or parent-child relation. The corresponding loyalty of the individual to his patron reinforces his allegiance to the group to which they both belong. A willingness to cooperate with other members of the group and to support without qualification the interests of the group in all its external relations is still a widely respected virtue. The "oyabun-kobun" creates ladders of mobility which an individual can ascend, rising as far as abilities permit, so long as he maintains successful personal ties with a superior in the vertical channel, the latter requirement usually taking precedence over a need for exceptional competence. As a consequence, there is little horizontal relationship between people even with the same profession.

You are going to read a text about e-mail, followed by a list of detail explanations or cited statements. Choose the best related ones from the list for each numbered subheading. There is an extra one which you do not need to use. (41) Extends Language Learning Time and Place: As many researchers have noted, e-mail extends what one can do in the classroom, since it provides a venue for meeting and communicating in the foreign language outside of class. Because of the nature of e-mails, FL learners do not have to be in a specific classroom at a particular time of day in order to communicate with others in the foreign language. They can log in and write e-mails from the comfort of their own room, from a public library or from a cyber-cafe, and these spatial possibilities increase the amount of time they can spend both composing and reading in the foreign language in a communicative context. (42) Provides a Context for Real-world Communication and Authentic Interaction: By connecting FL speakers outside of the classroom, e-mail also provides a context for communicating with other speakers in authentic communicative situations. Interaction via e-mail lends a feeling of reality to students" communicative efforts that may seem artificial in a classroom setting. This communicative interaction is much like spoken language because of its informal and interactive nature. Yet, unlike face-to-face communication, e-mail is in written form and this can serve the language learner well. (43) Expands Topics Beyond Classroom-based Ones: Language teachers often have to follow a rigorous schedule in terms of content and/or grammatical topics to be presented and practiced in a semester or marking period. Large chunks of time can rarely be spared for free communication. (44) Promotes Student-centered Language Learning: In e-mail communication, FL learners can experience increased control over their own learning, since they can choose the topic and change the direction of the discussion. The end goal is to communicate with another person in the FL rather than to produce a mistake-free composition. (45) Encourages Equal Opportunity Participation: Beauvois (1997) reported that computer-mediated communication increased total class participation to 100%. Connects Speakers Quickly and Cheaply E-mail allows students to communicate with native speakers of the target language without the high cost of traveling a broad (Hedderich 1997; Roakes, 1998). Before the advent of the Internet, it was not possible to communicate so immediately and so frequently with native speakers or with other learners.A. Others have noted that students reticent to speak in face-to-face contexts are more willing to participate in the electronic context (Beauvois, 1995; Gonzalez-Bueno, 1998; Warschauer, 1995).B. Rankin (1997) notes that the additional interaction in the foreign language provides FL learners with more input than they would be able to expect from class time, which typically amounts to not more than four hours per week in most high school or college settings.C. E-mail allows for communication between students in a context where the teacher"s role is no longer at the center (Patrikis, 1995).D. E-mail gives learners an additional context for discussion that can be—but does not necessarily have to be linked to topics being covered in class.E. Frequently it is difficult for students to engage in an activity in a foreign language class without preparation ahead of time. A pre-class e-mail assignment can take care of the groundwork and save valuable class time. Examples are given of ways in which the teacher might prepare students for writing, listening, and speaking activities.F. As Schwienkorst (1998) stressed, "The major advantage of written communication is...the possibility for each learner to preserve the entire communication..." and to have for future use "an enormous sample of his or her own efforts in the target language."

【F1】 A leaked study examining genetically-modified corn reveals that the lab-made alternative to organic crops contains a startling level of toxic chemicals. 【F2】 An anti-GMO website has posted the results of an education-based consulting company's comparison of corn types, and the results reveal that genetically modified foods may be more hazardous than once thought. The study, the 2012 Corn Comparison Report by Profit Pro, was published recently on the website for Moms Across America March to Label GMOs, a group that says they wish to "raise awareness and support Moms with solutions to eat GMO Free as we demand GMO labeling locally and nationally simultaneously." They are plotting nationwide protests scheduled for later this year. The report, writes the website's Zen Honeycutt, was provided by a representative for De Dell Seed Company, an Ontario-based farm that's touted as being Canadian only non-GMO corn seed company. "The claims that 'There is no difference between GMO corn and NON Gmo corn' are false," says Honeycutt, who adds she was "floored" after reading the study. According to the analysis, GMO corn tested by Profit Pro contains a number of elements absent from traditional corn, including chlorides, formaldehyde and glyphosate.【F3】 While those elements don't appear naturally in corn, they were present in GMO samples to the tune of 60 ppm, 200 ppm and 13 ppm, respectively. Honecutt says that the United States Environmental Protection Agency(FDA)mandates that the level of glyphosate in American drinking water not exceed 0.7 ppm and adds that organ damage in some animals has been linked to glyphosate exposure exceeding 0.1 ppm. "Glyphosate is a strong organic phosphate chelator that immobilizes positively charged minerals such as manganese, cobalt, iron, zinc and copper."【F4】 Dr. Don Huber attested during a separate GMO study recently released, adding that those elements "are essential for normal physiological functions in soils, plants and animals". "Glyphosate draws out the vital nutrients of living things and GMO corn is covered with it." adds Honeycutt, who notes that the nutritional benefits rampant in natural corn are almost entirely removed from lab-made seeds:【F5】 in the samples used during the study, non-GMO corn is alleged to have 437-times the amount of calcium in genetically modified versions, and 56-and 7-times the level of magnesium and manganese, respectively.

Fatigue is one of the most common complaints brought to doctors, friends, and relatives. You"d think in this era of labor-saving and convenient transportation that few people would have reason to be so tired. The causes of modern-day fatigue are diverse and only rarely related to excessive physical exertion. Today, physicians report, tiredness is more likely a consequence of underexercise than of wearing yourself down with overactivity. Physical fatigue is the well-known result of overworking your muscles. (46) Physical fatigue is usually a pleasant tiredness, such as that which you might experience after playing a hard set of tennis, chopping wood, or climbing a mountain. The cure is simple and fast: You rest, giving your body a chance to get rid of accumulated waste and restore muscle fuel. (47) Illness induced fatigue is a warning sign or consequence of some underlying physical disorder, perhaps the common cold or flu or something more serious like cancer, while other symptoms are present that often suggest the true cause. Even after an illness passed, you"re likely to feel dragged out for a week or more. (48) Take your fatigue as a signal to go slow while your body has a chance to recover fully even if all you had was a cold. Pushing yourself to resume full activity too soon will certainly prolong your period of fatigue. Emotional problems and conflicts, especially depression and anxiety, are by far the most common causes of prolonged fatigue. When such feelings are not expressed openly, they often come out as physical symptoms, with fatigue as one of the most common manifestations. (49) Understanding the underlying emotional problem is the crucial first step toward curing psychological fatigue and by itself often results in considerable lessening of the tiredness. Professional psychological help or career or marriage counseling may be needed. There is a great deal you can do on your own to deal with both severe prolonged fatigue and those periodic washed-out feelings. You might try to do moderate exercise. (50) Contrary to what you may think, exercise enhances, rather than drains, energy and helps you to resist fatigue by increasing your body"s ability to handle more of a workload. At the end of a day exercise can relieve accumulated tensions, give you more energy in the evening, and help you sleep more restfully.

The population of the United States is only 6% the world"s population, but Americans (1)_____ one third of all the energy (2)_____ in the world. This fact alone says that Americans need to use less energy. And because the price of energy had been rising very rapidly (3)_____ the limited supplies of oil in particular, Americans are becoming aware to the need to (4)_____ energy. In California we have a California Energy Commission which has set up in the past five years to (5)_____ plan for our future energy rise. We have (6)_____ laws in California to help us conserve energy. First of all, our houses in California have been very (7)_____ of energy in the past. They were not (8)_____ very carefully and so the heat would go out of the house very rapidly. Now we require that the homes have a (9)_____ level of insulation, and so the homes built now are much more (10)_____. (11)_____, in transportation (12)_____ a large percentage of oil energy is used, we need to develop more public transportation. In China, of course, you have a very good public-transportation system. And it is a(n) (13)_____ for the kind of thing we need to develop more in the United States. Automobiles are also becoming more (14)_____ The smaller automobile with efficient engine can help to conserve a large amount of energy along with planning our (15)_____ more carefully. Many different studies have shown that we could (16)_____ our energy consumption by (17)_____ half or two thirds and still have the (18)_____ quality of life. And many different types of technologies are currently being researched as to (19)_____ they can be built to use (20)_____ energy and still supply the same service.

Write a letter to a museum's staff to ask for some information about a historical exhibition. You should include the details you think necessary. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

The old adage of the title has a parallel in the scientific world "all research leads to biomedical advances". The fact that research in one discipline contributes to another is well understood by the scientific community. It is not, however, so clear to the public or to public policy-makers.【F1】 Because public support for funding of biomedical research is strong, the scientific community could build a more effective case for public support of all science by articulating how research in other disciplines benefits biological medicine. The time is ripe to improve public appreciation of science. A recent National Science Foundation survey suggested that Americans continue to support research expenditures. In addition, public opinion polls indicate that scientists and science leaders enjoy enviably high public esteems.【F2】 Instead of lamenting; the lack of public understanding of science, we can work to enhance public appreciation of scientific research by showing how investigations are in many areas close-knit and contribute to biomedical advances. A crucial task is to convey to the public, in easily understood terms, the specific benefits and the overall good that result from research in all areas of science. 【F3】 Take, for example, agricultural research. On the surface, it may appear to have made few significant contributions to biomedical advances, except those directly related to human nutrition. This view is incorrect, however. In the case of nutrition, the connections between agricultural and biomedical research are best exemplified by the vitamin discoveries.【F4】 At the turn of the century, when the concept of vitamins had not yet surfaced and nutrition as a scientific discipline did not exist, it was in a department of agricultural chemistry that the first true demonstration of vitamins was made. Single-grain feeding experiments documented the roles of vitamins A and B. The essential role of some minerals(iron and copper)was shown later, and these discoveries provided the basis of modern human nutrition research. 【F5】 Despite such direct links, however, it is the latest discoveries that have been made in agricultural research that reveal its true importance to biomedicine. Life-saving antibiotics such as streptomycin were discovered in soil microorganisms. The first embryo transplant was made in a dairy cow, and related research led to advances in the understanding of human reproduction.

Sea rise as a result of global warming would immediately threaten that large fraction of the globe living at sea level. Nearly one-third of all human beings live within 36 miles of a coastline. Most of the world"s great seaport cities would be【C1】______. Some countries would be inundated. Heavily populated coastal areas【C2】______large populations occupy low-lying areas, would suffer extreme【C3】______. Warmer oceans would spawn stronger hurricanes and typhoons, 【C4】______coastal flooding, possibly swamping valuable agricultural lands around the world. 【C5】______water quality may result as【C6】______flooding forces salt water into coastal irrigation and drinking water supplies, and irreplaceable, natural【C7】______could be flooded with ocean water, destroying forever many of the【C8】______plant and animal species living there. Food supplies and forests would be【C9】______affected. Changes in rainfall patterns would disrupt agriculture. Warmer temperatures would【C10】______grain-growing regions polewards. The warming would also increase and change the pest plants, such as weeds, and the insects【C11】______the crops. Human health would also be affected. Warming could【C12】______tropical climate bringing with it yellow fever and other diseases. The harmful【C13】______of localized urban air pollution would very likely be more serious in warmer【C14】______. There will be some【C15】______from warming. New sea-lanes will open in the Arctic, longer growing seasons further north will【C16】______ new agricultural lands, and warmer temperature will make some of today"s colder regions more【C17】______. But these benefits will be in individual areas. The natural systems—both plant and animal—will be less able than man to cope and【C18】______. Any change of temperature, rainfall, and sea level of the magnitude now【C19】______will be destructive to natural systems and living things and【C20】______to man as well.

Title: "More haste, less speed" (欲速则不达)Word limit: about 160～200 words. Your essay must be written neatly. Your essay must be based on the following situation: People generally agree with the saying, yet not everyone observes it in his practice. Make a brief description of people"s practice and state your views with regard to the saying.

College sports in the United States are a huge deal. Almost all major American universities have football, baseball, basketball and hockey programs, and【C1】______millions of dollars each year to sports. Most of them earn millions【C2】______as well, in television revenues, sponsorships. They also benefit【C3】______from the added publicity they get via their teams. Big-name universities【C4】______each other in the most popular sports. Football games at Michigan regularly【C5】______crowds of over 20, 000. Basketball"s national collegiate championship game is a TV【C6】______on a par with any other sporting event in the United States, 【C7】______perhaps the Super Bowl itself. At any given time during fall or winter one can 【C8】______one"s TV set and see the top athletic programs — from schools like Michigan, UCLA, Duke and Stanford —【C9】______in front of packed houses and national TV audiences. The athletes themselves are【C10】______and provided with scholarships. College coaches identify【C11】______teen-agers and then go into high schools to【C12】______the country"s best players to attend their universities. There are strict rules about【C13】______coaches can recruit — no recruiting calls after 9 p. m. , only one official visit to a campus — but they are often bent and sometimes【C14】______. Top college football programs【C15】______scholarships to 20 or 30 players each year, and those student-athletes, when they arrive【C16】______campus, receive free housing, tuition, meals, books, etc. In return, the players【C17】______the program in their sport. Football players at top colleges 【C18】______two hours a day, four days a week from January to April. In summer, it"s back to strength and agility training four days a week until mid-August, when camp【C19】______and preparation for the opening of the September-to-December season begins【C20】______During the season, practices last two or three hours a day from Tuesday to Friday. Saturday is game day. Mondays are an officially mandated day of rest.