Valentine"s Day may come from the ancient Roman feast of Lupercalia. (1)_____ the fierce wolves roamed nearby, the old Romans called (2)_____ the god Lupercus to help them. A festival in his (3)_____ was held February 15th. On the eve of the festival the (4)_____ of the girls were written on (5)_____ paper and placed in jars. Each young man (6)_____ a slip. The girl whose name was (7)_____ was to be his sweetheart for the year. Legend (8)_____ it that the holiday became Valentine"s Day (9)_____ a roman priest named Valentine. Emperor Claudius II (10)_____ the Roman soldiers not to marry or become engaged. Claudius felt married soldiers would (11)_____ stay home than fight. When Valentine (12)_____ the Emperor and secretly married the young couples, he was put to death on February 14th, the (13)_____ of Lupercalia. After his death, Valentine became a (14)_____. Christian priests moved the holiday from the 15th to the 14th—Valentine"s Day. Now the holiday honors Valentine (15)_____ of Lupercus. Valentine"s Day has become a major (16)_____ of love and romance in the modem world. The ancient god Cupid and his (17)_____ into a lover"s heart may still be used to (18)_____ falling in love or being in love. But we also use cards and gifts, such as flowers or jewelry, to do this. (19)_____ to give flower to a wife or sweetheart on Valentine"s Day can sometimes be as (20)_____ as forgetting a birthday or a wedding anniversary.

In the following article, some sentences have been removed. Choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. World Health Organization (WHO) officials recently urged Asia-Pacific governments to shake off complacency and intensify the fight against tuberculosis (TB), which kills 1,000 people a day in the region. Shigeru Omi, regional director of WHO for the Western Pacific, said deaths caused by tuberculosis continue to rise in the region as "more and more people are infected with the dreadful disease every year. "Every year, an additional two million tuberculosis cases are diagnosed in the region", Omi said at a news conference during the opening of a two-day meeting of Asian" parliamentarians to discuss strategies to control the disease. (41)______. "When it comes to developed countries, the reason for the increase of TB is related to the ageing society", he said. "(42)______". "One common fact among developing countries and developed countries is complacency", Omi added. "(43)______". WHO said among the "high burden, high risk" countries in the region are Cambodis, China, Laos, Mongolia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines and Vietnam. (44)______. It noted that more that 40 million people are infected with the disease and "10 percent of them will develop TB in their lifetime". In Cambodia, more than 7 million people, or 60 percent of the population, are infected with the disease, while in Vietnam more than 145,000 people are infected each year. "In several developed and newly industrialized countries in the Western Pacific region, TB prevalence has not decreased markedly during the last decade although economic growth should make more resources available to deal with the problem, "WHO said. (45)______. Omi expressed confidence that with renewed vigilance among health officials in the region. TB prevalence could be reduced by half by 2010.A. If you become elderly, your immune system is becoming weaker and weaker.B. In Japan, the number of diagnosed cases rose to 48, 264 in 1999 from 42, 472 cases in 1996.C. Omi pointed out that the main factor for the rise of TB cases in developing countries is the rapid increase of people who migrate into the big cities and live in unsanitary conditions.D. There is no doubt that tuberculosis will be eliminated completely everywhere in the world in the near future.E. They thought we have already conquered tuberculosis, so they become a little bit complacent.F. WHO records showed that in China, tuberculosis is one of the most common causes of death.G. In Asia, the number of diagnosed cases rose to 148, 264 in 2001 from 42, 472 cases in 2005.

BPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese./B

Formal economic forecasting is usually based on a (1)_____ theory as to how the economy works. Some theories are complicated, and their application requires an elaborate (2)_____ of cause and effect. Others are relatively simple, (3)_____ most developments in the economy to one or two basic factors. Many economists, for example, believe that changes in the supply of money (4)_____ the rate of growth of general business activity. Others (5)_____ a central role to investment in new facilities—housing, industrial plants, highways, and so forth. In the United States, where consumers (6)_____ such a large share of economic activity, some economy believe that consumer decisions to (7)_____ or save provide the principal (8)_____ to the future course of the entire economy. Obviously the theory that a forecaster applies is of (9)_____ importance to the forecasting process; it (10)_____ his line of investigation, the statistics he will regard as most important, and many of the techniques he will apply. Although economic theory may determine the general (11)_____ of a forecast, judgment also often plays an important role. A forecaster may decide that the circumstances of the moment are (12)_____ and that a forecast produced by the (13)_____ statistical methods should be modified to take account of special current circumstances. This is particularly necessary when some event outside the Usual run of economic activity has an a (14)_____ economic effect. For example, forecasts of 1987 economic activity in the United States were more accurate when the analyst correctly foresaw that the exchange value of the dollar would (15)_____ sharply during the year that consumer spending would slacken, and that (16)_____ rates would rise only moderately. None of these conclusions followed (17)_____ purely economic analysis; they all required judgment as to future decisions (18)_____, an economist may decide to adjust an economic forecast that was made by traditional methods to take account of other unique (19)_____; he may, for example, decide that consumers will (20)_____ their spending patterns because of special circumstances such as rising price of imports or fear of threatened shortages.

There is extraordinary exposure in the United States to the risks of injury and death from motor vehicle accidents. More than 80 percent of all households own passenger cars or light trucks and each of these is driven an average of more than 11,000 miles each year. Almost one-half of fatally injured drivers have a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.1 percent or higher. For the average adult, over five ounces of 80 proof spirits would have to be consumed over a short period of time to attain these levels. One third of drivers who have been drinking, but fewer than 4 percent of all drivers, demonstrate these levels. Although less than 1 percent of drives with BACs of 0.1 percent or more are involved in fatal crashed, the probability of their involvements is 27 times higher than for those without alcohol in their blood. There are a number of different approaches to reducing injuries in which drinking plays a role. Based on the observation that excessive consumption correlates with the total alcohol consumption of the country"s population, it has been suggested that higher taxes on alcohol would reduce both. While the heaviest drinkers would be taxed the most, anyone who drinks at all would be punished by this approach. To make drinking and driving a criminal offense is an approach directed only at drinking drivers. In some states, the law empowers police to request breath tests of drivers committing any traffic offense and higher BAC can be basis for arrest. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates, however, that even with increased arrests, there are about 700 violations for every arrest. At this level there is little evidence that laws are effective ways to reduce drunk driving. In Britain, motor vehicle accidents fell 25 percent immediately following implementation of he Road Safety Act in 1967. As Britishers increasingly recognized that they could drink and not be stopped, the effectiveness declined, although in the following three years the death-rate seldom reached that observed in the seven years prior to the Act. Whether penalties for driving with a high BAC or excessive taxation on consumption of alcoholic drink will deter the excessive drinker responsible for most accidents is unclear. One thing is clear, however, unless we deal with automobile and highway safety and reduce accidents in which alcoholic drinking plays a role, many will continue to die.

An E-mail for Invitation Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest. You should include the details you think necessary. Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about unknown knowledge on AIDS. Choose the most suitable heading from the list for each numbered paragraph. The first paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. In the 20 years since the first cases of AIDS were detected, scientists say they have learned more about this viral disease than any other. Yet Peter Piot, who directs the United Nations AIDS program, and Stefano Vella of Rome, president of the International AIDS Society, and other experts say reviewing unanswered questions could prove useful as a measure of progress for AIDS and other diseases. Among the important broader scientific questions that remain: (41)______. A long-standing belief is that cancer cells constantly develop and are held in check by a healthy immune system. But AIDS has challenged that belief. People with AIDS are much more prone to certain cancers like non-Hodgkins lymphomas and Kaposi"s sarcoms, but not to breast, colon and lung, the most common cancers in the United States. This pattern suggests that an impaired immune system, at least the type that occurs in AIDS, does not allow common cancers to develop. (42)______. When HIV is transmitted sexually, the virus must cross a tissue barrier to enter the body. How that happens is still unclear. The virus might invade directly or be carried by a series of different kinds of cells. Eventually HIV travels through lymph vessels to lymph nodes and the rest of the lymph system. But what is not known is how the virus proceeds to destroy the body"s CD-4 cells that are needed to combat invading infectious agents. (43)______. Although HIV kills the immune cells sent to kill the virus, there is widespread variation in the rate at which HIV infected people become ill with AIDS. So scientists ask: Can the elements of the immune system responsible for that variability be identified? If so, can they be used to stop progression to AIDS in infected individuals and possibly pre vent infection in the first place? (44)______. In theory, early treatment should offer the best chance of preserving immune function. But the new drugs do not completely eliminate HIV from the body so the medicines, which can have dangerous side effects, will have to be taken for a lifetime and perhaps changed to combat resistance. The new policy is expected to recommend that treatment be deferred until there are signs the immune system is weakening. Is a vaccine possible? There is little question that an effective vaccine is crucial to controlling the epidemic. Yet only one has reached the stage of full testing, and there is wide controversy over the degree of protection it will provide. HIV strains that are transmitted in various areas of the world differ genetically. It is not known whether a vaccine derived from one type of HIV will confer protection against other types. (45)______. Without more incisive, focused behavioral research, prevention messages alone will not put an end to the global epidemic.A. What route does HIV take after it enters the body to destroy the immune system?B. How and when did the long-standing belief concerning AIDS and HIV crop up?C. What is the most effective anti-HIV therapy?D. How does HIV subvert the immune system?E. In the absence of a vaccine, how can HIV be stopped?F. Why does AIDS predispose infected persons to certain types of cancer and infections?

Will there be an air-conditioner "price battle" this year? There is a discussion in a newspaper on the issue. Write an essay to the newspaper 1) giving a brief introduction to the issue. 2) stating your view about the "price battle" 3) justifying your prediction. You should write about 160—200 words. "An Air-conditioner Price Battle" 据权威机构调查显示，2001年，我国空调总产量为2500万台，而市场容量仅为1500万台。空调已经成为继VCD、彩电后又一个家电企业力拼的市场。于是空调厂家坐不住了，打折、送礼品，甚至出现了空调论斤卖的怪事。近日，空调企业又想出了新花样：举办空调流行趋势发布会。面临巨大的竞争压力，多数空调生产厂家都意识到了自己生存的危机，他们不得不推出新产品以占据消费市场。同时，许多空调大企业都有声称他们不会去挑起空调价格战。但是…

Parenthood isn"t a career-killer. In fact, economists with two or more kids tend to produce more research, not less, than their one-child or childless colleagues. But female economists【C1】______can pay a price in terms of productivity after becoming mothers, especially【C2】______they"re young or unmarried. That" s according to a new research from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. There is widespread【C3】______that motherhood is【C4】______costly in terms of professional career advancement. "In particular, it is often【C5】______that the only way for young women to【C6】______ a challenging career is to remain childless," they wrote. Our study of the academic labor market arrives at a somewhat less【C7】______ picture: We do not observe a family gap in research productivity among female academic economists. 【C8】______, motherhood-induced decreases in research productivity are less pronounced than usually purported. The authors in early 2012【C9】______about 10, 000 economists through the Research Papers in Economics online platform, 【C10】______the academics" answers with their publication records. They gauged an economist" s productivity【C11】______looking at their output: published research, weighted by journal 【C12】______. Among their findings: Mothers of at least two children are, 【C13】______ , more productive than mothers of only one child, and mothers in general are more【C14】______than childless women. Fathers of 【C15】______two children are also more productive than fathers of one child and childless men. Toward the end of their careers, however, childless men appear to be somewhat more productive than fathers of one child. Parenthood does appear linked to【C16】______productivity while the children are 12 and younger: mothers average a 17.4% loss, while fathers average a 5% loss. A female economist with three children, on average, 【C17】______ the equivalent of four years of research【C18】______by the time her kids become teenagers. Women who are married or in a【C19】______ relationship do not have any drop in research productivity in the three years following childbirth. For single mothers, research output drops by roughly a third【C20】______the same period.

DoYouWantOtherstoKnowYourWell-doing?Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

When Dr. John W. Gofman, professor of medical physics at the University of California and a leading nuclear critic, speaks of "ecocide" in his adversary view of nuclear technology, he means the following: A large nuclear plant like that in Kalkar, the Netherlands, would produce about 200 pounds of plutonium each year. One pound, released into the atmosphere, could cause 9 billion cases of lung cancer. This waste product must be stored for 500,000 years before it is of no further danger to man. In the anticipated reactor economy, it is estimated that there will be 10,000 tons of this material in Western Europe, of which one table-spoonful of plutonium-239 represents the official maximum permissible body burden for 200,000 people. Rather than being biodegradable, plutonium destroys biological properties. In 1972 the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration ruled that the asbestos level in the work place should be lowered to 2 fibers per cubic centimeter of air, but the effective date of the ruling has been delayed until now. The International Federation of Chemical and General Workers" Unions report that the 2-fiber standard was based primarily on one study of 290 men at a British asbestos factory. But when the workers at the British factory had been reexamined by another physician, 40—70 percent had X-ray evidence of lung abnormalities. According to present medical information at the factory in question, out of a total of 29 deaths thus far, seven were caused by lung cancer. An average European or American worker comes into contact with six million fibers a day. "We are now, in fact, finding cancer deaths within the family of the asbestos worker", states Dr. Irving Selikoff, of the Mount Sinai Medical School in New York. It is now also clear that vinyl chloride, a gas from which the most widely used plastics are made, causes a fatal cancer of the blood-vessel cells of the liver. However, the history of the research on vinyl chloride is, in some ways, more disturbing than the "Watergate cover-up". "There has been evidence of potentially serious disease among polyvinyl chloride workers for 25 years that has been incompletely appreciated and inadequately approached by medical scientists and by regulatory authorities", summed up Dr. Selikoff in the New Scientist. At least 17 workers have been killed by vinyl chloride because research over the past 25 years was not followed up. And for over 10 years, workers have been exposed to concentrations of vinyl chloride 10 times the "safe limit" imposed by Dow Chemical Company.Notes: plutonium 钚。asbestos 石棉。polyvinyl chloride 聚氯乙烯。

Studythefollowingphotocarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethephotobriefly,speculatingaboutwhatsheisthinkingof,2)statedifferentviewsonpart-timejobs,and3)giveyourownopinion.Youshouldwriteabout160—200wordsneatly.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

DisparitybetweenOrdinaryMiddleSchoolandKeyMiddleSchoolWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

The kakapo is widely regarded as the world"s most absurd bird. It is a flightless, night-active parrot that lives in New Zealand. It is thus a prime example of the sort of evolutionary experiment that happens on islands that lack serious predators. Now, sadly, the kakapo population has been reduced to a few dozen individuals. But efforts to preserve the species have led to another sort of experiment—one that has produced the best evidence so far for a so called sex-allocation theory. Bruce Robertson, of the University of Canterbury, and his colleagues, have been studying a mystery. To keep the kakapo population going, conservationists have been feeding the birds—in particular, the females—so that they stay above the minimum weight they need to breed. That worked splendidly as far as it went. Between 1997 and 2005 the adult population rose from 50 to 83. But the sex ratio went haywire. Those 83 birds are divided into 45 males and 38 females. Moreover, females were producing twice as many sons as daughters. Since another of the kakapo"s peculiarities is its breeding system in which the male plays no part in raising the young, the survival prospects of the species are not enhanced by this biased sex ratio. Dr. Robertson suspected that the sex ratio was not an accident. In all species the number of descendants left by individual males is more variable than the number left by individual females. That means your daughters are more likely to have at least some children than your sons, but successful sons have many more children than successful daughters. In a species like the kakapo, where the males have to display to the females in a fashion show, and where only the showiest males get picked to reproduce, it makes sense to have sons only if they are likely to be the best males around. Other wise it is better to have daughters. And so it seems to be with the kakapo. By provisioning the birds with as much food as they can eat, females have been brought to the peak of condition—the ideal state to produce top-class sons. And they have done so, in abundance. To test the correctness of this idea, Dr. Robertson and his team devised a more sophisticated feeding schedule that took account of each female"s starting weight and fattened her up to the point at which she was capable of reproducing, but not much further, The result, just published in Biology Letters, was that the sex ratio settled down at a more sensible 50:50. Though it did not actually drop to favor daughters, that is still an impressive agreement with theory. It might even save the kakapo from extinction.

You are going to read an article which is followed by a list of examples or headings. Choose the most suitable one from the list A-F for each numbered position(41-45). There may be certain extra which you do not need to use. (10 points) "Hey, do you want some?" your friend asks as he offers you a mouthwatering homemade brownie. You"re tempted by the delicious dessert, but then you see the crashed peanuts on top. Darn! You"re allergic to peanuts. Maybe just one little bite can make you sick! (41) What is a food allergy? Food allergies occur when your immune system makes a mistake. Normally, your immune system protects you from germs and disease. It does this by making antibodies that help you fight off bacteria, viruses, and other tiny organisms that can make you sick. But if you have a food allergy, your immune system mistakenly treats something in a certain food as if it"s really dangerous to you. (42) What"s a reaction like? The histamine then causes symptoms that affect a person"s eyes, nose, throat, respiratory system, skin, and digestive system. A person with a food allergy could have a mild reaction—or it could be more severe. An allergic reaction could happen right away or a few hours after the person eats it. Some of the first signs that a person may be having an allergic reaction could be a runny nose, an itchy skin rash such as hives, or a tingling in the tongue or lips. (43) How do you know "lf you have one"? Sometimes it"s easy to figure out that a person has a food allergy. He or she might get hives or have other problems after eating it". But other times, it"s more of a mystery what"s causing the problem. Most foods have more than one ingredient, so if you have shrimp with peanut sauce, what"s causing the allergy-the peanut sauce or the shrimp? (44) What will the doctor do? If your doctor thinks you might have a food allergy, he or she will probably send you to see a doctor who specializes in allergies. The allergy specialist will ask you about past reactions and how long it takes between eating the food and getting the symptom, such as hives. The allergist also may ask about whether anyone else in your family has allergies or other allergy-related conditions, such as eczema or asthma. The doctor will make a little scratch on your skin and drop a little of the liquid extract on the scratched spot or spots. Different extracts will go on the different scratch spots, so the doctor can see how your skin reacts to each substance. "If you get a reddish, raised spot, it shows that you are allergic to that food or substance. Some doctors may also take a blood sample and send it to a lab. That"s where it will be mixed with some of the food or substance you may he allergic to and checked for certain antibodies. (45) How are food allergies treated / avoided? There is no special medicine for food allergies. Some can be outgrown, and others will have his or her whole life. The best treatment is simply to avoid the food itself and any foods or drinks that contain the food. Have a plan. No matter how hard you try, you may eat the wrong thing by accident. Stay calm and follow your emergency plan. What"s an emergency plan? Before a slipup happens, it"s a good idea to create a plan with your doctor. The plan should spell out what to do, and which medicines to take, if you have a reaction.A. One way to figure that out is to read food labels. Doctors and allergy organizations also can help by providing lists of safe foods and unsafe foods. Some people who are very sensitive may need to avoid foods just because they are made in the same factory that also makes their problem food. You may have seen some candy wrappers that say the candy was made in a factory that processes nuts, too.B. But what if something you really like turns out to be on your "do not eat" eat? Today, so many people have food allergies that companies have created lots of good substitutes for favorite foods—everything from dairy—free mashed potatoes to wheat—free chocolate chunk cookies!C. Doctors believe that allergies could be hereditary, which means if your parent or other close relative has certain allergies like hay fever, you"re more likely to develop the allergies.D. The same sort of thing happens with any allergy, whether it"s a medicine (like penicillin), pollen in the air (from flowers and trees), or a food, like peanuts. So the thing itself isn"t harmful, but the way your body reacts to it is.E. The allergist may also want to do a skin test. This is a way of seeing how your body reacts to a very small amount of the food that is giving you trouble. The allergist will use a liquid extract of the food and, possibly, other common allergy—causing foods to see if you react to any of them. (A liquid extract is a liquid version of something that usually isn"t liquid.)F. In the most serious cases, a food allergy can cause anaphylaxis. This is a sudden, severe allergic reaction in which several problems occur all at once and can involve the skin, breathing, digestion, the heart, and blood vessels. A person"s blood pressure can drop, breathing tubes narrow, and the tongue can swell. People at risk for this kind of a reaction have to be very careful and need a plan for handling emergencies, when they might need to get special medicine to stop these symptoms from getting worse.

Suppose you are the manager of a company. Write a letter of job refusal to one of the interviewees in which should include (1) your appreciation for his application; (2) the masons for your refusal; (3) the possibility for future cooperation. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

What Will Money Bring Us, Fortune or Misfortune?

Is a nation's destiny set by its fertility rates? Japan has the world's oldest【C1】______, but Japanese longevity can't【C2】______for its extremely-low fertility rate—just 1.4 children per woman. One in four don't have children. Some European countries also have low fertility rates, but top up【C3】______migrants. Japan does not. The conventional view is that this is bad news: shrinking numbers【C4】______economic growth and the aging population is a major【C5】______burden. But there is another【C6】______The proportion of Japan's population has almost twice as many over-65s as children.【C7】______Japan spends less on education. And because the Japanese are the world's healthiest, care【C8】______are also lower than in other nations. Japan's economy has been growing slowly for two decades now. But【C9】______the falling population, individual income has been【C10】______strongly-outperforming most US citizens'. With 127 million people, Japan is【C11】______empty. But fewer people in future will mean it has more living space, more agricultural land per head, and a higher quality of life. Its【C12】______on the planet for food and other【C13】______will also lessen. Japan isn't alone in population【C14】______: Russia, Romania and Hungary all【C15】______the trend. For many more, it is being【C16】______by immigration. But the global population is increasing slowly. The world recently reached "peak child" —the point【C17】______the number of children aged 0 to 14 around the globe【C18】______off. Global fertility rates have halved in 40 years—they are now below 2.5 children per woman—and global population may peak soon. Some believe that peak population is a【C19】______first step to reducing our【C20】______on the planet's life-support systems. In that case, following Japan's example may be just the ticket.

They were given a warm welcome at the airport.