The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G. Some of the paragraphs have been placed for you. (10 points)A. Recent archaeological research has focused on a phenomenon barely noticed before: extensive patches of rich black soil found along the banks and on terraces above all major rivers in the Amazon. Some cover an area of many acres and are up to 6 feet deep. They are thought to have formed over many centuries as the accumulated product of organic remains left by native settlements. These soils are usually filled with fragments of busted ceramics and are now being studied for clues to the rise of tropical forest civilizations in the Amazon Basin. Local farmers regard the black soils as a "gift from the past" because they are naturally fertile and have the ability to support a wide range of crops.B. Secondly, there is a truly impressive diversity of languages, with several hundred distinct tongues and dialects. This verbal diversity must have evolved over thousands of years and implies an occupation of the Amazon basin for at least 14,000 years, a figure supported by archaeological evidence. The rock art in the Amazon Basin may be as old as human occupation itself. Images are carved and painted on exposed rock near rapids and waterfalls where fishing is most productive, and in caves and rock shelters close to archaeological sites.C. Two factors have been instrumental in lifting the veil of misunderstanding. First is a surprisingly diverse range of ceramic styles. Recent research seems to confirm that a creative explosion of styles occurred about 2,000 years ago. Archaeological digs in the highest reaches of the Upper Amazon have demonstrated the existence of a widespread style of painting large watertight jars in bold black, red and cream designs. This same style has been found on an isle at the mouth of the Amazon, and appears to have its origins where the Amazon meets the ocean, later spreading across much of the Upper Amazon. The style transcends local and regional cultures and points to considerable intercourse between societies along the vast river network.D. The native peoples of the Amazon can no longer be seen as isolated communities in the depths of the forest or dispersed along rivers. We still have much to learn about their societies, but the rainforest should no longer be seen as an untouched "paradise".E. Among the most exciting discoveries are funeral jars dating to A.D. 1400-1700 found in caves and rock shelters near the mouth of the Amazon. The bones of men, women and children were preserved in individually dedicated vessels. It seems that the sites were visited regularly over the years and new jars added as family members expired. These burials reflect the family ties of ancient settlements and their nurturing of links between the living and the dead.F. Population collapse and movement along the principal rivers of the Amazon system have contributed to a veil of misunderstanding that has long covered the cultural achievements of tropical forest societies. Diffuse bands hunting deep in the forest interior eventually came to be seen as the typical tropical forest adaptation. So much so that when archaeological studies began in earnest at the mouth of the Amazon in the 1950s, scientists argued that the sophisticated culture they were discovering could not have originated in the Amazon Basin itself, but must have been derived from more advanced cultures elsewhere. They imagined the tropical forest to be an "imitation paradise" unable to support much beyond a simple hunting-and-gathering way of life. This mistaken idea has exerted a persistent influence ever since.G. The future of the Amazon Basin is now a subject of fierce debate. Knowledge about the past has a vital role to play in planning and decision making for the future. Archaeology points to successful methods for adapting to the forest, grounded in practical expertise and empirical knowledge of the limitations and possibilities of this environment. These techniques for wise management are becoming a matter of global concern.Order: The first paragraph is F and the last is G.

Plans for buildings that are not just big but truly huge adorn the wails of Kohn Pedersen Fox (KPF), an architectural firm in New York. Few people aspire to 200 storeys. In the aftermath of the World Trade Centre"s collapse 18 months ago, such towering schemes seemed to have no chance of becoming reality. Yet in April KPF will complete work on a Tokyo complex with a central skyscraper that will feature one of the highest floors in Japan. Submissions are being readied for still bigger projects in several different countries. Whether "bigness" makes business sense is the subject of intense debate. Europe has largely stayed out of the skyscraper race. A proposed 66-storey London Bridge Tower, which would be the continent"s largest building, may eventually go up. It would not stand out in Manhattan. Executives in the City of London, Europe"s largest financial market, contend that even in a non-earthquake-prone area, once a building rises much above 50 storeys the demand for additional elevators, stairwells and structural supports makes them unacceptably inefficient. True, up to a point, says Paul Katz, the architect at KPF, but the most efficient building is not necessarily the most valuable. There are some explicit benefits from sky scrapers, notably efficient energy usage, plus less tangible ones such as the savings and benefits that come from clustering employees in one place. Typically, where firms most like to operate, sites are scarce. As a result, it often makes sense to add floors, even at ever greater cost. Skyscrapers have risen slowly in Japan due to earthquake fears, but now they are going up. With New York"s economy suffering, redundancies mounting and continuing fear of terrorism, it is hard to imagine anybody financing new construction in the city, let alone a vast new skyscraper on a site that many believe should be used only as a memorial. But even before the events of September 11th, construction techniques were changing to resolve shortcomings that existed in the 1960s when work began on the World Trade Center. Rather than being supported merely by steel curtain walls, the new skyscrapers have concrete cores linked to strong columns in the outer walls. Nobody now underestimates the devastation that would be caused if an aircraft strikes a building; but at the least, the new crop of tall buildings are designed so that they would not collapse if hit by even the largest passenger plane. That may not sound particularly reassuring to anyone asked to work on the 100th floor. But the business of building to the sky dates back at least to the tower of Babel—and no disaster has stopped it for long.

Your neighbor often plays records so loudly deep into the night. Write a note to convey your complaint. You should write about 100 words and do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.

Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have long been intrigued by games, and not just as a way of avoiding work. Games provide an ideal setting to explore important elements of the design of cleverer machines, such as pattern recognition, learning and planning. They also hold out the tantalizing possibility of fame and fortune should the program ever beat a human champion. Ever since the stunning victory of Deep Blue, a program running on an IBM supercomputer, over Gary Kasparov, then world chess champion, in 1997, it has been clear that computers would dominate that particular game. Today, though, they are pressing the attack on every front. There is one game, however, where humans still reign supreme Go. Yet here too their grip is beginning to loosen. Go was invented more than 2,500 years ago in China. It is a strategic contest in which two players take turns to place stones on the intersections of a grid with 19 lines on each side. Each player tries to stake out territory and surround his opponent. The rules are simple but the play is extraordinarily complex. During a game, some stones will "die", and some will appear to be dead but spring back to life at an ill-timed moment. It is often difficult to say who is winning right until the end. Deep Blue beat Mr. Kasparov using the "brute force" technique. Rather than search for the best move in a given position, the computer considers all white"s moves, and all black"s possible replies, and all white"s replies to those replies, and so on for, say, a dozen turns. The resulting map of possible moves has millions of branches. The computer combs through the possible outcomes and plays the one move that would give its opponent the fewest chances of winning. Unfortunately, brute force will not work in Go. First, the game has many more possible positions than chess does. Second, the number of possible moves from a typical position in Go is about 200, compared with about a dozen in chess. Finally, evaluating a Go position is fiendishly difficult. The fastest programs can assess just 50 positions a second, compared with 500,000 in chess. In the past two decades researchers have explored several alternative strategies with indifferent results. Now, however, programmers are making impressive gains with a technique known as the Monte Carlo method. Given a position, a program using a Monte Carlo algorithm contemplates every move and plays a large number of random games to see what happens. If it wins in 80% of those games, the move is probably good. Otherwise, it keeps looking. The result is a new generation of fast programs that play particularly well on small versions of the Go board.

You will invite Professor Green to be the guest speaker at the NASHE 2007 annual conference (Beijing, China, 2007.12.15—12.18). Write a letter of invitation to Professor Green. You should write about 100 words and do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

Consequently, most of the world" s fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary.

Changes in the economy, Europe"s reunification and technological evolution challenge our educational system. Vocational education will be particularly touched. It will be then necessary to intervene in the field of higher vocational education. Their level of education has to be qualitatively redefined and adapted to current demands. Professionals will have new chances of promotion through these reforms. At this point, vocational education has to define itself as being equal to high school-university courses, while keeping its particularities. As far as employment opportunities are concerned, it is assumed that graduates from colleges of higher education have more or less the same chances to find a job as university graduates. In some areas, the former will probably even find employment easier, as their practical work experience is by far larger than university students. These may possess a much larger theoretical background as they start working but would in most cases need more time to get familiar with the practical side of their job. Those among higher vocational schools that satisfy the prerequisite for courses and research-development studies will be upgraded to colleges of higher education. We are happy to see that our higher vocational colleges (engineering school for example) have already good contacts with economical circles. By putting together different subjects and research-development facilities into a dozen of colleges of higher education, we will be able to guarantee quality education and a better use of already existing technical and financial means. We thus have to group schools together, most of which are being at present geographically separated. Vocational education, also giving the possibility to deepen professional knowledge through attractive courses, must offer a real alternative to general culture schools. The creation of the new advanced vocational diploma as well as the colleges of higher education must contribute to the education of our future elite. Every youngster will thus have the possibility to better develop his/her own abilities.

Write to the head of a train, and complain about its bad services. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

DifferentStages,DifferentNeedsA.Studythechartcarefullyandwriteanessayof160-200words.B.Youressayshouldcoverthesetwopoints:1)thechangeofone'sneedsinhis/herdifferentstages2)yourunderstanding

BPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese./B

Valentine' s Day may come from the ancient Roman feast of Lupercalia. 【B1】______the fierce wolves roamed nearby, the old Romans called【B2】______the god Lupercus to help them. A festival in his【B3】______was held on February 15th. On the eve of the festival the【B4】______of the girls were written on 【B5】______ of paper and placed in jars. Each young man 【B6】______ a slip. The girl whose name was 【B7】______ was to be his sweetheart for the year. Legend 【B8】______ it that the holiday became Valentine's Day 【B9】______ a Roman priest named Valentine. Emperor Claudius II【B10】______the Roman soldiers NOT to marry or become engaged. Claudius felt married soldiers would【B11】______stay home than fight. When Valentine【B12】______the Emperor and secretly married the young couples, he was put to death on February 14th, the【B13】______of Lupercalia. After his death, Valentine became a【B14】______. Christian priests moved the holiday from the 15th to the 14th—Valentine's Day. Now the holiday honors Valentine【B15】______of Lupercus. Valentine' s Day has become a major【B16】______of love and romance in the modern world. The ancient god Cupid and his【B17】______into a lover's heart may still be used to【B18】______falling in love or being in love. But we also use cards and gifts, such as flowers or jewelry, to do this.【B19】______to give flower to a wife or sweetheart on Valentine' s Day can sometimes be as【B20】______as forgetting a birthday or a wedding anniversary.

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G. Some of the paragraphs have been placed for you. (10 points)A. The strain of HIV that was discovered in Sydney intrigues scientists because it contains striking abnormalities in a gene that is believed to stimulate viral duplication. In fact, the virus is missing so much of this particular gene-known as nef, for negative factor—that it is hard to imagine how the gene could perform any useful function. And sure enough, while the Sydney virus retains the ability to infect T cells—white blood cells that are critical to the immune system"s ability to ward off infection—it makes so few copies of itself that the most powerful molecular tools can barely detect its presence.B. If this speculation proves right, it will mark a milestone in the battle to contain the late-20th century"s most terrible epidemic. For in addition to explaining why this small group of people infected with HIV has not become sick, the discovery of a viral strain that works like a vaccine would have far reaching implications. "What these results suggest", says Dr. Barney Graham of Tennessee"s Vanderbilt University, "is that HIV is vulnerable and that it is possible to stimulate effective immunity against it".C. But as six years stretched to 10, then to 14, the anxiety of health officials gave way to astonishment. Although two of the recipients have died from other causes, not one of the man"s contaminated blood has come down with AIDS. More telling still, the donor is also healthy. In fact his immune system remains as robust as if he had never tangled with HIV at all. What could explain such unexpected good fortune?D. At the very least, the nef gene offers an attractive target for drug developers. If its activity can be blocked, suggests Deacon, researchers might be able to bring the progression of disease under control, even in people who have developed full blown AIDS. The need for better AIDS-fighting drugs was underscored last week by the actions of a U.S. Food and Drug Administration advisory panel, which recommended speedy approval of two new AIDS drugs. Although FDA commissioner David Kessler was quick to praise the new drugs, neither medication can prevent or cure AIDS once it has taken hold. What scientists really want is a vaccine that can prevent infection altogether. And that"s what makes the Sydney virus so promising and so controversial.E. A team of Australian scientists has finally solved the mystery. The virus that the donor contracted and then passed on, the team reported last week in the journal Science, contains flaws in its genetic script that appear to have rendered it harmless. "Not only have the recipients and the donor not progressed to disease for 15 years", marvels molecular biologist Nicholas Deacon of Australia"s Macfarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research, "but the prediction is that they never will". Deacon speculates that this "impotent" HIV may even be a natural inoculant that protects its carriers against more virulent strains of the virus.F. But few scientists are enthusiastic about testing the proposition by injecting HIV however weakened—into millions of people who have never been infected. After all, they note, HIV is a retrovirus, a class of infectious agents known for their alarming ability to integrate their own genes into the DNA of the cells they infect. Thus once it takes effect, a retrovirus infection is permanent.G. About 15 years ago, a well-meaning man donated blood to the Red Cross in Sydney, Australia, not knowing he has been exposed to HIV-1, the virus that causes AIDS. Much later, public health officials learned that some of the people who got transfusions containing his blood had become infected with the same virus; presumably they were almost sure to die.Order: G is the first paragraph and F is the last.

TheImportanceoftheSenseofResponsibilityWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

There (1)_____ not one type of reading but several according to your reasons for reading. To read efficiently, you have to (2)_____ your reading speed and technique (3)_____ your aim (4)_____ reading. Skimming is a technique necessary for quick and efficient reading. When skimming, you (5)_____ the reading (6)_____ quickly in order to get the (7)_____ of it, to know how it is organized, (8)_____ an idea of the tone or the intention of the writer. Skimming is (9)_____ an activity which (10)_____ an overall view of the text and (11)_____ a definite reading competence. Skimming doesn"t need reading all the material, but it doesn"t mean that it is an (12)_____ skill for the lazy, because it need a high degree of alertness and concentration. When you read, you usually start with (13)_____ understanding and move towards detailed understanding rather than working the other way round. But (14)_____ is also used after you have already carefully studied and you need to (15)_____ the major ideas and concepts. In order to be able to skim quickly and (16)_____ through a text, you should know where to to6k for what you want. In preview skimming you read the introductory information, the headings and subheadings, and the summary, if one is provided. (17)_____ this skimming, decide whether to read the material more thoroughly, and select the appropriate speed (18)_____ to read. The same procedure (19)_____ for preview skimming could also be used to get an overview. Another method would be to read only key words. This is done by omitting the unnecessary words, phrases, and sentences. In order to skim efficiently and fulfill your purpose, (20)_____ practice is necessary.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) Globalization was the buzzword of the 1990s, in the last two decades, the mount of money and goods moving between countries has been rising steadily. At the same time, trade barriers across the world have been lowered. So how close are we to a true global economy and what effect is it likely to have? Anyone who doubts that global financial markets control national economies need only look at the crisis facing the "tigers" of the Far East. Last year, the value of their currencies plummeted, after investors decided their economic policies were no tough enough. Now the region is suffering slower growth, lower living standards and rising unemployment. The situation in Asia shows how power has shifted from individual governments to the markets. In theory, governments are free to set their own economic policies; (41)______. The trend towards globalization began in earnest in the early 1970s when the system of fixed exchange rates, set up after World War Ⅱ, was dismantled. This meant that the value of currencies would now be determined by the markets instead of individual governments. Over the next two decades, countries slowly began to remove their exchange controls. (42)______. Other factors contributing to the rise of globalization are new communications technologies, and better transportation systems, these have enabled companies to grow into multinational producing goods on one side of the planet and selling them on the other. Lower costs have also helped the price of telephone calls, for instance, is cheaper now than at anytime in history. But adjusting to this new "economic order" is proving difficult. In the developed world, and in particular the European Union, globalization is facing widespread public resistance. Critics complain that, without the protection of trade barriers, jobs are being lost to workers in poorer countries, and wages for employees in rich countries are falling. Opponents in the European Union point to the effects that globalization has had in the US and Britain. In those countries, wages are stagnant except for a privileged few and taxes and welfare benefits have been reduced to help companies compete with industries in the developing world. (43)______. Those in favor of globalization accuse their critics of being short-sighted protectionists. They claim a more integrated global economy will ultimately benefit everyone because it will enable countries to specialize in those areas where they perform best. Developing countries, with their higher populations and lower wages, will concentrate on labor-intensive industries, such as raw materials manufacturing, in much the same way as western countries did during the industrial revolution. (44)______. The effect of this, say supporters, will be to improve productivity in all countries, leading to higher living standards. The free movement of capital will also help poorer countries develop so they can play a full and active role in the world economy. (45)______. But how close are we to a truly global economy? For the losers, probably too close. But in terms of real economic integration, there is still a long way to go.A. Even supporters of globalization acknowledge, however, that there will be losers. At present, those suffering most are people working in labor-intensive industries in the developed world. Already, they are facing rising unemployment and falling wages, as companies struggle to compete with manufacturers in developing countries. They argue that, without the protection of trade barriers and the welfare state, their chances of improving their skills and living standards will disappear, resulting in a growing divide between rich and poor.B. Foreign investment is also extremely small, amounting to little more than five percent of the developed world"s domestic investments.C. A global economy would mean complete freedom of movement of goods and services, capital, and labor. Yet, even ignoring the tariffs and other restrictions still in place, cross-border trade remains tiny compared to the volume of goods and services traded within countries.D. In practice, they must conform to a global economic model or risk being penalized by the markets.E. The richer countries, on the other hand, will diversify into hi-tech industries, where high productivity and specialist knowledge are paramount.F. Opponents of globalization also point to its effects on workers in poorer countries. They agree that multinationals may be helping to reduce unemployment in the developing world, but they argue that jobs are hardly worth having since they are low-paid and exploitative.G. By 1990, nearly all world"s major economics had got rid of restrictions on how much money could be moved in and out of their countries.

In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct , which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government. The high court' s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell' s trail failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his "official acts," or the former governor's decisions on "specific" and "unsettled" issues related to his duties. Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found. The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is "distasteful" and "nasty." But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an "official act." The court' s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery. "The basic compact underlying representative government," wrote Chief Justice John Robert for the court, "assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns." But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader's sources of wealth. Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society—that all are equal in treatment by government—is undermined. Good governance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual. The court' s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.

You are a college graduate and try to write a letter to a foreign university, expressing your desire of getting admitted. Write a letter of self-introduction based on the following outline: 1) an introduction of your education background and hopes, 2) giving your reasons to attend this university, 3) and asking for application forms, financial aids etc. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write your address.

People have good reason to care about the welfare of animals. Ever since the Enlightenment, their treatment has been seen as a measure of mankind"s humanity. It is no coincidence that William Wilberforce and Sir Thomas Foxwell Buxton, two leaders of the movement to abolish the slave trade, helped found the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in the 1820s. An increasing number of people go further: mankind has a duty not to cause pain to animals that have the capacity to suffer. Both views have led people gradually to extend treatment once reserved for mankind to other species. But when everyday lives are measured against such principles, they are fraught with contradictions. Those who would never dream of caging their cats and dogs guzzle bacon and eggs from ghastly factory farms. The abattoir and the cattle truck are secret places safely hidden from the meat-eater"s gaze and the child"s story book. Plenty of people who denounce the fur-trade (much of which is from farmed animals) quite happily wear leather (also from farmed animals). Perhaps the inconsistency is understandable. After hundreds of years of thinking about it, people cannot agree on a system of rights for each other, so the ground is bound to get shakier still when animals are included. The trouble is that confusion and contradiction open the way to the extremist. And because scientific research is remote from most people"s lives, it is particularly vulnerable to their campaigns. In fact, science should be the last target, wherever you draw the boundaries of animal welfare. For one thing, there is rarely an alternative to using animals in research. If there were, scientists would grasp it, because animal research is expensive and encircled by regulations. Animal research is also for a higher purpose than a full belly or an elegant outfit. The world needs new medicines and surgical procedures just as it needs the unknowable fruits of pure research. And science is, by and large, kind to its animals. The couple of million (mainly rats and mice) that die in Britain"s laboratories are far better looked-after and far more humanely killed than the billion or so (mainly chickens) on Britain"s farms. Indeed, if Darley Oaks makes up its loss of guinea pigs with turkeys or dairy cows, you can be fairly sure animal welfare in Britain has just taken a step backwards.

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

Maybe unemployment isn't so bad after all. A new study says that having a demanding, unstable and thankless job may make you even【C1】______than not having a job at all. 【C2】______that a paid position gives workers purpose and a structured role, researchers had【C3】______thought that having any job would make a person happier than being【C4】______. That turns out to be true if you move into a high-quality job— but taking a bad job is【C5】______to mental health. Australian National University researchers looked at how various psychosocial work attributes affect【C6】______. They found that poor-quality jobs—those with high demands, low control over decision making, low job【C7】______and an effort-reward imbalance—had more adverse effects on mental health than joblessness. Moving from unemployment to a job with high psychosocial quality was associated with【C8】______in mental health, the authors said【C9】______, the mental health of people in the least-satisfying jobs declined the【C10】______over time—and the worse the job, the more it affected workers' welfare. These findings【C11】______the importance of employment to a person's welfare. Rather than seeking a new job, the study suggests, people who are unemployed or【C12】______in lousy work should seek new【C13】______that offer more security, autonomy and a【C14】______workload. But that's a lot【C15】______said than done. 【C16】______employers could be persuaded to be more【C17】______of the mental health of their workers—happier employees are a【C18】______to their employers. "The【C19】______of work conditions," the researchers noted, "may【C20】______a health cost, which over the longer term will be both economically and socially counterproductive."