Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions. 【F1】 The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. 【F2】 Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English—they would rather have stayed home—by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical New World community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyn"s third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants: one group came as indentured servants, another came to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration.【F3】 These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730"s, however, American employers demanded skilled artisans. Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished university, and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers.【F4】 It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. 【F5】 Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.

The 20th century may have been the age of scientific advancement but, as the new millennium begins, (1)_____ world health the progress has been surprisingly slow. Who would believe that there is still no (2)_____ for cancer, that 100 years on diarrhea is still on the top 10 lists of world-wide killers and that tuberculosis usually (3)_____. Victorian squalor—would have reemerged in the West (4)_____ growing threat? The fact is that despite growing life (5)_____ and economic growth, a billion people entered the 21st century (6)_____ having a share in medical advances—their lives (7)_____ or scarred by disease. According to the World Health Organization"s latest report, diarrhea killed 2.2m people in 1998 and yet it is a condition that can easily be (8)_____ through cheap rehydration therapy. It was the sixth biggest killer of 1998, an honour shared with stillbirth and infant deaths (9)_____ cause of death that smacks of the 19th (10)_____ 21st century. WHO"s top 10 killers list can almost be divided down the middle (11)_____ infectious diseases—a feature of low income countries—and non-communicable disease, such as cancer and heart trouble, (12)_____ in wealthy nations. How we die is an indicator of our (13)_____. In the rich West it is from cancer, cardiovascular disease and psychiatric illnesses (14)_____ In poor countries infectious diseases are still the biggest killers. It is almost (15)_____ those of us who don"t have to worry about poverty have brought ill-health upon ourselves. (16)_____ once we would hunt and walk, we now remain sedentary, smoke heavily and put ourselves at (17)_____ of heart disease and cancer. While we don"t need to use all our energies (18)_____ where the next meal will come from we have more time to (19)_____ on existential is sues, relationships and our standards of living. Perhaps it"s no coincidence that (20)_____ is three times more likely to cause loss of healthy years in Europe and the US than in Africa.

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

The arrival of the mass-produced car, just over a century ago, caused a(n) 【C1】______of business creation. First came the makers of cars and all the parts that go into them. Then came the garages, filling stations and all sorts of other car-dependent【C2】______: car parks, motels, out-of-town shopping centres. Now another revolution on wheels is on the【C3】______: the driverless car. Nobody is sure when it will【C4】______. Google, which is testing a fleet of autonomous cars, thinks in maybe a decade, others【C5】______longer. And, when it does, the self-driving car, like the ordinary kind, could bring【C6】______change. Just imagine. It could, for a start, save the motor industry【C7】______stagnation. Carmakers are【C8】______about signs that smartphone-obsessed teenagers these days do not【C9】______to get a driving licence and buy their first car,【C10】______their parents did. But once they are【C11】______the trouble and expense of taking lessons and【C12】______a test, young adults might rediscover the joys of the open road. Another worry for the motor industry is that car use seems to be peaking in the most congested cities.【C13】______automated cars would drive nose-to-tail,【C14】______the capacity of existing roads; and since they would be able to【C15】______their passengers and drive away, the【C16】______of parking spaces in town might not matter so much. All these trends will【C17】______the car business. But when mass-produced cars appeared, they had an impact on the whole of society. Electronics and software firms will be【C18】______the winners: 【C19】______providing all the sensors and computing power that self-driving cars will need, they will enjoy strong demand for in-car entertainment systems,【C20】______cars' occupants will no longer need to keep their eyes on the road.

Foreign financiers complaining about the legal wars they will launch to recover bad debts in Russia rarely mean much. The expense of a lawsuit (1)_____ the satisfaction; the chances of getting any money are (2)_____. Yet Noga, a company owned by Nessim Gaon, a 78-year-old businessman (3)_____ in Geneva, has been suing the Russian government since 1993, attempting to (4)_____ Russian assets abroad. At Mr. Gaon"s request, bailiffs last week very nearly (5)_____ two of Russia"s most advanced warplanes at the Paris air (6)_____. The organisers (7)_____ off the Russian authorities, and the planes flew home, just (8)_____ time. (9)_____ near-misses include a sail-training ship, the Sedov, nuclear-waste shipments, and the president"s plane. Mr. Gaon, whose previous business partners include regimes in Nigeria and Sudan, put an (10)_____ clause in his original export deals: Russia must abandon its sovereign immunity. An arbitration court in Stockholm has found in his (11)_____, so far, to the (12)_____ of $110 million, out of a total (13)_____ of $420 million. Other courts (14)_____ the world have let him have a (15)_____ at any Russian assets (16)_____ reach. The odd thing is (17)_____ Russia. now awash with cash, does not simply pay up. Mr. Gaon says he was told at one point that a 10% (18)_____ on the debt to someone high up in the finance ministry would solve things. (19)_____ off Mr. Gaon costs much in legal fees. Not accepting international judgments sits ill with the current Kremlin line (20)_____ the rule of law. Mr. Gaon says his next move will be to seize Russia"s embassy in Paris.

I wonder when we can start this new project.

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

Those days are long gone when placing a telephone call meant simply picking up the receiver and asking the operator to patch you through. Modem cell phones require users to navigate a series of menus to find numbers, place calls or check messages. Even the most tech-savvy may take weeks to discover some of the more mysterious multimedia functions. Imagine the difficulty forsomeone unable to read. That is the challenge for mobile communications companies aiming to branch out into developing countries. The prospects seen from the last decade are alluring: only about one third of China"s vast population and about one tenth of India"s use cell phones. But selling to poor rural areas is not likely to happen with a marketing version of "plug and play." Most potential buyers have little exposure to anything other than simple electronics. Reading through a series of hierarchical menus and pushing buttons for multiple purposes would be new concepts for such customers. To come up with a suitable device, Motorola relied on a team of anthropologists, psychologists and designers to study how textually illiterate villagers use their aging televisions, tape players and phones. The researchers noticed that their subjects would learn each button"s dedicated function With something more complicated, such as an automated teller machine, users would memorize a set of behaviors in order, which allowed them to move through the machine"s basic hierarchy without having to read the menu.The research, which lasted three years, led Motorola to craft a cellular phone slimmed down to three essential activities: calling, managing numbers and simple text messaging. "A lot of the functions in a cell phone are not useful to anyone," points out Gabriel White, who headed the interactive design team.The icon-based interface also required thought. Not all cell phone companies believe that a design for nonliterate users should start from scratch. Nokia"s behavioral researchers noticed that "newbies" rely on friends and relatives to help them with basic functions. Rather than confronting the challenge of a completely new interface, Nokia chose to provide some audio menus in its popular 1100 model and a preview mode so that people could try out functions without the risk of changing anything important. Mobile phones may even become tools for literacy, predicts BJ Fogg, who studies computer-human interaction at Stanford University. Phones might teach the alphabet or tell a story as users read along. "Imagine if it eventually could understand your weak points and drill you on those," Fogg proposes. And soon enough, he declares, designs or illiterate users will lead to more straightforward, elegant phones for everyone.

Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one"s side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell. Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that "Gift" means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm"s length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable. Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing our friends, business and respect in the world. Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them. When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up ate conditioned by those natives—usually the richer—who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation"s diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters. For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods. But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

Your friend posted you some study materials which you are in great need of Write a letter with no less than 100 words to express your thanks and tell him the fortunate results. Write it neatly and do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

NeverGiveUpWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)interpretitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

In most people"s mind, growth is associated with prosperity. We judge how well the economy is doing by the size of the Gross National Product (GNP), a measure, supposedly, of growth. Equally axiomatic, however, is the notion that increased pressure on declining natural resources must inevitably lead to a decline in prosperity, especially when accompanied by a growth in population. So, which is correct? What growth advocates mean, primarily, when they say growth is necessary for prosperity is that growth is necessary for the smooth functioning of the economic system. In one field the argument in favor of growth is particularly compelling and that is with regard to the Third World. To argue against growth in light of Third World poverty and degradation seems unsympathetic. But is it? Could it be that growth, especially the growth of the wealthier countries, has contributed to the impoverishment, not the advancement, of Third World countries? If not, how do we account for the desperate straits these countries find themselves in today after a century of dedication to growth? To see how this might be the case we must look at the impact of growth on Third World countries—the reality, not the abstract stages-of-economic-growth theory advocated through rose-colored glasses by academicians of the developed world. What good is growth to the people of the Third World if it means the conversion of peasant farms into mechanized agri-businesses producing commodities not for local consumption but for export, if it means the stripping of their land of its mineral and other natural treasures to the benefit of foreign investors and a handful of their local collaborators, if it means the assumption of a crushing foreign indebtedness? Admittedly, this is an oversimplification. But the point, I believe, remains valid: that growth in underdeveloped countries cannot simply be judged in the abstract; it must be judged based on the true nature of growth in these societies, on who benefits and who is harmed, on where growth is leading these people and where it has left them. When considered in this way, it just might be that in the pre sent context growth is more detrimental to the well-being of the wretched of the earth than beneficial. So, do we need growth for prosperity? Only the adoption of zero growth can provide the answer. But that is a test not easily undertaken. Modern economies are incredibly complex phenomena, a tribute to man"s ability to organize and a challenge to his ability to understand. Anything that affects their functioning, such as a policy of zero growth, should not be proposed without a wary carefulness and self-doubting humility. But if the prospect of leaping into the economic unknown is fear-inspiring, equally so is the prospect of letting that fear prevent us from acting when the failure to act could mean untold misery for future generations and perhaps environmental disaster which threaten our very existence.

As my own studies have advanced, I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem, at first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between them.

Islamic law is a particularly instructive example of "sacred law". Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.【F1】 Even the two other representatives of sacred law that are historically and geographically nearest to it, Jewish law and Roman Catholic canon law, are perceptibly different. Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law. Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora(the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories.【F2】 All this was unified by being subjected to the same kind of religious scrutiny, the impact of which varied greatly, being almost nonexistent in some fields, and in others originating novel institutions. 【F3】 This central duality of legal subject matter and religious norm is additional to the variety of legal ethical and ritual rules that is typical of sacred law. In its relation to the secular state, Islamic law differed from both Jewish and canon law.【F4】 Jewish law was buttressed by the cohesion of the community, reinforced by pressure from outside: its rules are the direct expression of this feeling of cohesion, tending toward the accommodation of dissent. Canon and Islamic law, on the contrary, were dominated by the dualism of religion and state, where the state was not, in contrast with Judaism, an alien power but the political expression of the same religion. But the conflict between state and religion took different forms; in Christianity it appeared as the struggle for political power on the part of a tightly organized ecclesiastical hierarchy, and canon law was one of its political weapons. Islamic law, on the other hand, was never supported by any organized institution; consequently there never developed an overt trial of strength.【F5】 There merely existed discordance between application of the sacred law and many of the regulations framed by Islamic states; this antagonism varied according to place and time.

Most worthwhile careers require some kind of specialized training. Ideally, therefore, the choice of an【1】should be made even before the choice of a curriculum in high school. Actually,【2】, most people make several job choices during their working lives,【3】because of economic and industrial changes and partly to improve【4】position. The "one perfect job" does not exist. Young people should【5】enter into a broad flexible training program that will【6】them for a field of work rather than for a single【7】. Unfortunately many young people have to make career plans【8】benefit of help from a competent vocational counselor or psychologist. Knowing【9】about the occupational world, or themselves for that matter, they choose their lifework on a hit-or-miss【10】.Some drift from job to job. Others【11】to work in which they are unhappy and for which they are not fitted. One common mistake is choosing an occupation for【12】real or imagined prestige. Too many high school students-or their parents for them-choose the professional field,【13】both the relatively small proportion of workers in the professions and the extremely high educational and personal【14】. The imagined or real prestige of a profession or a "white collar" job is【15】good reason for choosing it as life"s work.【16】, these occupations are not always well paid. Since a large proportion of jobs are in mechanical and manual work, the【17】of young people should give serious【18】to these fields. Before making an occupational choice, a person should have a general idea of what he wants【19】life and how hard he is willing to work to get it. Some people desire social prestige, others intellectual satisfaction. Some want security, others are willing to take【20】for financial gain. Each occupational choice has its demands as well as its rewards.

After decades of exile from US courts, the science of lie detection is gaining new acceptance. But the federal government wants to put a stop to it, and the US Supreme Court has now agreed to consider a request from the Department of Justice to bar the technology from military courts. Uncertainties surround the science of lie detection, which uses a device called polygraph. In 1991, President George Bush banned lie detector evidence in military courts. But that ban has since been overturned by the US Court of Military Appeals, which ruled that it restricts defendants" rights to present evidence of their innocence. In the past two years, some federal courts have also ruled "that polygraph evidence can be heard. This follows a decision by the Supreme Court in 1993 that gave federal judges more discretion to decide on the admissibility of evidence. A polygraph consists of monitors for pulse rate, sweating and breathing rate. The device is supposed to uncover lies by recording increases in these measures as the subject answers questions. Critics have always argued that cunning defendants can control their physiological responses and sway polygraph results. But supporters of the technique argue that recent research has found it to be reliable. A psychologist named Charles Honts at a state university in Idaho, points to laboratory studies, some of them being his own, in which student-subjects were offered cash to sway the test results. This argument is rejected by Leonard Saxe, a psychologist at a Boston university. "There is a huge difference between students in a lab and a defendant," he says. Guilty defendants have time in which to rehearse their lies, and can even come to believe them to be true. Saxe believes that the entire theoretical basis of lie detection is invalid. "It assumes you will be more nervous lying than telling the truth." But he says that for some people lies are trivial, while certain truths can be hard to swallow. David Faigman of the University of California says that if the Supreme Court upholds the military appeal courts decision to allow polygraph evidence, polygraph bans would be overturned in federal courts across US. "That will put a big burden on judges to understand the science, and lead to a lot more expert testimony in the courts," he predicts. The justice department fears that this will greatly increase the cost of trials.

Some time between digesting Christmas dinner and putting your head back down to work, spare a thought or two for the cranberry. It is, of course, a (1)_____ of Christmas: merry bright red, bitter-sweetly delicious with turkey and the very devil to get out of the tablecloth (2)_____ spilled. But the cranberry is also a symbol of the modern food industry-and in the tale of its (3)_____ from colonial curiosity to business-school case study (4)_____ a deeper understanding of the opportunities and (5)_____ of modern eating. The fastest growing part of today"s cranberry market is for cranberries that do not taste like cranberries. Ocean Spray"s "flavoured fruit pieces" (FFPS, to the trade) taste like orange, cherry, raspberry or any (6)_____ of other fruits. They are in fact cranberries. Why make a cranberry taste like an orange? Mostly because it is a (7)_____ little fruit: FFPS have a shelf-life of two years. Better (8)_____, they keep a chewy texture (9)_____ baked, unlike the fruits whose flavours they mimic, which turn to (10)_____. The dynamic that has brought the cranberry to this point is (11)_____ to the dynamic behind most mass-produced goods. Growing (12)_____ provided the (13)_____ to create cheaper and more reliable supply. Cheaper and more reliable supply, (14)_____, created incentives to find new markets, which increased demand. Thus was the (15)_____ kept churning. The cranberry is one of only three fruits native (16)_____ North America, growing wild from Maine to North Carolina. (The others are the Concord grape and the blueberry). The American Indians had several names for cranberries, many (17)_____ the words for "bitter" or, more (18)_____, "noisy". They ate the berries mostly (19)_____ pemmican, but also used them for dye and medicine. And they introduced them to the white settlers—at the first Thanksgiving dinner in 1621, it is said. The settlers promptly renamed this delicacy the "crane berry", (20)_____ the pointy pink blossoms of the cranberry look a bit like the head of the Sandhill crane.

BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B